Search

The construction of roads can generate threats to the biodiversity of an important hydrological network made up of streams known as quebradas in the Peruvian Amazon. The objective of the study was to determine the composition, richness, abundance, diversity, dominance, and similarity of habitats of benthic macroinvertebrate communities of five streams located around the Iquitos-Nauta highway axis (Loreto, Peru). The collections were made in four periods (empty, dry, growing, and full), using a D-net type network. The benthic macroinvertebrate community was composed of 68 taxa and 4556 individuals, distributed in 4 phyla (Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca and Nematoda). The similarity analysis indicates that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the empty-dry seasons and the growing-full seasons; The dry season being the one with the greatest value of wealth, abundance, and diversity; and increasing the one with greater dominance. Chironomidae, Leptophlebiidae, Elmidae and Palaemonidae; were the most dominant taxa. The present work is a contribution to the knowledge of the macroinvertebrate communities that inhabit the small lotic ecosystems of the Peruvian lowland forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the eighth milestone of Santacara dated during the government of Augustus was unveiled. Despite its reuse as part of a building for agricultural purposes, much of the inscription has been preserved: the affiliation and the titles. Thanks to the comparison regarding the distribution of the imperial title of the Cara road inscription with three epigraphs from Ejea de los Caballeros and Castiliscar (province of Zaragoza, Aragon) that prove the intervention of legions in the construction of roads, it is possible establish parallels. For all these reasons, it is proposed that the example of the ancient city of Cara was also made within the framework of works planned and executed by the army. The study also aims to review the intervention of Augustus' administration in the Middle Ebro and in the Basque territory, both in the cities and in the road network. In addition, a reflection on the importance of the radial mesh of roads in the Caesaraugusta environment or the importance of the connections with the Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to propose a management control system based on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The latter can be applied to construction enterprises involved in road construction processes. This is a feasible project, supported by descriptive field research. The study population is made up of the group of enterprises that executed road works for the Mayor's Office of the Iribarren municipality of Lara State in the year 2021. Two questionnaires were applied for the collection of information: the first one, gathers information on the administrative processes of the enterprise; and the second one, gathers information on the managerial processes. The proposal of the CMI base model contemplates generic strategic objectives and indicates the profile of the management indicators from four perspectives, as well as the sequential phases necessary for the understanding and application of the management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the eighth milestone of Santacara dated during the government of Augustus was unveiled. Despite its reuse as part of a building for agricultural purposes, much of the inscription has been preserved: the affiliation and the titles. Thanks to the comparison regarding the distribution of the imperial title of the Cara road inscription with three epigraphs from Ejea de los Caballeros and Castiliscar (province of Zaragoza, Aragon) that prove the intervention of legions in the construction of roads, it is possible establish parallels. For all these reasons, it is proposed that the example of the ancient city of Cara was also made within the framework of works planned and executed by the army. The study also aims to review the intervention of Augustus’ administration in the Middle Ebro and in the Basque territory, both in the cities and in the road network. In addition, a reflection on the importance of the radial mesh of roads in the Caesaraugusta environment or the importance of the connections with the Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of processes in heritage cities is closely related to customer satisfaction. The objective of this research is to design a system of corrective actions to contribute to improve the quality of accessibility and mobility processes in the historic center of the city of Matanzas. A structured methodology was designed in four stages that integrates tools such as: expert, weighted Delphi and Pareto methods, indicator analysis and cause-effect diagram. Among the main results, the pedestrian infrastructure process was identified as the most relevant of the entity, with a project cycle time of approximately 217 days. It was identified that the organization focused on its management towards efficiency, with four, which represents 57.14 % of the total. The main problem identified was the poor technical condition and pedestrian design of the road network. A system of corrective actions is proposed for the main deficiencies found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The production of asphalt in Cuban refineries does not satisfy the national demand for road constructions and repairing projects. The purpose of this study was to outline the possible scenarios that could take place in the production of asphalt from the refining of heavy crude oil in Cuba. To achieve this, a methodology was used that combined work with experts and Godet's Strategic Prospective. From the application of the Multiplication Cross Impact Matrix method Applied to a Classification, three key variables (factors) were obtained that allowed the formulation of an equal number of hypotheses and the definition of eight possible scenarios. Using the Probabilized Cross Impact Matrix System (Smic Prob-Expert) method, the three most probable scenarios were