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Copyright of Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada is the property of Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

LIDAR XXI is an educational project, which was born with the purpose of including “ciclo formativo grado superior en proyectos de obra civil”, the latest technological advances related to the cartography and surveying sector. It was selected among the 30 most innovative winning projects of vocational training at national level, of the 180 presented to the Caixabank Dualiza call for the 2021-2022 academic year. Participation in this programme meant receiving the necessary funding for its implementation and development. The project has a double purpose, on the one hand, to bring innovation to professional training by incorporating state-of-the-art technology and, on the other, to carry out research in collaboration with the Biocultural-MEMOLab archaeology laboratory of the University of Granada, determining the optimization of the LIDAR application to the detection of archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: to compare air pollution’s behavior during quarantine in the city of Bogota, in regard to other cities in the world in aspects such as population, area, among others, through a statistical analysis of the concentration data of pollutants PM10, PM2.5 and NO2, for the period from January to July 2020. Materials and methods: 20 cities were selected according to the matrix for the study. Using the BOOTSTRAPPING technique, a correlation matrix and histograms were made for each of the pollutants per phase. For the application of the PCA, the analysis was carried out using MATLAB software, with respect to the averages per phases and change magnitudes. SPSS software was used to normalize the data for the treatment of the variables of interest. Making use of ARIMA and ETS modeling, the data were analyzed longitudinally, the forecast of concentrations with and without quarantine, including the comparison between cities. Results: In the reactivation phase, Bogota presented a significant increase in its pollution levels, especially in PM10. In the differences between the phases before and reactivation, Bogota obtained a lower magnitude in the case of PM2.5, while for NO2 it was more remarkable. Conclusions: In the quarantine, Bogota experienced a significant decrease in the concentration of PM10 and NO2. This was not the case for PM2.5 concentration due to different temporary events (fires and particulate matter transportation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an alternative to modernize the agricultural specialty offered at the technical secondary education level of the Bolívar Rural Development Concentration (CDR), a pedagogical activity is designed and carried out with eleventh grade students that includes the use of the Google Earth tool to carry out activities related to the measurement of lengths and areas on the ground, as well as to georeference these areas and determine the height above sea level, topography aspects, among others. The process is accomplished starting from a practice in the field without any specialized equipment that allows understanding the level of complexity of the area survey task; then the download and exploration of the free Google Earth software is carried out. With this implementation it was possible to demonstrate how a free access and easy-to-use ICT tool can provide answers to the needs or tasks of agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina is the property of Asociacion Geologica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking as an analysis strategy the "counterpoint reading" deployed by the Brazilian critic José Miguel Wisnik in his essay "Machado Maxixe: the Pestaña case", this work develops a "counterpoint" between typography and topography, anchored in the cultural history of the city of Valparaíso, in the middle of the nineteenth century. The analysis focuses on the edition of American Societies in 1828 that Simón Rodríguez published in the city, in 1840, in the printing house of the newspaper El Mercurio, interspersed with descriptions of travelers passing through the city, among them Mary Graham, Charles Darwin, Max Radiguet or Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. From this montage between typography and topography (between the blank space of the page and the space under construction of the city), historical waves of different duration and scope are superimposed and interfere, producing suggestive correlation effects around visual perception in Valparaíso towards the middle of the nineteenth century, correlation effects not necessarily analogical nor necessarily comparable in importance but through which a sensory heterogeneity appears that expresses different perceptual experiences in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the total numbers of microsites present in an environment, only a fraction presents adequate conditions to ensure the regeneration of the forest. This study analyzes the facilitation given by the environment and the microsites in the P. tarapacana regeneration in the High Andes. We worked with 21 forests in Jujuy, Argentina, registering variables of forest structure, soil moisture and the offer of microsites. Pearson correlation analyses were done between environmental variables and forest structure of seedling and trees and shrubs. In addition, a simple ANOVA were performed using 8 categories of microsites as the main factor to analyze soil moisture and the density of seedling. The density of seedling represents 36.8% of the density of trees and shrubs. At greater slopes, the presence of seedling decreases, but no significant differences were found with altitude. A higher seedling density (201.2 and 279.5 ind. ha-1) was found in microsites under the influence of rocks that coincide