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Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this third part of the atlas of alien plants of Madrid, the orders Ranunculales, Proteales, Buxales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Fabales and Rosales have been included. Taxa introduced outside urban areas, naturalised or not, and those naturalised in urban areas are considered. Ninety taxa with certain or probable presence are analysed, and 22 others of doubtful presence or status are discussed. Of the taxa analysed, 82 are alien in Madrid (48 naturalised and 34 without evidence of being so, although 7 of them naturalised in nearby localities) and 8 in nearby localities (7 naturalised and 1 without evidence of being so). Half of the species are rare, and another 20% are scarce. Three species are abundant, with expanding populations, Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia and Ulmus pumila, the latter with invasive behaviour. Four cultivated archaeophytes, Vitis vinifera, Medicago sativa, Prunus amygdalus and Ficus carica, are widely naturalized, although without experiensing an expansive tendency. Four other species seem to be in expansion, although they are not currently abundant: Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum, Berberis aquifolium, Spartium junceum and Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea. Finally, 16 species appear scattered throughout the region, occasionally naturalized, but with no apparent expansive trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chihuahua, Mexico, the cultivation of vines (Vitis vinifera L.) Tempranillo variety was established, in order to have options for growing grapes for wine, since it has climates suitable for the cultivation of this species and this allows obtaining crops that meet with the specifications for vinification; where the objective of the present study was to determine the technological maturity and characterize the phenolic composition of grapes of the Tempranillo variety, to specify the harvest date (harvest), weight of berries and their components in Chihuahua, Mexico; made in 2016, in three vineyards: one located in the municipality of Aldama (Pasado Meridiano) and two in the municipality of Cuauhtémoc (FACIATEC and Hacienda Bustillos). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks; the samplings were carried out weekly, from the beginning of the veraison (ripening) until the harvest; Chemical analyzes were carried out: soluble solids (°Brix), total titratable acidity (ATT) and pH, to monitor technological maturity; In addition, the total polyphenol index (phenolic maturation) was quantified. The optimum result in berry quality for vinification was presented by the vineyards located in the municipality of Cuauhtémoc (FACIATEC) and H. Bustillos; however, the berries from the Pasado Meridiano vineyard showed a very early maturation, and in the quantification of total polyphenols it is lower compared to the rest of the vineyards, thus reflecting a low color intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this research study was to assess the effect of an alginate and ulvan mixture on the productivity of table grapes grown under deficit irrigation conditions. Twenty-four Vitis vinifera var Thompon Seedless plants were randomly selected in a farm field. A mixture of algae polymers (500 g/m3) were added monthly (2019-2020 season) to the soils of half of the plants with normal irrigation and with deficit irrigation. The results show that deficit irrigation along with the addition of algal hydrogel increased grape bunch production and weight by 18.5% and 6.4%, respectively, when compared to plants with deficit irrigation only. The addition of algal hydrogel improved soil fertility and stimulated bacterial and fungal growth mainly in soils without water restriction. It is concluded that algal hydrogel improves vine crop productivity under deficit irrigation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table grapes (Vitis vinifera) are one of the crops of highest economic and social relevance in Sonora, Mexico. Due to the scant precipitation and high evaporative demand of the zone, it is a crop with a high water requirement. Therefore, its production depends on the application of irrigation, and it is important to have precise and extensive estimation of the crop evapotranspiration (ETC) to improve efficiency of irrigation in the short term. This research was carried out during 2018 and 2019 with the objective of developing and evaluating a model between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) calculated with Sentinel-2 images, and the crop coefficient (KC) determined with a covariance turbulence flux system (Eddy Covariance, EC) as an option for estimating the ETC of a vineyard of table grapes in Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora. Using NDVI and KC data from 2018 records, a simple regression model was constructed with the start forced to the origin at the null coordinates (KCNDVI = 0.9467 NDVI; R2 = 0.74) as a base for ETC estimation. When the regression model was validated with daily 2019 data, an R2 of 0.76 was obtained along with a CME of 0.11 by relating KC vs. KCNDVI. Whereas