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The article summarizes the presentations given at the X International Symposium on Concordat Law in Zaragoza in June 2022, which focused on the regulation of ministers of worship in state civil law. The participation of academics from different countries and universities was highlighted, reflecting a space for dialogue between diverse schools of thought. The presentations addressed topics such as the liberal origins of clergy endowments, ministers of worship in recent concordats, and the regime of ministers of worship in foreign legislations. The financing of Islamic communities in different European countries was also discussed, mentioning the difficulties faced by economic donations from countries such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia due to the religious radicalization that sometimes accompanies them. Additionally, several studies on the labor regime and social protection of ministers of worship in Spain are mentioned, as well as the scope of ministerial secrecy and the registration of ministers of worship in the Registry of Religious Entities. The monograph also includes communications on topics such as the protection of the confession secrecy, the sustenance of ministers of worship, the social security of ministers of worship of the Orthodox Church in Spain, and the rights and duties of ministers of worship in detention centers. Overall, the work offers a comprehensive and original insight into the topic of ministers of worship and their legal regime. [Extracted from the article]

Cryptosporidium spp., an intracellular extra cytoplasmic localized protozoan, is one of the leading infectious agents in the etiology of neonatal diarrheal syndrome of ruminants. Cryptosporidiosis is a common disease seen all over the world. However molecular epidemiologic studies are limited on distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in the world. To date, nearly 20 subtypes of C. parvum have been described. Gene sequence analysis of the glycoprotein 60 structural protein (GP60) is used to identify subtypes. It is reported that the GP60 gene sequence shows a high degree of genetic polymorphism among the strains. In this study, it was aimed to determine the subtypes of C. parvum parasite in cow and calf stool samples by using GP60 gene sequence analysis. A total of 109 stool samples from calves (<30 days) found to be Cryptosporidium spp. positive by Kinyoun Acid Fast staining were further studied for subtyping. Samples were obtained from farms in 2 regions of Türkiye (Burdur/Yesilova and Aydin provinces). DNA isolation from feces was done with the QIAamp Stool Mini Kit. Cryptosporidium specie identification was done by 18S gene sequences analysis. Nested PCR was performed to amplify GP60 gene and sequences of amplicons were used to identify subtypes. The repeat regions at the serine residue in the GP60 sequences were used to define the subtypes. The results of C. parvum subtyping study showed that IIaA13G2R1 subtype was the most common subtype. IIaA13G2R1 was detected in 73% (80/109) of 109 stool samples, followed by IIaA14G1R1 with 15 samples (14%), IIaA2R1 with 12 samples (11%), and IIaA16R1 and IIaA5G1R1 subtypes with one sample each (1%). In subtype studies based on the GP60 sequence, IIaA15G2R1 was found to be the most common in the world, however this subtype was not found among our samples. In our study, two new subtypes were found, IIaA2R1 and IIaA5G1R1 subtypes. These subtypes were defined for the first time. The subtype, IIaA16R1 was determined to be new in Türkiye. Molecular epidemiology studies are important for better understanding the dissemination of subtypes. IIaA13G2R1 is the most common subtype in Türkiye and the IIaA15G2R1 the most common subtype in the world were absent among our samples. The number of studies on Cryptosporidium parvum subtyping in Türkiye is limited. Our study, the first subtyping study was carried out among cattle in Aydın province. The IIaA2R1 and IIaA5G1R1 subtypes that we detected in our study were defined for the first time in the world and IIaA16R1 in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of resistance mechanisms in bacteria that can be carried and spread through plasmids can lead to problems, particularly in densely populated poultry environments such as broilers, where the spread of antibiotic resistance and the reduction of treatment options can occur. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from broilers with colibacillosis, the presence of the most prevalent plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance gene-1 (mcr-1) and the phylogenetic groups and clonal relationships of colistin resistant isolates. The material for the study consisted of 184 E. coli isolates obtained from commercial broilers. Bacterial identification was performed using conventional methods. The susceptibility of the isolates to 20 antibiotics belonging to nine antimicrobial families was examined using the BD Phoenix™ M100 automated system and NMIC/ID 433 panels. Isolates resistant to at least three or more antibiotic classes were considered as multidrug-resistant (MDR). The presence of the mcr-1 in the isolates was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while their phylogenetic groups were determined by quadruplex PCR and clonal relationships were analyzed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences (ERIC) PCR. According to the results of the antibiotic susceptibility testing, the highest resistance was observed against tigecycline (100.0%), ampicillin (78.8%), and ciprofloxacin (53.8%), while the highest susceptibility was observed against amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem (100.0%). Of the isolates, colistin resistance was detected phenotypically in 4.4% (8/184) and genotypically in 5.4% (9/184). All phenotypically resistant isolates carried the mcr-1 gene. Of all the