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A phytochemical study was carried out on Crotalaria longirostrata leaves to determine the presence of primary and secondary metabolites in their tissues. To obtain information on the chemical composition, a botanical identification of the plant was carried out, and in particular the characteristics of the leaves through macroscopic and histochemical tests. The main objective was to investigate the safety of its use as food, since it is considered the second most consumed plant in El Salvador after Solanum nigrummora. The histochemical analysis yielded positive results for primary metabolites such as starch, cellulose, calcium pectates, oils, fats and mucilages, and secondary metabolites such as saponins and tannins. No results were found for alkaloids at the histochemical level and extract with solvents. Other secondary metabolites found, such as saponins and tannins, should be considered important, in subsequent studies, due to their antinutritional capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sorghi Theobald, 1904 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most important pest of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae), in Mexico. Control of M. sorghi depends primarily on synthetic chemical insecticides, but new alternatives have been explored, such as botanical insecticides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the aphidicide effect of the extract of nhexane and methanol from stems of Ceiba aesculifolia (Malvaceae) against apterous adults in M. sorghi in vitro. The results revealed that n-hexane extract of C. aesculifolia killed 78% and methanol extract 48% at 10,000 ppm in 72 hours. The positive check (imidacloprid) eliminated 100% of the aphids in 24 hours and the negative check (Tween 20) 4% in 72 hours. The Gas-Mass study of n-hexane extract of C. aesculifolia identified 12 chemical compounds, nonacosane being most (25.1%). The classical phytochemical tests of the methanol extract of C. aesculifolia were positive for alkaloids, tannins, saponins, anthracenes, triterpenes, and steroids. The extracts of C. aesculifolia had significant aphidicide effects and could be considered an alternative for controlling M. sorghi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: was to select quinoa accessions as possible positive reaction differentials to mildew that identify the variability of Peronospora Variabilis Gaum as a pathogen collected in five departments and evaluated in Cusco. Material and methods: mildew samples were collected from the altiplano (Puno), inter-Andean valleys (Cusco, Apurímac, Ayacucho), and coast (Arequipa), obtaining 175 mildew samples. The installation of the experiment was with 100 accessions of quinoa from the Germplasm Bank of EEA Andenes in cultivated fields during two productive campaigns. For its evaluation, quinoa descriptors were used and agronomic characteristics, yield, reaction to mildew (P. Variabilis), ALJDPC (area under the disease growth curve), and saponin percentage were evaluated. In addition, virulence tests and severity evéduations were performed after inoculating quinoa accessions with mildew in the greenhouse. Results: the morphoagronomic evaluation allowed selecting the following genotypes cis possible differentials with a positive reaction to mildew: RR.GG.41 for isolates from Ayacucho, RR.GG.09 for isolates from Apurímac, RR.GG. 16 for isolates from Apurímac and Arequipa, RR. .GG.57 for isolates from Puno and Apurímac, RR.GG.26 for isolates from Ayacucho and Apurímac, RR.GG.38 for isolates from Cusco cind Arequipa RR.GG.43 for isolates from Puno cind Arequipa, RR. GG .76 for isolates from Cusco and Arequipa and the quinoa accessions RR.GG. 11, RR.GG.22, RR.GG.55, RR.GG.64 for the 142 isolates obtciined from the 175 samples of the five departments Conclusions: the identification of twelve possible differential plants allows knowing the variability of the pathogen in the coastal, inter-Andean, and high plateau valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Compendium of Veterinary Sciences / Compendio de Ciencias Veterinarias is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asuncion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective was to evaluate the nutritional composition and functional potential of quinoa accessions from Cuzco and cultivated in Huancayo. Were evaluated 17 accessions of Huancayo, 7 of low saponin content (< 0.11) and 10 of high. The average results of moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates were 9.79% ± 0.01, 17.27% ± 0.02, 6.76% ± 0.01, 2.10% ± 0.05, 3.07% ± 0.04 y 70.81% ± 0.11 respectively. The in vitro digestibility of starches and protein was 32.23% ± 0.008 and 83.6% ± 0.002 respectively. The total dietary fiber was 7.44% ± 1.86. In Cuzco accessions, the average results of moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates were 11.29% ± 0.02, 16.46% ± 0.04, 7.67% ± 0.01, 1,97% ± 0.01, 2.52% ± 0.01 and 71.38% ± 0.04 respectively. The in vitro digestibility of starch and proteins was 72.52% ± 0.001 and 83.53% ± 0.007, respectively. The