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The areas in which employment develops in cities and its evolution over time diverge according to the territorial system in which it is circumscribed. This study analyzed the employment trajectories of cities in the southern macrozone of Chile, linking them to their population growth dynamics. It discusses in which sectors and at what rate this transformation is occurring in cities. It is concluded that, although there are booming cities in terms of population growth dynamics compared to others, transitions in sector specializations within the economy tend to co-evolve, even when considering subnational scales, where non-exportable service employment for some cities linked to primary activities does not differ from what is observed in other urban areas. This coevolution process is triggered towards low value-added service areas, detached from innovation and development activities, thereby questioning an urban development model that does not promote knowledge-based advanced services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uru: Revista de Comunicación y Cultura is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To elucidate the role of the coevolution of the human genome and Helicobacter pylori in gastric pathogenesis in a population from Nariño-Colombia. Materials and Methods: Helicobacter pylori was isolated from gastric biopsies obtained from 292 patients with Nariño gastric disease. The histological diagnosis was made by the Sydney classification. 252 H. pylori isolates were included for MLST analysis, which assigned them to ancestral populations (hpAfrica1, hpAfrica2, hpEurope, hpEAsia). Immunochip was used for human evolutionary analyses. STRUCTURE software to determine ancestry proportions by comparison with 712 global H. pylori MLST base sequences (http://pubmlst.org/helicobacter). Results: The H. pylori strains in Nariño derive from four ancestral populations: African (AA1), European (AE1 and AE2), and East Asian (AEA). The isolates contained substantial fractions of AA1 African ancestry on the coast, and AE2 European ancestry in the mountains. Because the mountain population had minimal African ancestry of the host, we wondered if AA1 increased the severity of gastric lesions in subjects of low African ancestry. Such a scenario could signify disrupted coadaptation: disruption of human-H. pylori coevolution. When we considered the 56 individuals with less than 17.6% African ancestry, we found that all individuals carrying H. pylori with >19.8% AA1 African ancestry, (n = 20) had severe lesions. Conclusion: Human and H. pylori coevolutionary relationships are important biomarkers of gastric disease, and disruption of these relationships results in more advanced gastric lesions in Nariño-Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeledonia is the property of Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The bacteria that cause citrus huanglongbing (HLB), Candidatus Liberibacter spp., are obligate bacteria to the citrus phloem and to different systems of the vector insect, Diaphorina citri, therefore, the genomic approach has been useful to study its pathogenicity mechanisms. This approach has allowed the identification of a homologous copy of the gene coding for the enzyme ATP / ADP translocase, which has the ability to import ATP and nucleotides from the host, causing considerable energy parasitism. This enzyme has been related to the endoparasitic activity of animal and human pathogens more than to phytopathogens. The present work analyzed the evolutionary relationship between the amino acid sequence of ATP / ADP translocase between different species of Ca. Liberibacter and groups such as Ricketssia sp. and Chlamydia sp. Phylogenetic analyzes show that the variation in the sequence of the gene coding for the enzyme is delimited in clades corresponding to the species of Ca. Liberibacter, suggesting that the variation in the enzyme responds to a co-evolutionary process. Also, the phylogeny shows that the closest common ancestor to Ca. Liberibacter could be a non-pathogenic endosymbiont of the genus Ca. Midichloria. Amino acid sequence conservation analysis shows that there are several positions in the sequence that could be related to species variation. The present work offers the hypothesis that the evolutionary origin of the energy parasitism capacity of the causal agents of HLB is a nonpathogenic endosymbiont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Salud Bosque is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology / Cuadernos de Neuropsicología is the property of Cuadernos de Neuropsicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecología Política is the property of Fundacio ENT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Salud Bosque is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Interaction processes take place when two or more organisms with close ecological relationships exert selective and mutual synchronic pressures that can lead to specific reciprocal adaptations; in these, two processes are basically involved: co-adaptation and co-pending. In the particular case of the interactions between hummingbirds and plants, there are significant gaps in the understanding of these interactions. In view of this, it can be said that many of the co-adaptation events of the tropical angiosperm groups, specifically of some members of the genus Heliconia, suggest strong coevolutionary affinities with different species of birds, such as hummingbirds. Objective: was evaluated if there is a correlation between the length of the perianth of some species of Heliconia with respect to the length of the peak of some species of hummingbirds. Methodology: this study was carried out in the reserve Mirador Recreo, Colombia, in which we made an identification of species of hummingbirds and Heliconia. Morphometric measurements were taken of the perianth of the present species of Heliconia in situ and the length of the hummingbirds' beak by photographic material of the museum. The length of