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Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation is marketed for cattle only, and its use has not been widely adopted as growth promoter in other species. The objective of this study was to assess the residual ZH in various tissues of feedlot hair lambs administered with this growth promoter. Forty Intact male lambs were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: ZH for 0, 10, 20, and 30 d before the end of the fattening period. All lambs were fed a basal diet and slaughtered 48 h after the feeding trial. Regarding muscle, a linear increase (P=0.05) in ZH concentrations with increasing days of administration was observed (0.0, 0.19, 0.26, and 0.64 ng/g for 0, 10, 20, and 30 d of administration). For the liver, a linear increase (P=0.05) in ZH concentrations with increasing days of administration was also observed (0.0, 0.18, 0.27, and 0.44 ng/g for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days of administration). Higher values of ZH were found in the kidney with 0.0, 0.49, 0.66, and 0.71 ng/g for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days of administration). It was concluded that, regardless of tissue, residues of ZH increased with increasing days of administration of this growth promoter. Also, the observed levels of ZH were lower than those established by SENASICA (Mexico) for cattle, and the values presented in the present study could be the basis for establishing the maximum permissible limits of this growth enhancer in various tissues of sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The urethral catheterization associated with the application of alfa-2 adrenergic agonist drug is a recent development and application technique for the collection of feline semen, with advantages over electro-ejaculation harvesting and epididymal harvesting. Objetives: Seminal collection in neotropical felines using the urethral catheterization technique. Determine the testicular and seminal parameters of samples collected by the urethral cataterization technique. Methods: The technique has been tested on Panthera onca and others small cats. In this study, individuals of Panthera onca, Puma yagouaroundi and Leopardus wiedii were used in captivity at Getulio Vargas Zoobotanical Park, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Medetomidine hydrochloride (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) were used as sedatives, the semen was collected by urethral catheterization. In the process were checked the testicular biometry was performed with percutaner and ultrasonography technique. The fresh samples were evaluated for conventional microscopy in the parameters of volume, sperm vigor, total motility, progressive motility, structural and functional integrity of the plasmatic membrane and sperm morphology. The samples were subjected to a freeze - thaw process using three different extenders. The thawed samples were tested using conventional microscopy, automated system analysis and flow cytometry. Results: In this study, the urethral harvest technique was successfully used in the three species. In the literature used don't have report about seminal parameters in P. yagouaroundi and urethral seminal collection in L. wiedii. The data presented describe the spermatic morphocinetics of the included species in a pioneer study. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the seminal quality evaluating the extender, nor differences in the integrity of pre and post-freeze membranes of the samples. Conclusion: The urethral catheterization associated with the application of alfa-2 adrenergic agonist drug it's an efficient technique for semen collection in neotropical cats. The establishment of a potential association of physical characteristics with seminal quality is extremely important information on the applicability of reproductive traits in assisted reproduction programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Determine and compare the effect of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs on the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in neutrophils of healthy individuals. Materials and methods. It was taken blood of 5 participants to purify neutrophils by method of jelly. The production of ROS was measured by quimioluminiscence, using a scintillation counter and forbol-12-miristato-13-acetato (PMA) as stimulus. Proves without PMA were made as well to detect spontaneous production. Afterwards, the formation of ROS in presence of Nicotine (cholinergic agonist), Salbutamol and Clonidine (adrenergic agonists) was measured, using concentrations of 10-2M,10-3M, 10-4M y 10-5M with each drug. The Integrated area under quimioluminiscence graphics and the percentage of inhibition or stimulation were calculated. The effect of every drug was compared with respective controls and the statistical analyses was made. Results. It was detected a diminution of the production of ROS as effect of the studied substances, with difference statistically significant (p<0,05) between controls and drugs to 10-2M,10-3M, 10-4M. This effect increased in intensity when the concentration was increased as well. The maximal percentages of inhibition were to 10-2M and 10-3M. Salbutamol had the highest values of inhibition whit every concentration, and there is a significant difference (p<0,05) between its inhibition and that caused by the others. Conclusions. Adrenergic and Cholinergic stimulus have an inhibitory effect on the production of ROS in neutrophils of healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Evaluation of the physiological, sedative, and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and their combination via intramuscular route in pigs" presents a study on the effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and their combination in pigs. The objective of the study was to evaluate the physiological, sedative, and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and its combination with midazolam administered via intramuscular route in pigs. A prospective, controlled, crossover, randomized, and blind clinical design was used, and clinical parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and oxygen saturation were evaluated. The results showed that the combination of dexmedetomidine and midazolam had significantly superior sedative and analgesic effects compared to the administration of each drug separately. It was concluded that dexmedetomidine administered via intramuscular route is well tolerated in young pigs, and its combination with midazolam provides superior sedative effects. [Extracted from the article]

Dexmedetomidine was used initially for sedation in intensive care units. However, because of its sedative, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects and the fact that it does not alter ventilatory function, its use may be expanded as an intravenous agent in surgery. There are reports in the literature about its effective use in specific surgical populations, although further studies are required in order to support its use in all situations where total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is applied. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of dexmedetomidine in this form of anesthesia. Materials y methods. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane and LILACS. The search was expanded based on the references found in the articles re viewed initially and analyzed by the authors; the search was conducted under the MeSH included as key words below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]