total dietary fiber was 7.02% ± 1.57. Among the quinoa accessions of Huancayo and their corresponding originals from Cuzco, content of protein, crude fiber, carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, total phenolic compounds, and in vitro digestibility of protein did not show significant differences (p ˃ 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review is to know what are the so-called nutraceuticals and additives in the diets of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) to improve feeding, prevent or reduce and treat some diseases of these animals. In this document different compounds considered as nutraceuticals are described (such as condensed tannins, saponins, alkaloids), antioxidants, probiotics, prebiotics, some essential minerals, and oils. National and international research on some benefits of the use of nutraceuticals and food additives in ruminant diets are reviewed, and how they help to prevent or reduce the incidence of some diseases, like those caused by endoparasites and ectoparasites; in addition to how they can be included in diets to replace other products used as additives in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Passiflora quadrangularis L. has antihypertensive and anxiolytic properties observed in experimental models. Objectives: The aim of this work was to establish the vascular effects exerted by two known monodesmosidic triterpene saponins, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloleanolic acid (Compound 1) (not previously described for this plant) and, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid (Compound 2), isolated from the ethanolic extract of Passiflora quadrangularis L. leaves. Methods: The structural elucidation was achieved by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Aortic rings from Wistar rats, previously stimulated with phenylephrine (PE, 1µM) and washed, were exposed to cumulatively concentrations of compound 1 and compound 2 (10 to 400 µM). Ethanolic extract from leaves of P. quadrangularis L. (10 to 320 µg/mL) and clonidine (1nM to 100µM) were also used for comparison. Concentration response curves of compounds 1 and 2 were examined in presence and absence of: endothelium, the alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine (1 and 100 µM), the alpha non selective antagonist phentolamine (1µM), the alpha-1 antagonist prazosin (1µM) and the calcium channel blocker verapamil (10 and 100 µM). In addition, cumulatively response curve of acetylcholine (ACh, 10nM to 10µM) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1nM to 100µM) were assayed in rings precontracted with compounds 1 and 2 (400 µM). Results: Compounds 1 and 2 elicited a vasoconstriction response in intact aorta rings in similar way (pEC50: 3.92±0.01 and 4.09±0.01, respectively), effect that did not change in denuded rings (pEC50: 3.90±0.01 and 4.11±0.01). The potency order (pEC50) of compounds 1 and 2 decreased according to the following: verapamil (3.53±0.01 and 3.90±0.02; p<0.05) < yohimbine (3.65±0.01 and 3.94±0.02; p<0.05) < prazosin (3.86±0.01 and 4.30±0.02) < phentolamine (4.05±0.02 and 4.05±0.01). SNP but not ACh, was able to decrease the vasopressor effect of compounds 1 and 2 (pIC50: 8.61±0.01 and 8.24 ± 0.15, respectively). Conclusions: Compounds 1 and 2 are key metabolites responsible for the ex vivo vasoconstrictor response induced by P. quadrangularis L. Activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels and/or a2-adrenergic receptors stimulation could be mechanisms implicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytolacca americana is a species of the Phytolaccaceae family native to North America. P. americana is used as a folk medicine to treat inflammation, fungal infections, rashes and breast problems; moreover, recent publications support possible anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the phytochemical constituents of the leaves of P. americana, and determine their antifungal potential. For this, three temperatures were evaluated to dry the leaves: ambient temperature (12 ± 2 °C), 22 °C and 40 °C, then extracts of the leaves were obtained by ethanol extraction. FTIR and UV/VIS spectroscopy analysis of the extracts shows that the drying temperatures do not affect the stability of the biosynthetic groups. Main secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, coumarins and tannins were determined by phytochemical screening. Furthermore, extracts were analyzed by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GCMS), essential acids such as octadecanoic and some alcohols were identified. Finally, the antifungal potential of ethanolic extracts with concentrations of 60 to 300 mg/mL was evaluated in four types of strains: F. solani (ATCC 36031), A. brasiliensis, S. kudriavzevii and C. albicans. Results shows inhibition diameters of 18 and 19 mm for F. solani and C. albicans strains respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and aims: Pascalia glauca is a toxic weed for cattle, with wide distribution in Argentina. The toxicity is produced by an atractiloside, but the species also contains