isolates, 72.8% were MDR, while 100.0% of the colistin-resistant isolates were MDR. Among the nine colistin-resistant E. coli isolates, eight (88.9%) were classified into four phylogenetic groups (B1, C, F, E), while one isolate (11.1%) could not be classified. Using ERIC typing, a total of seven ERIC types were identified, including six single and one multiple genotypes from seven farms. Two isolates obtained from the same farm had the same genetic background and one isolate obtained from a different farm was closely related. This indicates that there is clonal dissemination among isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene, and it suggests that this resistance gene can spread within the same farm. This study is the first research in Türkiye demonstrating the coexistence of low colistin resistance and high tigecycline resistance in APEC isolates obtained from broilers in the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study was conducted to determine the perceptions of cat owners in Türkiye regarding the welfare conditions of their cats and their attitudes and knowledge levels during the care of their cats. Materials and methods. The research material consists of data obtained from questionnaires conducted with 494 cat owners. Results. Among cat owners, 98.6% kept cat food in closed boxes and 93.5% took precautions to prevent their cats from accessing household chemicals. In this study, according to the answers given by the participants to the questionnaire questions, statistically significant differences were found between the options in terms of their answers to all other questions, except for the answers given by the cat owners to the questions of whether they use nets for their cats on the windows and/or balconies of their houses and the frequency of changing the litter of their cats (p<0.01). Conclusions. It was determined that the majority of cat owners were generally correct and adequate in terms of their attitudes and knowledge levels during the care of their cats. However, it has been determined that cat owners do not have sufficient and correct information and preferences about using nets for their cats for protective purposes in the windows and balconies of their houses, giving their cats additional foods such as sausage, salami, sausage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Türkiye has projected itself as a middle power through a rapprochement with the Global South since the early 2000s, when it embarked on a multifaceted foreign policy and developed relations not only with Europe, but also with the rest of the world, identifying Latin America as one of its priorities. From this point, Bogotá-Ankara's relations show an evolution in the external actions of both nations, and after more than a decade of deepening political, economic and cultural relations, it is pertinent to examine the level of rapprochement achieved. The purpose of the article is to observe how the nations that are part of the Global South have stimuli for new approaches that account for the strengthening of relations in the periphery. The hypothesis is that Ankara and Bogotá, taking advantage of a structure that is moving towards multipolarity, have projected themselves as emerging economies based on fundamental internal changes. Foreign policy does not always obey a planned strategy, but rather responds to external motivations and internal changes, as has been the case with the Colombian-Turkish rapprochement. The text is divided into three parts. First, it compares their trajectories in globalisation, particularly since 2010; second, it analyses the evolution of trade relations to examine their impact on the deepening of the political link; and finally, it puts into perspective the present and future challenges of a budding partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With decline of the unipolar system and US hegemony, Turkey, just like other middle powers and the great world powers, has been seeking a repositioning in the emerging multipolar order and claimed by a new international system. The orientation and nature of this quest has been strongly influenced by the prominent figure of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the leader of Islamist AKP party that has ruled Turkey for most of the 21st century. This long period has produced big social, political, economic and cultural changes in Turkey, which have also had an impact on its foreign policy. In the last twenty years, Turkey has modified its strategy of international insertion, both from the theoretical-doctrinal point of view as well as from the available resources and objectives. While it has not officially established a Grand Strategy, however, based on the recent actions by the Turkish government and analytical literature, it is possible to identify its main components. One of them is its intended reach at different levels: national, regional (with the determination of new areas of influence) and global, resorting to a mixture of elements of soft and hard power, with greater relevance of force in the last stage, due to circumstances considered as threats by Turkey. In any case, speaking of a grand strategy, it is necessary to try first to delimit this concept in general and identify its characteristics for Turkey in particular, as well as its challenges and main limitations, at the 100th anniversary of the Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the change in power structures in the international system, highlighting the emergence of new actors such as China, Russia, India, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, South Korea, Nigeria, Mexico, and Turkey. It focuses on Turkey as a key actor in the international system of the 21st century, analyzing its foreign policy, power resources, and its influence in different regions of the world. The special edition of Oasis on Turkey presents a thematic section that addresses Turkey's relationship with the world on topics such as migration, democracy, transregionalism, and connectivity. Additionally, it includes reviews of two books. [Extracted from the article]