by relating ETC vs. estimated ETC, an R2 of 0.92 was found, and a CME of 0.67 mm d-1. The results indicated that the ETC can be estimated with adequate precision and in an opportune manner with the proposed model. However, it was found that the model may underestimate ETC during the period of maximum crop development due to NDVI saturation. However, in the winter when the values of NDVI depend on the soil structural characteristics and on the remains of winter pruning, ETC tends to be overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agriscientia is the property of Revista AgriScientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cultivation of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) is increasing in the dry tropics and the Andean valleys of Ecuador. However, the quality of the bunch and berries of the 'Marroo Seedless' variety grown in the Valleys needs to be improved to compete with imported fruit. To this end, three experiments were carried out on 8-year-old plants to evaluate the dose and times of application of GA3 (pre- and post-flowering), manual fruit thinning and branch ringing to increase bunch and berry size. A randomized complete block experimental design with four replicates was used. Bunch size and weight, number of berries per bunch and total soluble solids were evaluated. The results show that the application of GA3 in pre-flowering (10 ppm) increases bunch length and diameter, while the larger equatorial, polar diameter and berry weight was achieved with two applications of GA3 in post-flowering (40+20 ppm) or a single application with 100 ppm of GA3. These results show that the application of GA3 is a technology to improve the physical quality of the berries and grape bunches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of growth regulators in culture media for three grapevine rootstock cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) variety Harmony, Freedom and Paulsen used in the pisco industry. Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthalenacetic acid (ANA), were tested as growth regulators in different concentrations and combinations, supplemented to the MS/2 culture medium. 21 treatments were analyzed for each cultivar. The variables evaluated were plant length, number of leaves, root length and other non-quantitative characteristics at 15 and 45 days after sowing. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the best media of propagation is MS/2 + ANA 0.5 ppm for Harmony; MS/2 + ANA 0.05 ppm for Freedom and MS/2 + ANA 0.075 ppm for Paulsen cultivar. Also, a genotype-dependent response was observed for the effects of auxin and cytokinin on the cuttings. However, all cuttings developed callous tissues when BAP was added to the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to estimate the genetic variation in a crop of red globe variety (Vitis vinifera) by means of the microsatellites VVMD5 and VrZAG79. For this, plant leaves were obtained from San Jose camp at Chavimochic, La Libertad, Peru. Then, we proceeded with the extraction of DNA, the amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis for the microsatellites VVMD5 and VrZag79. We observed monomorphic loci for both markers, the sizes of amplified fragments were of 213.6 and 239.7 bp for VVMD5 and of 242.2 bp for VrZAG79. As conclusion, the genotypes show stability during the replicas that were realized by vegetative cloning to obtain the plants from an initial genotype. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the genotypes will be necessary with additional markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Gamma radiations combined with tissues cultures in common bean constitutes a tool to accelerate the programs of genetic improvement. The determination of the optimal radiation dose is an important aspect to be defined in order to generate genetic variability. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal dose of Gamma radiation for regenerating Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar 'BAT-93' in vitro plants. It were applied doses of 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60, Gy to mature seeds and an unirradiated control was included. The seeds were in vitro germinated and the cotyledonary nodes with two cotyledon was used for callus formation. Per mutagenic treatment and the control without irradiation 100 seeds were used. The evaluations were made 21 days after the radiation was applied. The percentage of explants that formed calluses and its fresh weight (g) were recorded. With these values, the mean lethal dose (LD50) was determined. In the regeneration, the number of shoots per callus was determined, from these values the mean Reductive Dosage (GR50) was calculated. The main affectations occurred in the callus formation and in the shoots regeneration. The dose of 30 Gy was selected for the massive treatments of common bean cv. 