other compounds such as saponins, resins and oils with toxic properties. The aims of this work were: 1- to perform a qualitative analysis of saponins in the underground (rhizomes + roots) and aerial organs during the four seasons of the year; 2- to study the anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive organs in search of secretory structures; 3- to identify resins and oils through histochemical tests. M&M: In each season of the years 2016-2017 full plants were collected. This material was used to study anatomy by conventional techniques; determine saponins and identify resins and oils by histochemical tests. Results: Saponins were found in all organs in small quantities and their content showed variability with the season of the year, a result that is expressed in terms of average values of temperature and rainfall. The secretory ducts with resins and oils were located in the rhizomes, stems, leaves and inflorescences, not in root. Conclusions: According to the results, all these compounds act as toxic during the year, principally in spring and increase in the summer-autumn period, due to the abundance of essential oils in the inflorescences, a characteristic that would indicate it as a promising species for its use in the control of agricultural pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Dietetica y Ciencias de la Alimentacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasingly, the production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in different regions of the world becomes more important, due to the fact that it has been sought to position the crop as an alternative to food security. However, this plant has metabolites such as tannins and saponins, which are chemical substances that serve as protective barriers to biotic and abiotic factors. In the case of saponins, 31 chemical structures are recognized, present in leaves, stems, panicles, husk and seeds of different species and genotypes. In this regard, this review seeks to describe general characteristics of the saponins present in quinoa and its relations with soil and climate. Finding that the edaphoclimatics characteristic of each place as well as the genetic characteristics of each variety are determinants in the content of saponin compounds stimulated mainly by water and saline stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Cauca, municipality of Puracé, sidewalk The Aquarium, located at 3023 meters above sea level, within the framework of the Quinoa production chain project, the phenological cycle of 4 quinoa ecotypes and their yield were evaluated in order to select and determine the duration of the stages of the productive cycle that determine their agronomic management at heights greater than 3000 meters above sea level. The purpose is to look for a potato crop rotation option that will contribute to regional food security. This study was carried out during 2016 under field conditions, in the indigenous reservation of Paletará. We used a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates where treatments were ecotypes, phenological stages were recorded, saponin content and performance were evaluated. It was determined that quinoa presents two well marked phenological stages, vegetative stage with 6 phases and reproductive stage with 7 phases; the duration of the productive cycle of the 4 ecotypes was between 154 and 213, allowing to classify them as semiearly and semidelayed, the content of saponins was between 0,005 and 0,012%. It was concluded that of the 4 ecotypes evaluated, aurora is recommended for precocity, sweet taste and better yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the secondary metabolites present in the meal of Stizolobium aterrimum forage, for its use in animal feeding; the meal was elaborated from the leaves and fresh stems of plants which were cultivated on a Ferralitic Red soil, and the secondary metabolites were evaluated through phytochemical sieving. To determine the profile of phenolic compounds the content of total polyphenols (TP), free condensed tannins (FCT), protein-bound condensed tannins (PCT) and fiber-bound condensed tannins (FBCT), was quantified. The content of oligosaccharides was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and they were expressed as raffinosaccharide equivalents. Tannins, alkaloids and reducing substances were found in higher quantity; while flavonoids, saponins, aminoacids, anthocyanidins and triterpenes/steroids were found in moderate and low quantities. The concentration of TP was 2,32 %. There were differences (p < 0,001) among the fractions of FCT (0,25 %), PCT (0,22 %) and FBCT (0,08 %). In the carbohydrate fraction only fructose was found (0,006 mg/kg DM) in low concentration. The qualitative presence of different secondary metabolites in the meal of S. aterrimum forage, in appropriate concentrations, allows to consider it a plant with potential to be used in animal feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saponins are a type of secondary metabolite that have been widely studied due to their recognized biological properties. Most research into phytochemical has focused on finding new natural sources of saponins with medicinal interest. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a plant that has attained importance as a valuable source of food highly nutritious and rich in triterpenes saponins which are mainly in the outer husks of the seeds. Up to date, about 30 saponins derived from hederagenin, oleanolic acid, phytolaccagenic acid, and serjanic acid have been identified in the plant. Quinoa consumption involves removal of the husk to reduce its bitter taste, the ingestion of residual levels of saponins and obtaining a product rich in saponins. This revision, initially, offers a general contextualization of saponins, then, gathers the structural features of identified saponins in quinoa, describes the effect of the processing of the grain on its saponins content, and finally, exposes the biological properties explored with quinoa saponins extracts which might be considered as a starting point for future investigations aimed at strengthening of their use in the pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the evaluation of the antifungal activity of an extract rich in quinoa saponins (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is presented. The extract was obtained from waste of the industrial process to benefit the quinoa grains and controlled chemically by HPLC. The activity was evaluated against the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. which affects the chard crop. Extract concentrations of 250 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml and 0.05 mg/ml were tested using two methods: poisoning of the culture medium and evaluation (in situ) of the control of C. beticola on chard leaves. From a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the extract showed good activity in both cases. Thus, the use of quinoa saponins is promising to control this phytopathogenic fungus in the chard crop, and other crops where the incidence of this fungus is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of unusual mortality was studied to elucidate the suspicion of toxicosis in a feedlot herd of 98 Boer goats. The basic diet consisted of conventional feedstuff, Mulato grass (B. ruzizienses- B. brizanta) forage from the own unit areas, hay produced from the same grass, and water ad libitum. There was a subacute curse mainly characterized by anorexia, progressive deterioration, ruminal paralysis in isolated cases, icterus in absence of fever in the majority of animals. Morbidity reached up to50 % and mortality up to 16%. As part of the case research, haematological, bacteriological, and serological studies were carried out. Pathomorphological studies were done on two of the dead animals. A hepatic-renal insufficiency and hemorrhagic diathesis due to an acute hepatic insufficiency were consistent with death cause. It was concluded that the process studied was caused by the consumption of Mulato grass as the unique fibrous food, due to the toxic effect of saponins present in this Brachiaria species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Educación en Ingeniería is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Facultades de Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Samples were collected from 2 forage plants (leaf stalk) of the species Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia in different soil conditions (departments of Valle del Cauca and Cesar) and evaluated for total polyphenol content, total tannins, condensed tannins and Saponinas. The purpose was to detect the effect of the conditions of electrical conductivity on the concentration of these secondary fitobiomoleculas metabolized by the plant cell. We applied analytical techniques and instrumental AOAC (2005) to determine the presence of such fitometabolitos side. The results obtained for each variable were subjected to analysis of variance two-way, in order to determine statistical differences between areas sampled and evaluated species. Additionally, we performed a multiple correlation analysis using the Pearson coefficient, in order to detect any correlation between electrical conductivity and the content of secondary metabolites quantified in the species sampled. It was concluded that the content of total polyphenols, total tannins, condensed tannins and saponins did not show statistically significant differences between the three areas sampled, and there was high correlation between the value of the electrical conductivity of soil and content of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The clarification of cane juice is made by the addition of vegetable mucilage. The objective was to evaluate the clarification of three natural flocculants (balso, cadillo and guasimo) in cane juice. The physicochemical properties and insoluble solids retention were characterized versus a synthetic flocculant. Was used a statistical model for randomized block and control sample was the Profloc 985. Mucilage was obtained by pulping the highest quality distilled water, dried at 38°C for 11 hours and reduced to a particle size of 212µm. The ideal clarification was at a