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The resurgence of anti-Semitism and other forms of racism and discrimination in Europe is an indicator of the growing political and social acceptance of these dangerous ideas. Muslims are also targets of extremist groups and traditional politicians, facing discriminatory practices and difficulties in obtaining employment or citizenship. Women are also victims of regressive laws and policies, with threats of violence and sexist hate speech. Additionally, human rights defenders and journalists face restrictions and retaliation in their work. Europe is caught in tensions and polarization, with growing indifference and even hostility towards human rights. The article addresses the trend of the new radical right in Europe and Latin America, as well as the far-right movements in the United States known as "Alt-Right". Erdogan's leadership in Turkey is also analyzed from a human rights perspective. The importance of human rights in the fight against inequality and poverty is highlighted, and the need to protect and promote the idea that human rights are universal and indivisible is mentioned. Furthermore, the importance of human rights education is emphasized, and politicians and media are urged to promote and defend human rights. Finally, the need for disciplinary measures against hate speech and participation in racist activities is mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to explore some of the most relevant factors that help to explain the growing presence of far-right parties in Turkey, both in electoral alliances and in the Turkish Grand General Assembly. Taking into account the existing academic literature, it identifies demand-side explanations that allude to the feelings of “grievance” that would lead voters to opt for this type of political forces, and supply-side explanations that comprehend the structure of opportunities provided by the electoral system, the strategic and organisational choices made by far-right parties, and the role of the media, among others. In Turkey, the combination of demand-side with supply-side explanations and the interaction between them would help to explain the growing presence of such parties in the country’s party system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The leadership and attitudes of religious officials in organ transplantation can be an effective communication tool in changing the public›s attitude towards organ donation. Objective: To determine the knowledge level and attitudes of Muslim religious officials working in a city center regarding organ transplantation. Materials and Methods: This descriptive research was carried out to determine the knowledge and attitudes of 127 Muslim religious officials working in a province of Turkey regarding organ donation and transplantation. Results: The mean age of the religious officials participating in the research was 42.2±8.8 years, and 85.0% were male. 92.9% of religious officials did not donate organs, and 89.0% said they would recommend organ donation. 74.0% answered «yes» to the question «Would you like an organ transplant if you needed it?» Organ-Tissue Donation and Transplantation Knowledge Scale (ODTKS) were used. The mean ODTKS score was 11.07±3.78. The scale›s donor characteristics sub-dimension mean score was 3.37±1.11, and the sub-dimension score average of legal, ethical, and medical process related to organ donation and transplantation was 7.69±3.01. There was a difference between the groups according to educational status (p=.042), considering donating their organs(p=.043), and having an organ transplant in case of need (p=.027). Conclusion: The participant›s knowledge was at a medium level, and the level of knowledge increased as the educational status increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the mobilization of refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey to support the rights of refugees in the MENA region. It highlights the importance of recognizing and collaborating with initiatives led by refugees and the paradigm shift in humanitarian financing towards more inclusive and development-centered approaches. The restrictive policies in each receiving country are mentioned, and different types of refugee-led organizations are identified, including registered ones and those that are less visible. The article emphasizes the role of Refugee-Led Organizations (RLOs) in the Middle East region, which fill the protection and assistance gaps left by international humanitarian actors and the policies of receiving states. It is important to recognize and value the work of RLOs and ensure their equal participation in the decision-making process. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. This study was conducted retrospectively to assess the cystic echinococcosis status of farm animals from the samples sent to Samsun Veterinary Control Institute of the Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, between January 2016 and December 2022. Materials and Methods. A total of 818 sheep, 160 goats, and 990 cattle necropsy materials were examined macroscopically and histopathologically according to World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) guidelines. Cysts were detected in 61 of examined materials. Results. The rate of total cystic echinococcosis positivity in farm animals was found to be 3.1% in northern Türkiye. Cysts were detected in at least one of the liver and lungs. It was detected in the liver in 24 cases (39.3%), the lung in 23 cases (37.7%), and both the lung and liver in 11 cases (18%). In addition, cysts were found in both of lung and spleen (1 case), kidney and liver (1 case), and heart and liver (1 case). The positivity rate was