'BAT-93' seeds with Gamma radiations. This dose was closer to the LD50 and GR50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The physiology of vines (Vitis vinifera) is regulated by the mesoscale and large-scale climatic conditions. Valle de Guadalupe is a winegrowing basin where most of Mexico's wine production takes place and presents climatic variations in mesoscale that could influence the grape ripening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of climatic differences on the ripening of the Nebbiolo grape variety, in two winegrowing areas of Valle de Guadalupe. Due to the distance from the coast, finding climatic differences in the valley and in the grape ripening in the study areas was to be expected. Over the course of four seasons, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH were evaluated in grapes from the central zone of Valle de Guadalupe and the area nearest to the sea, San Antonio de la Minas (SAM), Baja California, Mexico. In addition, temperature, relative humidity, irradiance, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction were evaluated from 2012 to 2015. The soluble solids concentration and pH were significantly higher in the Guadalupe grapes' must than in SAM grapes during the four seasons. On the contrary, the concentration of organic acids always was lower in the must of Guadalupe grapes than in the SAM's. The irradiance was similar in both areas, but the daily average temperature and the number of days with extreme temperatures were higher in Guadalupe. On the contrary, relative humidity and precipitation were higher in SAM. The early ripening of Guadalupe's Nebbiolo grapes seems to be the result of higher average temperatures, frequent warm periods, and lower relative humidity in Guadalupe compared with SAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. is a quarantine pest for Argentina. Its recent introduction in Mendoza requires studies of life cycle and population parameters. The aim of this work is to construct a horizontal life table, determine the demographic parameters, the average duration of the pre - reproductive, reproductive, post - reproductive periods, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility under laboratory conditions. The demographic parameters of L. botrana obtained were: intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of 0.137, net reproductive rate (Ro) of 66.82, mean generation time (T) of 30.51, finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.073, and the doubling time (D) of 9.76 days. The gross fecundity obtained (Mx) of 134.84 ± 15.68 eggs per female, the mean duration in days of pre-reproductive periods was 1 ± 0.81, the reproductive 6.25 ± 1.25 and the post-reproductive period of 2 ± 0.68, female longevity 9.25 ± 1.67 and male 8.64 ± 0.83 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In arid regions under irrigation, vineyards often face water deficit and salinity. As these stressors often occur simultaneously, it is difficult to assess their individual relative severity. The aim of this work was to independently study the physiological responses of grapevine to salinity and water deficit, in order to understand and compare their effects. A pot trial was designed, grafting Cabernet Sauvignon onto 1103P and 101-14 Mgt. Three treatments were evaluated: saline irrigation (Salino; 80 mM ClNa and field capacity), water stress (EH; 0,4 faction of soil transpirable water and 2 mM NaCl) and a control (T; without any stress factors, field capacity and 2mM NaCl). After 54 days, Salino showed smaller effect on leaf area (AF) and shoot length than EH. AF diminished 53% for Salino, while for EH, AF was reduced in a 78% with respect to T. Shoot length diminished 68% for Salino and 83% for EH. Total biomass did not show any difference between both stresses, falling 52% for both situations. However, regarding the biomass partitioning, Salino had higher canopy dry weight while EH showed higher root dry weight. Midday leaf water potential was -1,3 MPa for Salino and EH and -0,9 MPa for T. Although stomatal conductance was similarly reduced for both stress treatments (-41% compared to T), with no differences between rootstocks; an interaction was found between the type of stress and rootstock for net photosynthesis. Finally, 1103P showed a higher Na+ exclusion power than 101-14Mgt (accumulating 21% less Na+ in the plant). Even though the behavior of the Cabernet sauvignon scion was similar for both rootstocks, the higher exclusion that 1103P showed may indicate possible better performances upon salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agriscientia is the property of Revista AgriScientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vine mealybug Planococcus ficus Signoret causes severe damage to Argentine vineyards. The aim of this study was to compare the biological and population parameters of P. ficus on Vitis vinifera cultivars Chardonnay and Malbec, as well as to evaluate the effect of temperature on these parameters and obtain the respective estimated population growth curves. At constant temperatures of 15, 25 and 37 °C, 46% RH and photoperiod of 16:8 h (Light: Darkness cycle), the number of individuals of each stage, age changes and offsprings were recorded daily. At 25 °C, the nymphal period was similar in both cultivars. Fertility on Malbec was higher than on Chardonnay. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was lower on Chardonnay. The finite rate of increase (λ) follows the same trend. The net reproductive rate (R0) was higher in Malbec. The generation time (T) and doubling time (D) were lower on Malbec. At 15 °C, no significant differences between cultivars were observed, only the mealybugs reared on Malbec were able to reproduce. The complete cycle was not verified at 37 °C. It was shown that the reproductive capacity of P. ficus was higher on Malbec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective was to evaluate the mechanism of RSI to "Thompson Seedless" for stimulus (Lox2, Tlp1, Npr1, Eir1) genes. Activation of defense genes for leaves and roots were checked, showing the systemic activation by inoculation of P. veronii R4 in 'Thompson Seedless'. Observed by q-PCR gene expression Lox2 in vine leaves with progressive increase up (12 h post inoculation) sampling, analyzing this same gene in roots did not exist any stimulus. The transcriptional levels of genes Tlp1 Eir1 and were stimulated only in roots when exposed to R4. Stimulus levels Tlp1 relates gene having R4 skill in symbiosis develop complex induced via the ethylene (ET). Stimulation levels were constituent Npr1 gene in leaves and roots, with no significant differences between plants treated with PBS or R4. The results show that R4, contact roots of 'Thompson Seedless', stimulate the expression of Eir1, Lox2, Tlp1 genes to 5 min, 6 and 12 h post inoculation, allowing establish the effectiveness of RSI strain led R4 in "Thompson Seedless" giving a state of pre-alert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La aplicación al suelo y follaje de extractos de algas marinas, como biofertilizantes al suelo y follaje aumenta el rendimiento y la calidad de la cosecha de diversos cultivos, lo cual está relacionado con un aumento en la tasa de fotosíntesis de las plantas. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de un biofertilizante a base de extractos de algas marinas al suelo y follaje de una plantación de vid (Vitis vinifera) cv. Shiraz, en la tasa de asimilación de bióxido de carbono (CO2), y su relación con el rendimiento y calidad de frutos. Para esto, se usaron dos plantaciones de vid cv. Shiraz de 5.2 ha, en la Vinícola San Lorenzo, Municipio de Parras, Coahuila, México. A una de estas, al inicio del ciclo de producción (15 de marzo del 2013), se aplicaron al suelo 2 L ha-1 del biofertilizante Algaenzims y el 3 de abril del 2013 se aplicaron vía foliar 0.5 L ha-1 del mismo producto. La tasa de asimilación de CO2 de cada plantación durante su ciclo productivo se evaluó instalando un sistema eddy con sus sensores correspondientes. Los tratamientos fueron con y sin aplicación del biofertilizante. La diferencia estática en la tasa de asimilación de CO2 entre tratamientos se evaluó con la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para poblaciones pareadas (p⩽0.05), mientras que para las diferencias en rendimiento y calidad de frutos se usó un diseño completamente al azar y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p⩽0.05). Para evaluar el balance de energía en cada superficie, se midió la radiación neta, flujo de calor latente y sensible, y flujo de calor en el suelo. Con base en la prueba de Wilcoxon (p⩽0.05), los resultados del estudio mostraron que la aplicación del biofertilizante aumentó en 7.72 % la tasa de asimilación de CO2, por lo cual el rendimiento de frutos fue 13.9 % mayor y el de grados Brix 3.04 % (Tukey, p⩽0.05) en la plantación con el biofertilizante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ignorance of the climate aptitudes of areas where grape plantations (Vitis vinifera L.) are developed in Cuba has limited the productive potential of cultivars introduced for the development of this cultivation. Bioclimatic indexes for grapes growth during summer and winter seasons in Jagüey Grande municipality, Matanzas province, were determined in this work. Results showed that climate from this location is appropriate for setting up grape plantations; though it was detected as limitations that high humidity and temperature in certain periods of the year enhance the incidence of fungus diseases and may affect the productive parameters in this region. These results are basic for the selection of cultivars, rootstocks and the right management technologies as strategies for the adjustment of this crop to the Cuban climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study objective of evaluating the DNA damage in human lymphocytes induced by cypermethrin and the protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) “grape" seeds. This study used the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples obtained from 6 healthy, non-smokersdonors, within an age range of 20-26 years, and afterwards cultured in GIBCO ™ PB-MAX™ Karyotyping Medium which was incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours. Lymphocytes were pre-treatedwith an ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) “grape" seed solution at concentrations of 15 and 40 ppm for 1 hour and after this time they were treated with Cypermethrin at a concentration of 20 ppm, hydrogen peroxide 50 mM was considered as positive control and Phosphate Buffer (PBS) as a negative control. The comet assay was done following the method established by Olive et al., 1992. The