concentration 0,03% w/v. The cadillo was dry flocculant showed greater efficiency in the precipitation of soluble solids to 93,6%, followed by the balso with a 90,4% and 89, 7% guácimo, compared to 100% of the control sample. The three modified flocculants are composed mainly of carbohydrates (fructose, glucose and maltose), saponins and phenols, and iron, calcium and phosphate. By comparing the contents of calcium and phosphates was found that higher values correspond to the treatments modified cadillo and balso, these values influenced their best performance in the process of clarification of sugarcane juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de Tithonia diversifolia en la población de protozoos y metanógenos ruminales en condiciones in vitro. Los tratamientos se diseñaron de acuerdo con el nivel de T. diversifolia y fueron: (A) 0 (control); (B) 10 % y (C) 20 %. El resto de la dieta consistió en pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado. Los muestreos se efectuaron a las 0, 2 y 4 horas después de iniciada la fermentación. La composición química de la planta mostró los siguientes valores: 23.95 % PC, 33.43 % FDN y 29.54 % FDA. El tamizaje fitoquímico demostró la presencia de taninos y saponinas. La población de protozoos fue 3.75, 3.25 y 1.5 x 105 células. mL-1 para A, B y C, respectivamente. Las bacterias metanogénicas se redujeron en 1.64 y 2.7 veces con 10 y 20 % de T. diversifolia, respectivamente. La inclusión de 10 % activó la población de bacterias celulolíticas aunque el 20 % no difirió del control. No se encontraron efectos en la población de hongos ruminales. Se concluye que Tithonia diversifolia reduce la población de protozoos y los metanógenos ruminales en condiciones in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Luna Azul is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Agro Sur is the property of Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan and worldwide relevant pest, mainly acting as a virus vector on many crops. A sound preventive approach to deal with it would be the application of repellent or deterrent substances hopefully present in tropical plants, which in turn may contribute to take advantage of the remarkable rich Mesoamerican biodiversity. Therefore, extracts of two wild plants belonging to family Asteraceae, titonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and "tora" (Montanoa hibiscifolia), were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults. The crude leaf extract of each one, as well as four fractions thereof (hexane, dichlorometane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were tested under greenhouse conditions; in addition, the extracts were submitted to a phytochemical screening to determine possible metabolites causing phagodeterrence. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments were conducted. In the former ones, each fraction was tested at four doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v/v), which were compared with four control treatments: distilled water, endosulfan, an agricultural oil (Aceite Agrícola 81 SC), and the emulsifier Citowett. Tomato plants were sprayed and placed inside sleeve cages, where 50 B. tabaci adults were released. The criterion to appraise phagodeterrence was the number of landed adults on plants at 48h. For the unrestricted-choice experiments, only the two highest doses (1.0 and 1.5%) of the crude extracts of each species were tested, and compared to distilled water and the agricultural oil. The titonia and "tora" crude extracts caused phagodeterrence, and for both plant species the methanol fraction stood out. Results suggest that metabolites causing phagodeterrence are several sesquiterpenic lactones, polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) and saponins. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1201-1215. Epub 2009 December 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article gives a review of knowledge on several aspects, inherent in the factors antinutritionals. There is included the information about biochemical nature, its presence in some foods, especially in eatable seeds. There are analyzed aspects related with its nutritional meaning, as effects over the digestive process and the utilization of nutrients; possible forms of inactivation and some beneficial effects for the health and the therapeutics properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroidal saponins from the plant Agave brittoniana with activity against the parasite Trichomona vaginalis. The genus Agave (Agavaceae), includes more than 300 species; around 16 of them show an homogeneous distribution throughout Cuba. Agave brittoniana (ssp. brachypus), is an endemic subspecies that grows in the central region of the country and its leaves are traditionally used in the treatment of parasitic diseases. The parasite Trichomonas vaginalis causes the disease known as trichomoniasis, that infects the genital tract. To test in vitro the plant against Trichomona vaginalis, the dried and powdered leaves were extracted three times with ethanol-water (7 : 3) by maceration