specified: the most favorable, in which the three hypotheses are met; the least favorable, in which none of the three are met, and a scenario in which only the first hypothesis is met. According to these results, the most favorable scenario would be one in which raw materials for the refineries are guaranteed, a technological procedure that allows obtaining more asphalt with less cost and the technical availability of technological equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes of gentrification can be seen in the historic center of Cartagena de Indias, which arise from the colonial city and the republican capital, suitable as a military fort, maritime port, railway station and cultural district. This led to the occupation of the peripheral areas and the displacement of the people who lived there to give way to walls, urban walkways, railway lines and motorized avenues. The objective of the text is to describe the processes of the urban transformation of the peripheral areas of Cartagena to consolidate the fort-city, adapted as a historic center and tourist district. To this end, the historical method is used of contrasting printed documental evidence with articles and studies on urban policies that allow the recognition of four periods of geodemographic changes. In conclusion, the current historic center has experienced the processes of the expansion of the dominant classes into the lands occupied by the popular sectors, combined with the construction of roads, the protection of walls and bulwarks, the urbanization of the nearby islands and beaches for touristic ends, as well as the sociocultural expulsion of the poorer classes from the popular sectors towards faraway places, invisible and distant from the tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to review in a general way the history of the transversal road towards the Central Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico, throughout the nineteenth century, from the logic of regional history. The text shows two general moments in which the port of Huatulco, initially, and Puerto Ángel, later, were the points of articulation of the road, many times as part of interoceanic communication projects. None of the specific projects materialized, due to various factors, especially political and economic, which can be identified in the text. However, this look shows an extremely significant role of the road project in the projections of a communications system in that period. One of the main contributions of the text is precisely to explore from a critical perspective, distant from the conventional centralist vision. Among the collections consulted are the Hemeroteca Nacional de México, the Hemeroteca Manuel Brioso y Candiani, Hemeroteca Digital de la Biblioteca Nacional de España, Biblioteca Fray Francisco de Burgoa and the Mapoteca Manuel Orozco y Berra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes En otro orden de cosas in light of the Benjaminian concept of "destructive character", that allows us to examine the way in which urban modernization is constituted as the central axis of Fogwill's novel. We argue that the peculiarity of this novel is that it focuses on the economic nature of urban transformation. In a text that concerns itself with the historical period 1971-1982 in Argentina, it is notable that it focuses its interest on the economic dimension to the detriment of the political. By prioritizing the urban highway construction project in the composition of the textual city, En otro orden de cosas dialogues with an interdiscursive plot that includes texts by urban planners, as is the case of La ciudad arterial (1970) by Guillermo Domingo Laura. In conclusion, we consider that the materialist perspective is the interpretative key through which the construction of urban space in Fogwill's novel should be read. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia 396 is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Instituto de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural forest´s covers are changing due to the spread of the urban, agricultural and livestock frontier, affecting the availability of shelters and resources for the breeding of birds. Despite our knowledge of the influence of anthropic interventions on biodiversity, investigations that show the anthropic effect on natural history of birds, included the breeding phase, are limited. To describe the anthropic effect on nest predation, 108 artificial nests were established in an anthropic intervention gradient in the jurisdiction of Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia. The 38 nests that were predated, six were in the site with the least anthropic intervention, 15 in the intermediate intervention site and 17 in the site with the highest intervention. In particular, the effect of changes in the vegetation cover mediated by anthropic disturbance on bird nests is assessed, expecting that denser vegetation cover around the nest will positively affect the nest success. Variables associated with the structure of the vegetation near the nests (e.g., Coverage around the nest, low vegetation cover, canopy opening), showed a significant positive relationship with the destination of the nest. This research suggests that the ongoing urbanization process (e.g., house construction and roads) in the Amazon region influences loss of artificial nests, and that changes in the structure of the vegetation mediated by the degradation of natural covers could play a fundamental role in the predation of nests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "The normal force: misconceptions in the Official State Gazette" addresses an error in Spanish regulations regarding the design of curves on roads. The authors of the article belong to different academic institutions and acoustic laboratories in Spain. The objective of the article is to use the current regulations for road design as an example of the practical application of physical principles in the classroom. The article discusses an error in the calculation expression for the maximum speed on a banked curve according to Spanish road design standards. Although this error has been present for over 50 years, it has not caused any issues in road design. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuaderno Activa is the property of Tecnologico de Antioquia, Institucion Universitari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Historia del Arte is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article exposes the various international influences that --between 1960-1970-- operated in order to stimulate peasant migration towards the Ecuadorian Amazonian frontier. During that period poor farmer organizations in several Latin American countries were demanding access to land held by traditional latifundia. In order to defuse the revolutionary potential of these claims, the Organization of American States (OAS) came up with a plan that would have the peasants migrate as colonists towards jungle areas, such as Amazonia. A central topic of the present text is the study of the several international connections between this organization and United States diplomacy in their efforts to boost colonization policies in the Ecuadorian Amazonian frontier. In a first stage, Ecuador received loans from foreign financial organizations, which were targeted for the construction of roads that would facilitate access to the rainforest areas. This was a major component of early efforts to promote the occupation of the tropical woodlands. Additionally, strong pressure by US diplomacy forced Ecuador to pass legislation facilitating colonization, while, at the same time, the Inter American Institute of Agrarian Sciences (IICA), trained government officials in the skills necessary to implement and enforce these policies. The article uses diplomatic, legal and bureaucratic reports in order to disclose the administrative transnational strategies that were active in promoting the migration of landless peasants towards the Amazonian wilderness, as part of an effort to neutralize the risk of communist political revolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diversitas (17949998) is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Facultad de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research was conducted in the period from November 2018 to November 2019, in the coastal sector Cacongo, Cabinda province, in a coastal protection area of 14 ha, with the objective of characterizing the status of the species Conocarpus erectus. Different dasometric parameters were evaluated: height (m), diameter (cm); basal area (m2) and volume (m3); as well as natural regeneration (incipient, established) and mortality (cut trees, dead trees and cut branches). With community participation, the main environmental problems affecting the species were determined by interviewing 65 people individually for 100 % and an observation guide was applied. The species was planted in the first line of the sea, where it does not adapt, it does not have an adequate development, the dynamics of natural regeneration is incipient with few established plants, with a state of the species in each plot that shows the following behavior: 44 dead trees, 134 cut trees and 110 cut branches. The main problems identified in the mangrove ecosystem were inadequate development (92 %), indiscriminate logging (85 %), diseases (74 %), coastal erosion (52 %), road and threshing construction (41 %), sea penetration (32 %) and water pollution (oil) (23 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August of 2017, as part of the Peace Accords with the Colombian government, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) presented an extensive list of assets to be destined toward the victims of the armed conflict. It included approximately 3,700 kilometers of roads, most of them located in areas of influence of this guerrilla group. In this article, we investigate the type of actors, collaborations, power relations and technologies that made the construction of roads possible in Puerto Guzmán, an Amazonian municipality with a prolonged FARC presence. We argue that the construction and transformation of these infrastructures over time enables us to understand the state as a co-production involving different dynamics and actors, including some antagonistic to the state order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road construction in or near natural areas has been identified as a major cause of habitat loss and fragmentation worldwide. In the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, two road corridors in different stages of development run from the city of Cali to the Buenaventura seaport. A research project was developed in two phases to evaluate and quantify the impacts these roads have on the wild fauna populations in the area: corridor modeling and field validation. Interactions between wildlife populations and these road corridors were evaluated and quantified by modelling the corridors with information from geographic information systems (GIS) supported by field data on drainage structures, road traffic jams and photo trapping records. Four priority crossing areas were identified for nine mammal species. After evaluating 738 road structures, 19 species were recorded using these road structures and 38 species were run over on both roads. These roads differ in structures and layouts, however, their problems are shared, such as the lack of pre-existing road structures suitable for the passage of fauna, their use as a refuge and the poorly structured development on their periphery are the causes of the barrier effect that limits connectivity and gene flow of animals in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme is the property of Grup d'Investigacio en Urbanisme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Kavilando is the property of Kavilando and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently a large percentage the roads in the Antofagasta Region are not paved, according to the MOP Highway Direction, more than 40% are not in good condition. Unpaved roads experience a more accelerated deterioration than a paved road, since the fine particles when joined with the coarse aggregates exposed to the environment, loss moisture, added to the abrasive action of vehicular traffic, generate a superficial disintegration of the material, becoming dust and causing superficial faults such as; bumps, corrugations and corners, which results in loss of comfort, safety and durability. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate in situ calcium chloride CaCl2 as a stabilizing agent for granular layers on unpaved roads, analysing the behaviour of a test road stabilized with CaCl2, to understand how its incorporation influences the mechanical properties of the soil. The methodology used is the construction of a test path with a section stabilized with CaCl2 and a section stabilized with Bischofita. In parallel, an experimental study was carried out in the field and in the laboratory, to evaluate the influence of CaCl2 used for the construction of the road. The results observed in the field and in the laboratory allow us to conclude that the application of CaCl2 generates a substantial improvement in the behaviour of the rolling layers, due to the cementing effect it generates on the surface, improving road properties, as well as being an economical product easy to apply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Metropolitan Area of Mexico City has a system of slopes that host native vegetation and fauna. In addition, the slopes play an important role in the hydraulic balance of the zone. A big amount of these slopes has been lost due to different processes of urbanization. For example: the construction of highways, of residential areas, as well as of irregular settlements. However, there are organizations of neighbors interested in stopping future changes on the land use of the slopes. The goal of this article is to show the trajectory of the Tepecuache slope restoration in Santa Fe, Mexico City. This has certain characteristics that make its study relevant. Furthermore the ecological impact, the activities of the organization entails to talk of the slope of Tepecuache as one loaded with significance, where different actors have committed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The use of modified asphalts with polymers in the construction of roads is a frequent practice at an international level but still limited in Ecuador. However, due to the short durability of our asphalt pavements, mainly caused by premature fatigue cracks or blocks, the potential of these products should be considered. Objective. Evaluate the behavior of the asphalt coming from the Esmeraldas Refinery when it is mixed with three commercial polymers, by means of the tests required for the classification of viscosity and by Superpave performance grades, including a rheological analysis using master curves and Black diagrams. Materials and methods. The polymers used were: SBS, Elvaloy and rubber tires, dosed to meet certain quality requirements determined by experimental methods, according to ASTM regulations. Results. As main results the high degree of temperature increased to 76 by modifying the PG 64- 28 asphalt with the different polymers, maintaining the low degree on those modified with Elvaloy and rubber in -28, while for the SBS it increased to -22. Regarding to intermediate temperatures, the critical temperature to fatigue didn't have much variation when the different modifiers were applied. This situation was corroborated with Black diagrams. Conclusions. Trying to solve the poor cracking performance of the Ecuadorian asphalt by mixing it with the polymers studied would not be the most effective solution, although the improvement of the performance to plastic deformations is notorious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this article is to analyze the evolution and the relationship between investment and road infrastructure and the economic development of Colombia, making a comparison with some Latin American countries. Furthermore, the relationship through macroeconomic indicators and road infrastructure is established, including Colombia's competitiveness compared to neighbor countries. In order to achieve this, the historical records are analyzed through different generations of concessions which have been created between 1993 and 2014; the article is further intended to review the bibliography associated to the international tendency to involve more participation of private sector in the development of road infrastructure projects through public and private associations as the specific involvement mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of reinforced concrete strip road pavements has increased in Colombia in recent years. The vast majority of the projects are based on the 500-1P specification, which presents a general design, of which the criteria taken into account in its elaboration are unknown, which generates many doubts for its use in different projects. In the present article, an analysis of strip road pavement is made and recommendations are given for the design and construction of this type of pavement, taking into account current conditions of use, expected loads, characteristics of the supporting soil, and the quality of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financialization has transformed public spending into the guarantor of financial profit. One of the expressions of this process is the partnership between public spending and private capital, which has underpinned the securitization of public assets. In the road sector, structured financing constrains the availability of public resources, permits the emergence of new sources of profit for financial monopolistic capital, and drives up the cost of infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to analyze how public-private partnerships (ppp) operate in the Mexican road sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consequences of the construction of the La Marquesa-Toluca highway, and the Toluca-Mexico City intercity train in the complex social-environmental system of the