results showed that lymphocytes exposed to the ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) “grape" seeds and cypermethrin presented a DNA damage diminution induced by Cypermethrin; thus it's concluded that pretreatment of lymphocytes with ethanolic extract of V. vinifera L. (Vitaceae) seeds significantly reduces DNA damage caused by cypermethrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey to detect the presence of plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards (Vitis vinifera L.) was undertaken in Valle de Guadalupe (654.64 ha) on 25 varieties of quality-wine grapevines, on 14 farms. Soil and root samples were collected during three months in 2010. Nematode genera and the three most frequent species of nematodes were identified. Percent of root galling and soil clay content were also measured. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model and descriptive statistics, while relationships among the nematode genera were described using Norton’s prominence value. Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were found, but only four were considered to be highly pathogenic to the crop: Meloidogyne, Tylenchulus, Pratylenchus and Trichodorus. The most abundant nematode genera were Meloidogyne and Aphelenchus, with 44.35% and 22.61% relative frequency, respectively. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica induced over 80% root galling. Grapevine var. Gamay was the most susceptible variety. Ways of improving the survey are discussed, and variables that may better explain nematode distribution are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Rural Development is the property of Spanish Journal of Rural Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowing the root growth is a fundamental aspect to evaluate the performance of a fruit orchard by understanding the development pattern of the aboveground growth including yield and fruit quality. During 2006-2007 research was carried out in the vineyards of the locality of La Junta (28° 3′ 3″ S, 69° 57’ 37.8” W, 1218 m altitude), Atacama Region, Chile, separately in two soil types, medium and coarse texture. Eight Thompson Seedless plants were selected, selfrooted, 20 years old, divided into four highly productive individuals and four of low production potential. For each site, the design was completely randomized with two treatments (high and low productive potential), with four replications per treatment, being the experimental unit the plant. On each experimental site a frontal pit was excavated (perpendicular to the vine row) and performed a detailed mapping, based on location and category in diameter of all roots present in the soil profile. It was found that in medium-textured soils, and due to the high frequency and time of irrigation (15 200 m³ ha-1 year), functional roots of vines are located preferably away from the zone of saturation of the wetted area, avoiding probably events of hypoxia and anoxia. In coarse-textured soils fine roots are found evenly distributed in the profile; in addition, vines of more productive potential are associated with a higher number of roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 21 year old vineyard (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aramond) showed symptoms similar to those caused by the root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) as well as decreases in yield. In a visit to the area, several chlorotic plants with different degree of defoliation were observed. The stem bases above the soil surface were swollen and they showed longitudinal cracks. Galls of different sizes were observed on the roots with significant losses of secondary roots. Adult females of Meloidogyne with well developed egg masses were found inside the galls. The study of the perineal patterns of these females showed the presence of specimens belonging to three species (Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, Meloidogoyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and Meloidogyne javanica (Trueb) Chitwood), as well as others that were grouped as Meloidogyne spp. until completing the molecular studies of all the specimens observed. M. arenaria showed to be the majority component of the community with 53%, followed by M. incognita and M. javanica with 21% and 4% respectively. The presence of M. arenaria in grapevine is the first report of this specie in the crop in Cuba and constitutes a focus of attention for the plant protection service because it is one of the most important pests in grapevine in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the work was to develop grape quality standards based on physical and chemical attributes that may allow to predict wine quality. A treatments Network was installed in Mendoza (North, East and Uco Valley), San Juan (Valle de Zonda), La Rioja (Chilecito), Catamarca and Salta (Calchaqui Valleys), (Argentina). Different crop loads were tested (30 and 50% shoot thinning, 30 and 50% cluster thinning and control) on Malbec and Syrah. During harvest, grapes were analyzed (berry size, sugar concentration, pH, anthocyanins, catechins, tannins, and total phenols) and wine was made with them. The corresponding wines were also analyzed (alcohol, dry matter, color intensity, shade, anthocyanins, catechins, tannins, total phenols, and polymeric color) and evaluated by a panel of wine tasters. By PCA (Principal Component Analysis) two indexes were generated. These indexes summarized the attributes that better explained the observed variability (80%). The indexes were denominated Phenolic richness (RF, associated to anthocyanins, tannins, catechins, total phenols and concentration) and Oxidative threat (PO, associated to pH and hue). There were no differences in RF between varieties or crop levels. Wines with high RF and low PO were considered the most valuable. Cold climate zones had higher RF than hot ones. In Malbec, cold climate zones and low crop level promoted low PO. Predictors of RF and PO in wine were developed for each cultivar. In order to select the most predictive variables, step wise Multiple Linear Regression was used. The adjustment functions RFpred (Malbec R² = 80%; Syrah R² = 62%) and POpred (Malbec R² = 80%; Syrah R² = 62%) were defined. The indexes, translated to quality standards, showed agreement between grapes and wines. The methodology may be valid for other red cultivars, but needs to be adjusted for each case. The standards will allow associations between prices and qualities and also permit achieving a more transparent market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wines of Mendoza, Argentina, have an important place in the world. During the last decades production has been concentrated on quality wines, instead of common wines, to meet the demands of the international market. Rural Development Foundation has tried to determine the agricultural behaviour and the phenolic characterization of the most widely used varieties in Mendoza since 1999. In 2005, due to a specific agreement with the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, physical and chemical tests were made in this institution to describe musts of white and red vitis vinifera varieties. The resulting information has been a fundamental tool, for developing strategies to obtain quality products. The representative varieties of Mendoza, such as Chardonay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Malbec and Bonarda were studied. Tonietto, Winkler and Huglin indexes were used for the climatic characterization. Results of analyses of must of red varieties from 2005, 2006 and 2007 vintages show inverse correlation between climatic indexes and antocyanes --polyphenols contents. Large cicle varieties, as Bonarda, do not get sugar commercial levels (220 g/L) at cold zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Bonarda' is the second most cultivated red variety in Argentina, mainly in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan. In the past few years it has been valued for its great potential for the production of high quality wines. The origin of this variety was uncertain. The ampelographic description of the Argentine 'Bonarda' shows high level of similarity to the Italian variety 'Bonarda Piemontese,' and the French variety 'Corbeau'. However, recent work using molecular markers has shown that 'Bonarda' differs from 'Bonarda Piedmontese' and is identical to 'Corbeau'. The aim of this study was to confirm the identity of this variety using a larger number of microsatellite loci in such a way to cover, if possible, the entire genome. We analyzed 17 accessions of 'Bonarda' from the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan, Argentina, and the French variety 'Corbeau' with 13 microsatellite loci. All accessions of 'Bonarda' were identical to each other and to the French variety 'Corbeau', confirming that it is the same variety. It is proposed that the variety 'Bonarda' grown in Mendoza and San Juan is called 'Bonarda from Argentina' to distinguish it from the Italian Bonarda, but knowing, with a high confidence level, that corresponds to the noble French variety 'Corbeau'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The embryo rescue technique allows obtaining plants by crossing seedless cultivars, however the number of plantlets obtained is low. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of pruning intensity on in vitro embryo development in two stenospermocarpic cultivars (Emperatriz and Fantasy Seedless) and to correlate the embryo performance with different traits. Differences were observed between cultivars. In cv. Fantasy S. the number of plantlets obtained increased while decreasing intensity of pruning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of pruning and water application on vegetative growth, yield and berry composition of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), located in Pencahue Valley, Maule Region, Chile (35°22' S lat; 71°47' W long), during the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 growing seasons. The cultivar used was a 10 yr-old Cabernet Sauvignon, drip irrigated and trained on a vertical shoot positioned system. Pruning levels were 12, 18 and 24 buds per plant. Irrigation levels applied were 40, 70 and 100% of real evapotranspiration of the vineyard (ETv) from setting to harvest. Results showed that increasing pruning severity resulted in a decrease in the Ravaz index from 