higher in sheep than in other ruminants, and the difference with other ruminant species was statistically significant. (p<0.001). The difference between prevalence rates by years was found to be statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion. Türkiye is defined as a highly endemic region for Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. Surveillance should be done regularly to implement control programs. The information presented in this study will contribute to gaining an idea about the status of cystic echinococcosis in livestock in northern Türkiye and to the development of prevention and control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among the Greek inscriptions from Tamaşalık (ancient Isauria), two hapaxes are found: Σταλλῳ and βανουας. The first is a theonym and should be explained as a pure Greek formation. By contrast, the noun βανουας, a title of a local priest, is here considered a borrowing from Aramaic bānōyā 'builder, architect'. The connection between the priests and the buildings of this ancient village is given by the aedilic inscriptions of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After the earthquake in Syria and Turkey, the Church has been providing assistance in the affected areas. The Camillians and the Capuchin Brothers have joined forces to help the population in difficulties. In Syria, the international response has been limited, with few international volunteers present compared to Lebanon. The earthquake caused damage in the cities of Lattakia and Aleppo, where eight Christians died and hundreds of homes were damaged. The Franciscan community and the ACN foundation are providing support to those affected, and the Apostolic Nuncio Mario Zenari promised the support and prayers of the Catholic Church. The Church in Aleppo is working on an aid program to provide temporary accommodation for affected families, and ACN has launched an emergency campaign to help the earthquake victims in Aleppo and Lattakia. [Extracted from the article]

With the end of the Cold War, emerging powers such as Brazil, China, India, Russia and Turkey have struggled to assert a voice in so-called global governance. As a result, the international system, although still marked by US hegemony, seems to be changing. In fact, since the early 2000s, Brazil and Turkey have increased their participation in global governance, to the point of achieving some legitimacy as middle or regional powers. In order to establish the regional and global scope of these two emerging powers, this article addresses the questions about what factors account for the projection of Brazil and Turkey as middle powers and how their foreign policy trajectories differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2020 an armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan took place, in an intersection area of the Eurasian space, because of the settlement of Artsakh or Nagorno Karabakh, an area with a majority of Armenian population in the Azerbaijan territory. This interstate territorial controversy affected both Transcaucasian republics and also exposed the interests of the region powers, Russia and Turkey. The purpose of this work is to analyze the role of the Armenian diaspora and their position against the armed conflict, in a threatening context for the region peace. Besides, investigating the historical process allows for the understanding the complex territorial network, the actors involved in it and the bonds that support Armenian identity. This approach is a starting point to do some research on this conflict and to think about the ways to teach it both at a secondary and university level. From the methodological point of view, national and international newspaper articles were analyzed, in which claims, actions and manifestations were described. At the same time, different diasporic group social networks were reviewed to see how they struggled to raise awareness about the genocide at the beginning of the XX century and the resistance to the upcoming conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) are disruptive changes in behaviour, thought, or emotion that resemble an epileptic seizure, but without paroxysmal neuronal discharge detectable by electroencephalography (EEG), and are not caused by another medical condition. On the other hand, epileptic seizures (ES) are defined as clinical events that reflect the presence of hypersynchronous discharges of neurons located in the cerebral cortex, which have the particularity of starting and ending abruptly. The diagnosis of epilepsy is made when an epileptic seizure was experienced and there is a risk of having another. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a systematic review of articles that have studied quality of life in people with PNES and ES. This review has been performed following the PRISMA guide (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). Prior to the beginning of the search, a protocol was carried out and it is published for consultation in the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). The review includes randomized and non-randomized, quantitative or mixed, cross-sectional or longitudinal studies, published in English or Spanish until 2020. In addition, participants had to be over 16 years old. PNES diagnosis must have been confirmed by video-electroencephalography (VEEG) or a similar procedure-which is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of PNES. In regards to research, PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Dialnet and Science Direct databases were reviewed. In addition, authors from epilepsy centers in Argentina were contacted in order to obtain local data and references of included studies were reviewed. The quality of the articles was evaluated using the guidelines of a tool created in a previous review by Brown and Reuber for PNES studies. It has been chosen to present the data