with higher soil moisture, but not in microsites with litter, with the same moisture content. There was a varied offer of microsites that could be found in the study area, where the density of the seedling was positively related to the offer of microsites under the influence of rocks and was associated with their relative humidity. These results define microsites favorable for regenerating P. tarapacana which can be used to identify the most suitable areas for restoration and preservation of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina is the property of Asociacion Geologica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Remote piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) have become an important tool for the acquisition of geo-referenced information in agriculture. In particular, this technology can be used for land levelling, making agricultural field surveys more efficient and precise. Due to the above, and the need for high resolution cartography, an evaluation of a prototype of RPAS for topographical surveys, based on georeferenced RGB images, including ground control points, was carried out. To this end, an autonomous flight mission was carried out at the experimental field of the Chapingo Autonomous University, Mexico, at an altitude of 20m, with a horizontal speed of 1m/s and winds of no more than 5 km/h, covering an area of 2151 m² (0.23 ha). The RGB images obtained with the RPAS were corrected by means of ground control points and the dense cloud of points generated was compared with a post-processing GPS topographic survey, obtaining absolute and standard errors of 0.020 and 0.024 m, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundos Subterráneos is the property of Union Mexicana Agrupaciones Espeleologicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundos Subterráneos is the property of Union Mexicana Agrupaciones Espeleologicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the 20th century, there were two cartographic plans in Argentina: one by the Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM, Military Geographical Institute), and the other by the Dirección de Minas, Geología e Hidrología (DMGeH, Mines, Geology and Hydrology Directorate). Although there was an attempt to avoid overlapping and carry out joint work for the benefit of both areas, the IGM's cartographic policy eventually centralized and homogenized topographic representation, to the detriment of some DGMeH-specific criteria. This article aims, on the one hand, to shed light on DMGeH's cartographic plan, and on the other, to analyze what cartography centralization implied for the production of DGMeH's topographic sheets. First, the DGMeH history is presented, to show how topographic surveying was centralized in that public division; second, the DGMeH plan is studied; finally, the Chart Law's consequences on topographical representation are discussed. Methodologically, cartographic sources and writings from the analyzed institutions were employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Avances: Investigación en Ingeniería is the property of Universidad Libre, Facultad de Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundos Subterráneos is the property of Union Mexicana Agrupaciones Espeleologicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents a procedure for updating the mining cadastre in a filling quarry at the Comandante Ernesto Che Guevara factory using satellite images and the electronic tablet as a tool for obtaining field information. The proposed procedure was structured in seven steps for the application: First, select the images to be used which must be high resolution (HRS) and cover the entire area to be worked; Second, the photo (CF) control process is carried out, where easy-to-identify points are selected in the satellite images and on the cadastral map, which must be distributed as uniformly as possible. From these photo control points (PCF) their X, Y, Z coordinates are taken. Third, an orthorectified image is created for the correction of the geometry of some elements that cause inaccuracies such as topography, sensors and the geometry of the camera. Fourth, comparison of the orthoimage and the cadastral map, in this step the image is georeferenced with the support of the PCF and is made to coincide with the cadastral map. Fifth, during the rectification of the plots corresponding to the loan or fill quarry, the layers are superimposed and the boundaries of the quarry plots of the map are matched with those of the satellite image and adjusted, if necessary, to what is used is the electronic tablet which has the georeferenced image and all the new elements of the quarry are represented. All the updated data in the image are taken to the cadastral software in the sixth step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiDAR technology is a surveying method that illuminates a target with pulsed laser light and makes an accurate digital 3D representation. LiDAR is commonly used in a wide variety of surveying applications, such as geodesy, geomatics and forestry and it is also been employed nowadays to develop the control and navigation systems of autonomous cars. Thus, the aim of this paper is to explain how LiDAR technology works and how it is employed to improve forestry and geomatic surveys, explaining how the LiDAR measurement is performed and some processing steps to obtain high-resolution LiDAR-based maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the cartographic memories made in different campaigns of the archaeological research missions that were carried out in the Middle area of the Éufrates, in the territories from Halabiya to Tall as-Sin, located in the province of Deir ez- Zor, north of Syria, 20 kilometers from the border with Iraq. The archaeological project was formed by a multidisciplinary team, constituted by Spanish and