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This paper deals with the role of foreign trade liberalization in the changes occurring on the labor market in Tunisia. A two-equation model for employment and wages was estimated relying on a two-dimensional approach, time and sector. The main results firstly revealed that imports and exports are the least significant variables because of their marginal effect on labor demand, whereas production and delayed employment are the most explanatory variables, without being sector specific. Secondly, the real wage level determination depends on imports and exports which have different short- or long-run effects that are sector dependent (exportable or importable). Moreover, skilled and unskilled workers employment and productivity were found to be explanatory variables that may have a sectoral specification. As for production, it operates differently, depending on the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We formulated a model to analyze the impact of a public policy to incentivize tourist demand in the city of San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro, Argentina). Olivera's structural inflation model is used to demonstrate that the incentive has a positive impact on the benefits for the tourism sector but is regressive in terms of local income distribution. The working population residing in the city experiences the deterioration in real wages due to rent increase of permanent housing which ends up supplying the tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Novedades en Población is the property of Universidad de La Habana, Centro de Estudios Demograficos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we study wage convergence and flexibility in the labour market of Argentinean provinces. We first review historical determinants and propose a theoretical interpretation: the higher the level of convergence in wages, the lower the convergence in employment and eventually in the product level, because of the low competitiveness of the Interior Area, which conspires, via a restriction of the balance of payments, against their growth. Then, we empirically analyze wage convergence and the degree of wage flexibility in provincial labour markets for the period 1997-2013. We find evidence of real wage convergence and low wage flexibility. This indicates that wages do not depend on provincial factors such as labour productivity or local unemployment but on national determinants such as centralized wage agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Venezuelan economy shows a downward and sustained trend in per capita income. Getting a better understanding of the causes that originate such dynamics is the objective of this research. Thus, the critical determinants are decanted, the role of oil production, the reprimarization of the economy, the relationship between inflation, real wages, the real exchange rate, the interest rate and productivity within the limits of economic growth. Based on these results, the dilemmas of macroeconomic policy are identified. Likewise, some suggestions are proposed to specify a virtuous-cumulative and lasting development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liberalization process in Mexico, which intensified with the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, sharpened the changes in the structure of labor markets due to labor flexibilization. With information from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography and the Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare, a spatial model of autoregressive vectors is estimated to analyze the impact that labor flexibility has had on real wages and productivity in the 32 states of Mexico. The model verifies that there is causality, in the Granger tests, between labor flexibility and wages, though the generalized impulses prove that this impact is negative in the majority of the 32 states. Evidence is presented that past labor flexibility, average labor productivity, and wages positively influence their future behavior; in addition to the fact that the wage increase of a particular state positively affects its neighbors (push-out effect) and, that this state is affected when an increase in real wage occurs in its neighbors (push-in effect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of H-Industria: Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana is the property of H-Industria, Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this article is to analyze income poverty in the coal industry between 1932 and 1960. The methodological approach proposed by the ECLAC - the food share method - is used to study the real value of the labor force. Our results show that real income in the coal industry rose, but failed to reach the poverty line, except for 1951-1953. The increment of the early 1950s took place during a national inflationary crisis and was the consequence of the workers movement of the late 1940s. In relative terms, there was a structural concordance between the real and comparative value of the labor force and the situation of paternalism and social control shown in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudios Sociológicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Relaciones de Trabajo, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study describes the evolution of multifactorial productivity in the manufacturing sector of the Colombian coffee region (Caldas, Risaralda and Quindío) in the period 2005-2019 through a panel of microdata obtained from the Annual Manufacturing Survey (EAM). To meet the objective, the methodology proposed is used to correct simultaneity biases, using the demand for intermediate inputs as a proxy for productivity and gross capital formation, in addition to real wages to estimate the functions of production by departments that make up the coffee axis. The results suggest that productivity in the department of Quindío has had an unfavorable behavior with respect to Caldas and Risaralda in the aggregate sphere, which may be the consequence of a heterogeneous industrial composition between the departments of the coffee region, where the added value tends to concentrate on areas of intensive industrial activity in physical and human capital such as Caldas and Risaralda. On the other hand, the findings at the firm level show that there is a dissimilar behavior between Caldas, where large companies are more productive, and Quindío, where productivity increases in smaller companies; meanwhile, for Risaralda the results are consistent given the size of the company [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay first examines the relations between the rate of surplus value and the value of the labor force. It then focuses on the examination of the determinants of the value of the labor force: real wages, annual work hours, and labor productivity in the branches that produce wage-goods. Along with the formal analysis, the values assumed by such variables in the Mexican economy during the validity of the neoliberal model are quantified. Here we observe a strong decrease in the hourly value of the labor force (increase in the rate of surplus value), in which the decrease in real wages plays a key role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensayos de Economia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In this article we present an estimation of a series of average real wages in the period of state-led industrialization for blue-collar men and women. The series has been calculated from a new primary source, the Yearbooks of the Workers Insurance Fund and the Social Security Service and revised with a price index due to the control price policies and the emergence of a black market in the later years. The results show that the wage series had little capacity of growth and remain stagnant for much of the period and subject to price rises. Comparison of output per worker with the series of wages adjusted by the CPI and by the output deflator reveals a large gap in growth rates, showing an unequal distribution of both growth gains and the effects of economic imbalances, expressed in inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A cointegration vector is estimated using the number of salaried workers reported by the National Survey of Occupation and Employment, the real GDP, and a proxy variable for the real salary for the period between the first quarter of 2005 and the first quarter of 2020. The estimated elasticities of demand for salaried workers with respect to GDP and to the proxy variable of real wages are 0.54 and -0.48, respectively. The fact that this labor demand is inelastic with