4.3 to 2.9 in the first season, and a severe reduction of yield (between 41 and 53%) in both seasons. Only in the second season the reduction in water application decreased the yield from 3.0 to 1.8 kg pl-1 and increased the total anthocyanin content in berries from 1 290 to 1 520 mg L-1. There was no significant interaction between pruning and irrigation levels for any of the seasons under evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of evaluating and selecting cover crops to improve soil management in vineyards (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, five cover pastures were evaluated: a) control without vegetation; b) control with spontaneous vegetation; c) legume mixture of early maturing cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.); d) legumes mixture of late maturing cultivars of subterranean clover and balansa clover (T. michelianum Savi); and e) legumes mixture of late maturing cultivars and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). The study was conducted at Cauquenes Experimental Center, Agriculture Research Institute (INIA), over two seasons, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates. The three pasture mixtures had a good establishment and achieved high populations. Biomass production was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the mixtures with late maturing cultivars of subterranean clover and balansa clover, compared to the mixture of early maturing cultivars of subterranean clover and burr medic (2.3 to 4 t DM ha-1 yr-1 and 5.3 to 6.2 t DM ha-1 yr-1 in the first and second year, respectively). The contents of N, P and K in the biomass of the cover crops were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those covers with spontaneous species, which increased the content of available N in the soil. Higher contents of K and P were detected in the soil. The cover crops had an important detrimental effect on the population of the spontaneous species that grow in the inter-rows of the vineyard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ilusión-INIA is an early ripening table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar released by the Table Grape Breeding Program at the La Platina Research Centre of the National Agricultural Research Institute, Santiago, Chile. Berries are medium-sized, green, firm, with a muscatel flavor. Fifty percent of the berries are seeded, but when treated with gibberellic acid for thinning only 10-20% of the berries are seeded. Gibberellic acid sprays may be applied combined with girdling so as to increase berries size, Usually it shows two clusters per shoot, so one cluster can be removed. It ripens before 'Perlette'. Some shoulders must be removed to improve fruit presentation. Post harvest life in good conditions can last up to 25-30 days at 0°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isela-INIA is a mid season ripening table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar released by the Table Grape Breeding Program at the La Platina Research Centre of the National Agricultural Research Institute, Santiago, Chile. The berries are medium-sized, seedless, green, firm and flavor-full. Giberellic acid combined with girdling can be employed for thinning so as to increase berries size. It usually shows two clusters per shoot, so one cluster can be removed. Some shoulders must be removed in order to improve fruit presentation; this thinning must be done before the veraison, to avoid bruising. It ripens before 'Thompson Seedless'. Post harvest life in good conditions can last up to 45 days at 0°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim has been to determine the polyphenols concentration from summer and autumn leaves and from the stem of Vitis vinifera red wine varieties, obtained by different methods. We have worked with Syrah summer and autumn leaves, with Malbec autumn leaves, and with Malbec stem. Considering the colours of the leaves, we have divided them in red and yellow. The extracts were obtained by using these methods: Maceration into a container with water put into a boiling pot during 3 hours (1), maceration in water and agitation at moderate temperature during 48 hours (2). Rosemary oleoresin was used as reference. According to polyphenolics concentration expressed in g quercetin / g dried extract the result was: Rosemary Oleoresin: 56,3 ±03 Syrah autumn leaves' extract (2): 27,5 ± 0,3; Malbec stem extract (2): 24 ±0,3, Malbec red autumn leaves' extract (2): 22 ± 0,3; Malbec stem extract (1): 21,4 ± 0,3; Syrah autumn leaves extract (1): 21,1 ± 0,3; Malbec yellow autumn leaves extract (2): 17 ± 0,3; Syrah summer leaves extract (1): 16,5 ± 0,3; Malbec red autumn leaves extract (1): 13,8 ± 0,3; Malbec yellow autumn leaves extract (1): 12,4 ±0,3 ; Syrah summer leaves extract (2): 12,2 ± 0,3. Our conclusion was: the autumn leaves have a greater amount of phenolics than the summer ones; Syrah leaves have more phenolics than Malbec leaves; Malbec stem has more polyphenols than the leaves of the same variety; and the best extraction method to get these actives composts is maceration in water and agitation at a moderate temperature during 48 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]