Syrian archaeologists, architects, historians and Topographers under the project called PAMES, with the objective of locating sites belonging to the Age of the Ancient and Middle Bronze (III and II millennia B.C.). The topographic objective was to map unexplored places, of archaeological interest, using methods and techniques of representation more suitable to achieve a satisfactory result that was valid for the research team of the project. The article describes the topographic process followed in the determination of errors of the instruments and corrections that were applied to the distances to obtain an accurate survey, at a detailed scale. The different Digital Models with the different interpolation methods used are analyzed. Finalizing with the analysis on the advantages in the use of the topographic techniques and geomatics tools in the projects of archaeological investigation and of cultural patrimony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia, Tecnología y Salud is the property of Ciencia, Tecnologia y Salud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Virtual Archaeology Review is the property of Virtual Archaeology Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Paradigma is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundos Subterráneos is the property of Union Mexicana Agrupaciones Espeleologicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluates the influence of the road type and infrastructure (culverts) on the numbers of vertebrates killed on the Xalapa - Puebla highway (section: Banderilla - Amozoc) in the central mountainous zone of the state of Veracruz. The study was carried out on three different road types (varying according to the number of lanes and type of structure that separates the lanes) along which sites were selected where there was a culvert considered as a potential wildlife crossing. Roadkills at each site were counted and related to the presence - absence of culverts, the slope of the right of way with respect to the road, as well as the road type. A greater number of roadkills occurred in the two-lanes highway followed by the highway divided by central vegetation barrier and the highway with central barrier of concrete wall. In none of the types of road studied were found an effect of the presence of culverts on the number of vertebrates killed. In addition, a negative relationship was found between the number of roadkills and the slope of the right of way. This study helps to understand the factors that limit the crossing of vertebrates on the roads and discusses the implications of road infrastructure planning - construction for wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manuscrits: Revista d'Historia Moderna is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work was developed in agricultural cooperatives linked to the Program of Agricultural Local Innovation (PIAL according its acronyms in Spanish) in Bahia Honda, Manicaragua and Gibara municipalities, located respectively in the occident, center and east of Cuba. The study is part of the Component 1 analysis of the Methodological Guide for the Diagnose of Seed Security directed to reinforce the strategy of seed production of quality and enough quantities. The information was obtained starting from interviews to key informants, discussion in focal groups and a present survey, composed by a questionnaire of open and closed questions that was applied to a total of 96 farm chiefs. In the work they are described and compared elements of the agricultural systems: topography, agroclimatic conditions, demographic characteristics of the rural population, holding and use of the ground. The results showed that in the municipalities of the occident and center the agricultural areas are located mostly between valleys and mountains, where the main system of holding of the ground is the usufruct with prevalence of permanent cultivations, as long as in the east they are located in plane surfaces with system based mostly on the private property and the temporary cultivations prevail. Droughts, hurricanes and intense rains are climatic events that have had a significant impact in these agroecosystems during the years of study. They are evidenced in the agricultural population the symptoms of populational aging detected in Cuba and a low proportion of women farm chiefs. Keeping in mind the results it concludes that the analysis of these elements offers outstanding information of utility in the design, management and implementation of actions to achieve the security of local seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Growth of Sn on Si attracts much interest for the colorful phase structures and the application as a surfactant to control the self-assembly technique with StranskKrastaner growth. Although previous papers had reported the surface structures of Sn on Si(111) and provided models, few dynamic observations have been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of land leveling equipment is recommended to have an analysis of advantages and disadvantages, which assists with the choice of the most convenient method for agricultural requirements. The aim of this research is to evaluate a land leveling GPS equipment, to determine the technical and economic parameters that allow the farmer to make decisions regarding work quality and profitability. A plot leveled with a Field Level II AgGPS system and topographical surveys were conducted before and after the leveling work, with a Leika TS02 total station, finding that the average error was 5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIGMonitor is a tool developed under a GeoWebsite with BIM (Building Information Modelling) capabilities for analysis of the information used in engineering projects. The application integrates information making it interpretable, providing the necessary tools to examine and prepares specific reports demanding the different involved providing a visual and graphic for better interpretation of information. It integrate BIM information: 2D or 3D maps, temporal, economic, etc along with documentation or numerical information whatever actions are carried out within the framework of the works to be carried out. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the information also binds the necessary customization that each project needs according to their specific objectives, the tool adapting to technical requirements of the project and agile handling and aesthetic viable in a GeoWebsite. It has thus developed a geospatial information manager with ability to integrate information developed details, general, thematic or simply documentary information to explain the development of the work before, during and after completion each of the completed units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most of the Argentinean Pampas, the water-table strongly affects the agricultural systems both positively and negatively. Thus, it is critical to understand the dynamic and drivers of water-table levels in order to make predictions and to design management strategies. In this work, we evaluated the influence of climatic conditions, topography and crop type on the water-table dynamic, at the annual and monthly scales, at two sites in the Inland Pampa with different edaphic/climatic conditions (Pehuajó, Bs. As and Mackenna, Córdoba). For this purpose, we registered the water-table depth periodically during five growing seasons, in 34 boreholes located under different crops (corn, soybean, wheat/soybean and cover crop/corn) and in different topographic positions (lowland, mid-slope, highland). We found that in both sites, climate played a major role on the water-table dynamic, being 80% of the sum of squares (SS) type I explained by the "year" effect (p<0.01). Annual rainfall was linearly related to water-table level changes at both sites (r²=0.37 and 0,56 for Pehuajó and Mackenna, respectively). Crop influence was observed at the monthly scale in Pehuajó, but in Mackenna it was also evidenced at the annual scale, explaining 10% of the SS type I (p<0.01). At this site, we found a close lineal negative relationship between water-table level changes and crop evapotranspiration (r²=0.57), observing deeper water-table levels under double crops. Topography only affected the water-table dynamic in Mackenna and at the monthly scale, when we observed higher watertable rises and drops in lowlands. Although climate was the main driver of the water-table dynamic, crop influence in Mackenna at the annual scale opens the possibility for an agricultural "management" of groundwater levels. The lack of this effect in Pehuajó suggests that soil evaporation may be playing a key role in the hydrological balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Keratoconus is a corneal dystrophy with a non precise etiology; it is characterized by a non inflammatory and vascular ectasia of the cornea. It is presented in adolescents and young adults bringing as a result a corneal thinning and lowering of the visual accuracy due to the development of an irregular myopic astigmatism. To describe the clinic, epidemiologic and topographic characteristics of the patients with Keratoconus who were assisted at the corneal surgery consults in Camilo Cienfuegos General Hospital in Sancti Spiritus, during the period of April to October 2013: A transversal descriptive study was carried out from April to October in 2013. The sample was constituted by 29 patients (58 eyes) with criteria of inclusion. The highest incidence was in the female sex between 20 and 29 years old. Blurred vision was the main symptom. The highest number of patients had an advanced Keratoconus with pachimetric and corneal signs below 400um. It was established a close relationship between the level of severity of the Keratoconus, the predominant clinic signs, the values of the pachimetry and the central asymmetric topographical pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuaternario y Geomorfología is the property of Cuaternario y Geomorfologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zephyrus is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Architectural drawing has always been used as a tool of expression as well as for study and exploration. The aim of this research work is to find an approach to chart chorographies of the historic urban landscape of Granada by using current cartographic techniques. In relation to this, it was critical to study the methodology of a chorographer from the Renaissence such as as Anton van den Wyngaerde. When we f irst outlined the way of tracing these chorographies, an unexpected result came up. Setting the topography as a fundamental element in the urban configuration of Granada, we began to realize that the main hills upon which Granada is set converge at the same place: the Cathedral. To be more precise, they do so on the supposed location of the Turpiana Tower, the minaret of the old Main Mosque. This discovery may lead to a new contribution to the debate about the city and its landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EDM process commonly use petroleum based died fluids. The aim of this work is to evaluate alternative fluids to traditional mineral ones. It was analyzed 5 different dielectric fluids derived of seeds. They were compared with kerosene and a mineral oil. The workpiece was speed-steel M2. The machining parameters were pre-established for working with copper and graphite electrodes. The material removal rate, the wear rate of the electrodes, the finishing and morphology of machined surface were all measured. Vegetable based oils showed a competitive performance using cooper and graphite electrodes when compared with mineral based oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]