at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the extract was suspended in distilled water, defatted with n-hexane, and extracted with water-saturated n-butanol. After solvent removal, a portion of the n-butanol extract was hydrolyzed. After extraction with ethyl acetate the hydrolysis products were compared with authentic sapogenins samples using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Most of the sapogenins (yuccagenin and diosgenin) were isolated and their structures were confirmed. using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The n-butanol extract was subjected to a separation process through column chromatography to obtain five fractions. After multiple separation processes by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the most active one produced one refined fraction that contained two saponins with the same aglycone (diosgenin) and one yuccagenin based saponin. Best results of the activity were obtained with the yuccagenin derived glycoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediante los análisis de componentes principales (ACP), clasificación automática (ACÁ) y varianza simple (ANOVA), se estudió el espectro de variaciones de la composición química de once especies del género Albizia (A. berteriana, A. caribaea, A. cubana, A. fálcala, A. kalkora, A. lebbeck, A. lucida, A. procera, A. saman, A. semaniy A. odoratissima), establecidas en el arboretum de la EEPF "Indio Hatuey" en Matanzas, Cuba. Los indicadores bromatológicos evaluados fueron: PB, FDN, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, ceniza y carbohidratos solubles (CHS); mientras que las concentraciones de los polifenoles totales (FT), los taninos que precipitan las proteínas (TPP), los taninos condensados (TC), los alcaloides (Ale), las saponinas (Sap) y las sales nitrogenadas de naturaleza no alcaloidal (SNNA) describieron las particularidades fitoquímicas. Se detectó una alta variabilidad para las primeras tres componentes en los indicadores bromatológicos y fitoquímicos (71,19 y 81,95%, respectivamente). Los ACÁ permitieron identificar cuatro grupos en ambos casos. Las variables que explicaron mej or la varianza fueron los contenidos de K, Ca, ceniza, CHS, FT, TPP y TC. Se concluye que, independientemente que las especies mostraron características particulares en su composición proximal, todas presentaron una aceptable composición bromatológica. Las arbóreas pueden ser divididas por sus características esencialmente polifenólicas (A. berteriana, A. cubana, A. fálcala, A. kalkora y A. lucida) o saponínicas (A. caribaea, A. procera y A. saman), con elevadas concentraciones de fenoles y Sap (A. odoratissima), o por presentar bajos contenidos de estos últimos metabolitos secundarios (A. lebbeck y A. semani). Desde el punto de vista nutritional A lebbeck, A. semani, A. caribaea, A. procera y A. saman constituyen las mejores opciones para la alimentación de los rumiantes, y solamente A. lebbeck y A. semani presentan potencialidades para los monogástricos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durante mßs de dos generaciones la población de las regiones montañosas orientales de Cuba ha utilizado de forma popular el macerado de cortezas de Zuelania sp. para tratar enfermedades urinarias con resultados satisfactorios, y por la trascendencia de las enfermedades renales y su incremento en la población infantil y adulta, resulta necesaria la evaluación científica para poderles ofrecer ayuda conociendo la composición y las características físico-químicas del extracto. En el presente trabajo se realiza la caracterización físico-química, el estudio de estabilidad y la determinación de biomolθculas presentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marabou Leaves (Dichrostachys cinerea (L) Wight & Arn) were collected at three different heights ( 30; 72 and 153 cm) in a commercial dairy farm during the dry season to characterize some nutritional potential indexes. Leaves chemical composition was not much affected by plant height, and their raw protein concentration reached values between 14,7 and 17,7 %, while neutral-soap and fiber ranged from 26,7 to 32,3% and total extracting polyphenol was over 12,0%. Tannin and alkaloid presence was detected; however, no saponin or cyanogenic glucosides were found. A gas production technique including polyethylene-glycol 4000 revealed that over a 30 % of leaf energetic value was blocked by tannin effects. More detailed researches on marabou nutritional potential in different seasons are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper were determined the contents of saponins and reducing sugars in juice and leaf extracts of the plant known as Agave brittoniana T. The procedures used were, in the determination of saponins, a photocolorimetric method, in which the color developed is measured during the blood hemolysis caused by this type of compound; for the determination of reducing sugars Folin-Wo method was used. The results obtained, gave a high content of saponins and a low quantity of reducing sugars on this plant with respect to other agaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]