the flowers was evaluated with respect to the length of the peaks by a correlation of Person and a clustal. Results: It was found that there is a significance value of 0.022 for the Phaethornis guy with Heliconia griggsiana; as well as a group of hummingbirds with flowers of helicones with close measurements. Conclusion: The specificity is evident in the evolutionary selection of peaks related to the structural qualities of the flowers of the Heliconia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ingeniería Solidaria is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ad-minister is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The host-parasite interaction of several parasitic agents, the theory about coevolution in their interactions and parasite evasion of immunity were analyzed. Published reports and authors' experience were used to exemplify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we characterize the dynamics of contemporary capitalist societies as the result of a co-evolution process between five structurally different subsystems: those of the personal realm, the market, the State, civil society and nature. We represent various of these subsystems as evolving systems themselves and we consider the existence of specific co-evolution mechanisms between them. This allows us to characterize change processes in capitalist societies as emergent properties of a complex system in co-evolution. Our analysis reveals that an uneven co-evolution between two or more subsystems can generate global coordination problems. To be specific, the current economic crisis may be interpreted as a phenomenon resulting from the uneven co-evolution between some of the aforementioned subsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the observer as part of the observed, the separation of the "inert" from the "live" is not possible. Prigogine, like Bohm, thinks that the emergence of life is not a random combination of molecules, but that it appears inevitably from the multidimensional order of the Universe. Traditionally, scientists have believed that there was a hierarchical order for the explanations of the Universe. As the evolution occurs, more complex dissipative structures appear, bringing about new levels and new laws. Therefore, instead of arranging levels in a hierarchy we should initiate a dialectics. According to the Neodarwinism, throughout the course of history new biological forms have arisen as a result of the fight for survival among individuals. The doctrine of survival of the fittest seems to imply the progress. Darwin supported the idea of evolution as hierarchical, unlike Wallace who thought evolution as a process constantly producing new varieties and species, with no elements being greater or "more evolved" than others. The notion of a socialist and non-hierarchical order where no level is more fundamental or higher than the others is almost as odd as the idea of wholeness, perhaps because wholeness is not hierarchical. The coevolution is the dissipative structure perspective of the origin of species, which considers the change of biological forms as a limitation of Neodarwinism. The development of structures in the so-called microevolution reflects the development of those of macroevolution, and vice versa, and these structures evolve together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darwin was a great naturalist, who devoted years of study and experimentation to monograph subjects. But these works are a complement of his theoretical works such as "On the Origin of Species" and "The Descent of Man." His work "On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects" is a great argument in favour of On the Origin of Species and against the argument of design, defended by natural theology. Among other theoretical aspects, the use of teleological language, the idea of species co-evolution, the defence of gradualism and the struggle against creationism stand out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper emphasizes the importance of agro-ecology in the search for sustainability in natural resource management in rural areas. It starts by discussing the relevance of achieving balance between the natural and social systems. A holistic interpretation of natural and human systems through the concept of coevolution, as well as the incorporation of sociocultural and economic elements in the analysis of ecosystems, is proposed, emphasizing the challenge of the transition from market values to ecological and human welfare principles. In the second part of the study, a multidisciplinary approach to the management of agro-ecological systems is presented as a fundamental requirement for sustainability, stressing the importance of agro-ecology in efforts to achieve development, productivity, and social profit in the long term. The paper then discusses the challenges faced by agricultural research regarding the study of complex interactions and interdisciplinarity, emphasizing the importance of institutions in researching and promoting the practice of agro-ecology. It concludes by analyzing the applications, limitations, potentials, and perspectives of agro-ecology as an emerging discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes economic development through a co-evolutionary process where formal institutions linked to the rule of law are transformed jointly with cultural values. This type of dynamic makes possible to attain multiple equilibriums and, hence, economic backwardness is explained by the presence of an "opportunistic" culture that coexists in an environment where illegality prevails. By means of an evolutionary game theory model, it is shown that a low income per-capita scenario is very difficult to eradicate. This is the case because of the existence of a cultural inertia generated by the co-evolution itself, and because of the relevance that remote factors (sociocultural and geographical) have on determining the probability that the economy can move following certain growth path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]