respect to real GDP according to the estimated cointegration vector is bad news for job creation, especially in a scenario of relatively low economic growth. The impact of the increases in the minimum wage that have been granted since 2019 on the level of employment is also discussed, since these have been well above inflation. The error correction model is also reported for the variables that are not weakly exogenous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the dynamics of the real wages of employees and workers during the years of the Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy (1948 - 1958) or "Ley Maldita" ("Cursed Law") in the context of the inflationary crisis of that period. Special attention is paid to the factors that shaped this process, such as the relationship between the Government, the unions and the workers' associations; the use of the "Ley Maldita" as a political-economical mechanism against unions; the role of the Klein-Saks Mission in the wage fluctuations; and the various structural imbalances of the Chilean economy in the middle decades of the 20th century. The observed dynamics are unequal in that they benefit employees more than workers. This trend is facilitated by an anti-worker use of the "Ley Maldita" and incoherent changes in economic policy from 1948 to 1953, which spreads the inflationary crisis that ends up causing the general fall in wages from 1953 to 1955. It can also be observed that from 1955 to 1958 attempts are made to turn the temporary low-wage situation into a new balance of wage stability with the support of Klein-Saks and a renewed repressive policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The discipline of economics has struggled to find a clear or well-established causal relationship between labor productivity and the real wage, despite the close statistical relationship and comovements that several studies report. The policy implications vary drastically depending on what causal link may exist between the two variables. Using conventional Granger causality tests and causality tests in a cointegration environment, with both annual and quarterly data for Venezuela, this article presents evidence showing that statistical causality runs from real wages to labor productivity, a finding which contrasts the orthodox thinking on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article we estimate the probable magnitude of changes in income distribution, poverty and extreme poverty in the country, in the metropolitan areas of the Valley of Mexico, Guadalajara and Monterrey, as well as in Mexico City, according to different behavioral hypothesis of labor income, based on information available until the start of the pandemic, which considers the closures of so-called nonessential activities and their impact on specific occupations. The pandemic stroke in the context of an incipient process of real wages and employment growth, which began in 2019, and our results show that the slowdown in activities derived from the health emergency, both in Mexico and in the world, caused an increase in poverty and extreme poverty, in addition to the growth of inequality measured by the Gini index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía, Sociedad y Territorio is the property of El Colegio Mexiquense and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay explains the Keynesian theory of wages and tests it. As an example, it lays out a hypothetic free competition economy in order to analyze the consequences of a rise of a cut of wages in production and employment. The article is based on the assumption that paid employees don't save their income, so their wages equal the income of the capitalists. So it finds that a salary award can have effects on the income distribution: it tends to reduce the monopoly degree, and it produces a rise on real wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we present a description of the labour market in Valledupar for the period 2007-2017. We find that after the fall of coal prices, the labour market has presented a significant deterioration, reflected in the increase of unemployment rate, especially for the most educated, women and youth. The econometric results confirm that changes in coal prices have a positive and significant effect in labour participation and real wages. Moreover, we find that the return of higher education in Valledupar is lower, compared to the rest of cities in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos Dieciochistas is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The minimum wage is low in Mexico. The cause is a monetary view that causally links wages to inflation, encouraging a policy in which the minimum wage increases as much or less than prices in general. There is no convincing evidence that such causal link exists. On the other hand, a large minimum wage rise would affect the employment of low-skill women and youth in in the poorest states. In view of the observed low level of the minimum wage, there is a margin of increase with little effect on employment, and there are information economics arguments that suggest that it could be beneficial. The institutional challenge is to define an adjustment mechanism that markets about inflation, or produce new bureaucracies. We propose a rule of wage adjustment in general, unrelated to the fiscal calendar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass arrival of Venezuelan immigrants escaping the macroeconomic catastrophe caused by the Maduro government is a unique event in Peru's recent economic history. This text uses a Keynesian model, where employment depends on aggregate demand, in an attempt to identify the two channels through which mass immigration reduces, in the short term, employment and real wages. These two channels are the increase in the labor force, which reduces nominal and real wages; and the decrease in employees' propensity to consume if immigrants substitute local workers in the labor market. Venezuelan workers bear no responsibility whatsoever for bringing about this situation. Like the many Peruvians who have emigrated since the 1980s, they only look for the best for their families. All of the responsibility lies with the Kuczynski government and its policy of free immigration, which artificially extends the surplus of urban labor in the Peruvian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Economía Coyuntural, Revista de Temas de Coyuntura y Perspectivas is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales Jose Ortiz Mercado (IIES-JOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of the agricultural sector during the ISI period and the debate about the agricultural wage and the living conditions of the farm workers have a long historiography. But until today there is little information about workers' income in the long run. In this paper we want to reflect about the wage level reached during this period and for that we will present a new wage series for 1934-1973. We seek to analyze their behavior considering the sector labour productivity, its relation with industrial wages and the institutional frame in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of H-Industria: Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana is the property of H-Industria, Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work analyzes the relationship between real salaries and the balance of payments in Latin America from 1980 to 2011, developing a theoretical discussion of the link between these variables. It also describes how improved external accounts over the past decade have been accompanied by real salaries below 1980s levels. The empirical portion of this study uses Thirlwall's model to calculate the growth of the potential regional product subject to external restrictions, concluding that an improved balance of payments and greater international reserves would create leeway to raise regional wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a historical perspective and by international comparison, this article seeks to analyze some of the most noteworthy features of the capital accumulation process in Argentina, emphasizing events since the mid-1960s. In the context of the stagnation of value production, the main outcome has been that impairment to real wages from this inflection point has constituted an extraordinary source of surplus. This phenomenon is a necessary condition for the accumulation process in light of low dynamism relative to productivity, and is a factor common to the different economic schemes that have been adopted, beyond other features that could be judged as more or less beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]