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The recall was, until recent decades, a tool of direct democracy that was hardly known or used outside the United States. However, the crisis of representation and of the party system that several Latin American countries suffered led to recover the recall as an additional form of citizen participation and control that could boost receptivity and responsibility of elected authorities. In only three decades, the recall has moved from being barely known to spreading to the most important Latin American countries and becoming one of the distinctive features of the region. In this work we present a comparative study of the recall in Argentina, Colombia and the Republic of Peru, where it was limited to regional and local authorities. We also analyse the recall of local legislators and authorities by decision of the political parties and popular vote in Panama; the recall in Ecuador, Venezuela and Bolivia, where this institution has spread to all elected offices, including the president of the republic; and the recall of the president and governors of the federal entities of Mexico after the constitutional reform promoted by López Obrador. This work ends by assessing the institutional designs of the recall, where we emphasize the tension between draft legislation and its conditions for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article explores the true scope of recall as a mechanism of direct democracy. Recall is a mechanism of citizen control adopted by several Latin American countries after the third wave of democratization and in the context of a crisis of representation. Some regulations consider a campaign so that parties and their leaders may inform voters and politically influence their decision in the referendum (electoral mediation). Others give citizens complete freedom to elaborate their own opinions (self-government). A normative study is undertaken of the constitutions and national laws of the Latin American States that include this mechanism. The conclusions show the obstacles posed by the norms to the direct exercise of popular sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we propose a quantitative approach to the political discourse at the online social network Twitter. The main objective of this research is to determine some of the factors that may be influencing the perception of political language on this network. Statistical analysis of the data was made from 100 tweets and 100 participants. Research reveals significant influence of the variables RE / C (P = 0.0081) and discourse-level topic (P < 0.0001) on the salience of the tweets. Also, the salience (P = 0.0186) has a significant influence on the recall (LTM) of the tweets, although the model explains only a slight percentage of variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This study consisted of two experiments designed to assess the efficacy of the keyword mnemonic technique reinforced with drawings in comparison to the learner's own learning strategies on recall and the following metamnemonic judgments: ease of learning (EOL), judgments of learning (JOL), and confidence level (CL) using a short word list i.e., 16 Latin words (Experiment 1), or a long word list, 32 Latin words (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1 involving 100 women, mean age 75.08 years, the keyword method reinforced with drawings was found to be more efficacious than the learner's own learning strategies on recall and metamnemonic judgments. In Experiment 2 involving 100 women, mean age 74.72 years, the keyword method reinforced with drawings was more efficacious on recall and all of the metamnemonic judgments under study. In conclusion, the keyword mnemonic reinforced with drawings is effective in the elderly. Further studies are required to examine if these results can be replicated in participants of other ages, and for both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Educación is the property of Universidad de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educacion y del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the public agenda in Latin America recall has gained of importance since the controversies generated by the votes in Venezuela (2004) and Bolivia (2008) in order to recall Presidents Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales, respectively (both attempts failed). However, it is on the local level where this institution got activated most frequently and where it could be responsible for major political changes. In this article, we analyze the introduction, use and consequences of the recall on the local level in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. We briefly discuss recall in the light of the current debate on representative democracy and its adoption as a mechanism of direct democracy (MDD) from 'bottom-up', initiated by the citizens. Furthermore, we describe the context under which MDDs have proliferated in various places of the world. More specifically, we then continue to explore where and in which context in Latin America recall was promoted as an element of participatory democracy. Finally, we come up with tentative conclusions about the potential and risks involved with this particular mechanism of direct democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intraoperative awareness is the experience of explicit memory of actual events during general anesthesia, despite suppressive property of anesthetics on memory. For the occurrence of this complication is necessary collection event aware of what we call explicit memory formation. The annual incidence is around 0.1 to 0.02% in adults and children is 0.6 to 1%. There are several known risk factors such as the superficiality of anesthesia, various types of surgery such as obstetrics and cardiac patients with low functional reserve, patients with increased drug requirement. The diagnosis of this potentially serious complication should be justified based assessment test in interrogations conducted and since complications can be serious and disabling long-term, usually require multidisciplinary management of the case. The severity of this complication has aroused the interest of anesthesiologists know and avoid secure his appearance and methods of neurological monitoring of brain activity have proliferated in current practice, showing variable but results so far show significant progress to remove in the future this scourge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing models of narrative comprehension describe the importance of causality processing for forming a representation of a text, but usually in the context of deliberately composed texts rather than in spontaneous, unplanned discourse. Also, they do not consider the role of statements that mark topic changes. The aim of this study was to determine if those statements that introduce new topics in a conversation are better recalled than those that do not, and if there is an interaction between the introduction of a new topic by a statement and its number of causal connections. Also it was analyzed if they appear differences when the statements appear in oral or written form. With this purpose, the data from Cevasco and van den Broek (2008), who asked a group of participants to either listen to or read the transcription of a radio transmission and perform a free recall task, were re-analyzed. Results indicate that those statements that mark a topic change and those that have many causal connections are better recalled than those that do not produce a topic change or do not have many causal connections, and that there is an interaction between these two factors. It was concluded that the identification of new topics and the processing of the causal connections among the statements play a role in the comprehension of conversations. Do not happen the same respect to the presentation modality of the statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a comparative study of Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, this article argues that popular enquiries, citizen initiative and recall of term of office would contribute either to enforce delegative democracy; that is, executive power prominence based on popular support and against the other powers of the state, or to increase quality of democracy by introducing citizens' control mechanisms and participation in decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of humor in advertisement published in Colombia were investigated in regards to brands, advertisement, purchase intention, recall and recognition. A simultaneous Classical Conditioning procedure was carried out, using Incongruous, Hostile and Allusive humor associated to three brands. The procedure was applied to 30 university students. Results revealed that the three kinds of humor work as unconditioning stimulus, generating positive attitudes towards advertisement and brand. Humor influences the purchase intention and recognition, but not the remembrance of brand when compared to neutral advertisement. Incongrous and Hostile Humor generate recognition and positive attitude towards advertisement and brand. Allusions have a greater effect on purchase intention than the other ones. Results corroborate the effectiveness of humor as an advertisement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]