municipalities of Ocoyoacac, Lerma de Villada and, to a lesser extent, San Mateo Atenco of the State of Mexico. It should be noted that the analysis is based on two points of view: one was the speeches presented by the political representatives of both the federal and state powers involved in the building of the two constructions, and; the second, the notisable acts that occurred during the development of the construction of the highway and what is happening with the construction of the suburban train up to this day. The analysis was carried out through the postmodern perspective that deals with the field of organizational studies, in order to understand the complexity of a phenomenon of modernity that has repercussions both in Mexican society and in a part of the Mexican ecosystem. To develop the analysis, the methodology of documentary research and direct observation was used. Finally, we raise some questions to reflect on the acts of modern institutionalization in Mexico, aimed at the devastation of both lagoons and rivers and flora and fauna that has traditionally been called Mother Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the experience of the 'Colombia Responde' program, financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented in the Caquetá, Meta, Tolima, and Cauca departments between 2011 and 2017. This initiative focused on improving the management of country road networks and then turning this into a standard that could be applied in municipalities with similar characteristics. However, each case would have to be adjusted based on local considerations. The need to meet the growing demand for improved country roads was the incentive behind developing this program. By using this road infrastructure, it is possible to engage in legal economic activities, improve the quality of life for local populations in every respect, and consolidate areas dedicated to peaceful coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The violence in Colombia has had great impact on the economic and social development of the sectors which have suffered a higher incidence of armed conflict. This has, in turn, led to their isolation from the rest of the country and their exclusion from the social system provided by the State. Within the framework of the peace agreements negotiated between the national government and armed groups, investments are being sought for the development of road infrastructure that is part of the national tertiary network, and which will attempt to connect small rural hamlets with municipal capitals. If this network has acceptable trafficability and standards of service, then the State will be guaranteed access to vulnerable areas allowing the provision of healthcare services, education, security, etc. This article analyses the challenges that the national government will face when giving the most remote and vulnerable populations in the country access to tertiary roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a vision of the country 's problems in relation to tertiary roads, the role of tertiary roads as one of the axes in the transformation of the Colombian countryside, the reduction of social gaps and the consolidation of the presence of the State In regions that need stabilization and development opportunities in this historic moment in which Colombia is. This document derives from a proposal of concrete actions based on the experiences of the Transport Infrastructure Sector In the end, it describes the strategy of intervention with community participation and unified action in tertiary roads that is currently under development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of the tertiary network requires a management that involves and empowers the territories. The tertiary and secondary network represent 96% of the total length of the road network, which together total about 180,000 km. Under this scenario, it is impossible for the Nation to manage and manage the tertiary network without the participation of departments, municipalities and communities. This management requires a dynamic and efficient institutional support to effectively execute the road interventions in the different sections of the rugged national geography. In the initial phase of post-conflict, a greater institutionality in road administration, taking into account the social problems of the periphery, will facilitate efficient management of the tertiary (and secondary) network and, therefore, the construction of lasting peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The execution of the programs directed to the improvement of the tertiary road network depends to a large extent on four entities: the ANI, the INVIAS and the Ministries of Transportation and Postconflict. In this article, which is an adaptation of his paper in the Forum Tertiary Paths for Peace, Luis Fernando Andrade, President of the ANI, says that innovation is necessary in paving methods, in the efficient use of materials that once Have been ignored and the role that academia has in this goal. And, on the other hand, the importance of linking communities in the construction and maintenance of the roads they use daily for the development of their family economies and access to basic services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the development of different transport infrastructures in the harmonious growth of the national and regional economy is undeniable. In this context, the tertiary network plays a fundamental role, as it constitutes the most extensive transport infrastructure in the national territory. Its operation at optimum levels accelerates the economic growth of the rural population, allows the articulation of rural production centers with urban collection centers and their efficient distribution; Strengthens the presence of the State in the territory, promotes the provision of public services, health, safety and education. However, this transport infrastructure must integrate the production chains and combine the different modes of transport available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]