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Produced water are the main waste from the exploitation of conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and must be treated and disposed of properly to avoid contamination of environmental matrices. However, Colombian environmental regulations related to alternatives for managing this produced water are scattered and have gaps. The objective of this review is to analyze the alternatives for discharge and reuse of produced water, established in the regulations and specialized literature, propose options to fill the regulatory gaps and present treatment technologies for these waters. The results of the review of the regulations show gaps related to the discharge of produced water into the air by total or partial evaporation in lagoons, as well as gaps and contradictions regarding the discharge of produced water into aquifers through injector wells. Regarding the review of specialized literature, the results show reuse options different from those considered in the regulations and two alternatives emerge as the most common: enhanced recovery in conventional reservoirs and hydraulic fracturing operations in unconventional reservoirs. Likewise, the specialized literature presents a wide availability of treatment technologies for produced water; however, their selection depends on their characteristics and the maximum permissible limits of contaminants according to the discharge and reuse alternative. As contributions, this review discusses the main problems associated with the disposal of produced water through injector wells, or its reuse in producer wells, which could cause contamination of aquifers and soils: loss of formation injectivity and corrosion of pipelines. Additionally, it proposes parameters for the characterization of formation waters and raw and treated production waters, together with possible compatibility tests in order to avoid the problems discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation deals with the microstructural analysis of AISI 316 L steel welded joints in pipelines, which have been failing due to cracking in welded beads. Stainless steel coated electrodes E 309-16, 310-16 and E 316L-16 types were used in compliance with the AWS standard. These electrodes were analyzed according to the deposition in butt welds prepared with V bevels. Welding was completed one side of the piping material. Also the selection and preparation of the samples in the areas where the pipeline shows mechanical damage, cracks and severe corrosion resulting from operating stress were analyzed. The microstructure of the welded area and the thermal exposure area for each bead were characterized after the welding was performed. The results indicates that E 309-16 and E 316L-16 electrodes are not suitable for welding given that the resulting microstructure is prone to cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion from the steel to the carbon in the sale oil pipage conduction, is a serious problem, due to the material and economical looses they cause, damaging even in some cases the productive field. The purpose of this study is to determine the aggressiveness of the oil's water layer, polluted with H2S(g), over the steel of pipelines' construction (API 5L X-52), taking into account the temperature variations which take place during the transportation of the oil, using the electrochemical techniques of polarisation resistance (LPR) and electrochemical noise. It is pretended to determine the velocity of steel corrosion in the oil's water layer polluted with H2S through electrochemical techniques. It was shown that the temperature increases and the concentration of H2S to 500 ppm in the oil's accompanying water emphasizes the corrosion phenomenon experienced by the steel (9, 188 0 mm/year to 70 °C).The results of the electrochemical noise spectrums and the values of the localisation´s index calculated, shown the presence of corrosion on the steel surface (API 5L X-52).This result was complemented through optic Microscopy which permits to corroborate the poor adherence of the sulphur layers deposited on the metal that increase the appearance of events found with the temperature increase and the concentration of H2S in the environment studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In petrochemical industry, it is necessary to use a Non-destructive testing that allows, in a fast and suitable way, the quantification of the present corrosion on the external surface of the pipes used by oil pipelines and gas pipelines. Currently, this process is executed manually, making it slow and tedious to obtain the results and subject to human error. Therefore, in this paper the study of the main Non-destructive testing is done to choose the most suitable one, so that it allows extracting information from the corroded zones, such as: the maximum depth of the corroded area and the projection of this on the longitudinal axis of the pipelines. This information is required for the analysis of the integrity and determination of the maximum pressure of the pipelines operation, according to the regulations established for transport and distribution of the hydrocarbon, in particular the ASME B31G code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the damages and defects that can put in danger the safe operation of a steam boiler as well as the location of these or the zones where they are more prone to be developed is without doubts very useful for the personnel as much of maintenance as of operation of the boilers and as well guarantee of technological and environmental security. In the work are related the main mechanisms of damage, as much basic as combined, to which the pipes of the zone of the home of these types of boilers are exposed, with the components critics and their corresponding zones critics. A graphic characterization of the zones critics is realised of the steam boilers watertube, being satisfied the geometric bases of theses equipments. The work ends up tying the mechanisms of damage (basic and combined) as well as the damages associated to them with the geometric bases of the components critics and their respective zones critics of the steam boilers watertube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the non destructive testing to assesment the presence and the structural shape of several materials, accounts with the industrial radiography. For this work was used a X-ray emitter equipment trademark Baltograph belongs the Nuclear Radiations Laboratory (UPTC). The energy ranges give off for this equipment is between 60 keV and 120 keV appropriate to study the wear away of pipeline walls the aluminium, copper and another metals of low density. Was released radiographic exposures in ten (10) regions of identical aluminium pipes each one with a different corrosive attack, was revealed and analized with the purpose of evaluated by means diagnostic imaging the type of corrosive attack, the level of advanced of the corrosion and was estimated the lost thickness throught the tangential radiographic technique. This study allow contribute to the knowledge of the evolution of corrosion in the petroleum and gas industry and finally in urban gas pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]