in a narrative synthesis. As a result of the search, 678 references were obtained and after eliminating duplicates, 614 results were left. After filtering the results according to the selection criteria, 11 articles and a doctoral thesis were included. Their publication years date from 1998 to 2020. Most of them (10) were developed in the United States, one in Turkey and one in Argentina. English language was prevalent, being the doctoral thesis the only one written in spanish. Regarding the quality of the studies, most of them (9) were rated as medium quality; two of them as low quality and one as high quality. In regard to the scales employed to measure quality of life, the most widely used was Quality Of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE), and QOLIE-31 was the most frequently used version of the instrument. It was found that people with PNES had a lower quality of life, mostly associated with the presence of psychopathology. Depression constitutes the most recurrent factor, followed by anxiety and personality traits. These results are consistent with previous research and gain importance when analysing the high rates of psychiatric comorbidity found in both groups of patients. To a lesser extent, other factors have shown a relationship with quality of life: taking anti-epileptic drugs, seizure-related factors (frequency, severity, duration of the disease), family functioning, demographic factors (sex), trauma and somatization. This study has potential limitations, including methodological problems of the articles included (non-randomized studies, dissimilar sample sizes between groups), quality of life scales dissimilarity among studies, and not having performed a meta-analysis, which would have provided more detailed information. Nevertheless, in conclusion, it could be stated that, in general, people with PNES have a lower quality of life than people with epileptic seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The influence of language and socio-cultural environment on the development of cortical connections is widely acknowledged, as well as the alteration of the latter in contexts of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The present study evaluated potential differences in the detection of ASD, depending on the language and socio-cultural aspects of the population. Method: A search of publications was carried out in: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Epistemonikos from 2010 to 2020, which validated the use of the M-CHART R/F questionnaire as screening in the early ASD detection in patients between 12 and 36 months of age, without risk factors and in any country in the world. The meta-analysis included three reviewers who evaluated eligibility and extracted the data. The heterogeneity and consistency between studies, as well as the specific differences between each one with the main validation study were evaluated, including, the positivity of the phase 1 and its confirmation in the follow-up of each case. Results: Eight articles met the inclusion criteria; these were carried out in the United States, Argentina, France, Spain, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Albania and Korea, in their official languages, for a total of 36,842 children. Heterogeneity was low (OR<0.42) for most subsets of the meta-analysis, except for the results obtained in Korea (OR=7.64). There is an association in results between countries (excluding Korea) OR=0.196 [0.178-0.216]; p<10-10. All studies showed significant differences in detection compared to the original validation study. Conclusion: The MCHAT R/F is a valid method for screening for suspected ASD in the general population, but it is dependent of the culture and language of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ioanna Tsatsos was an interesting figure of 20th century Greek literature. A deep faith in orthodoxy can be clearly seen in her work, which seeps into many of her books, both in verse and prose. The objective of this article is to analyze the way in which the author seeks her roots in orthodoxy and how she bases her religious and national identity on this orthodoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study was aimed to investigate the presence of pestivirus, schmallenberg virus (SBV), akabane virus (AKAV), and determined the seasonal distribution in small ruminant abortion cases. Materials and methods. A total of 164 small ruminant aborted fetuses (39 goats and 125 sheep) were investigated in the West Turkey between the years of 2015 and 2019. While the SBV and pestivirus were examined with real-time RT-PCR, the AKAV was examined with nested-PCR. Results. In this study, while four sheep (2.3%) were found to be pestivirus positive, nine sheep and one goat (5.9%) were found to be AKAV positive. SBV was detected in none of the animals. According to the results of the studies carried out, AKAV, a vector-borne virus, was detected more than other viruses in sheep and goat abortions in West Turkey. A positive sample of akabane virus detected in sheep fetuses was sequenced based on the partial S segment. This sample showed 99-100% similarity to the Adana-15, Aksu-1, and Aksu-2 isolates previously detected in Southern Turkey. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequenced isolate in this study was clustered within genogroup Ib. Another important piece of data revealed in this study was the determination of the seasonal distribution of sheep and goat abortions. Abortion cases which started to increase in November reached a peak in February and declined till August. Conclusions. This is the first study in the Aegean Region (including seven provinces) in which three important viral agents were simultaneously investigated in small ruminant aborted fetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "The Formalist Resistance to Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments" by Richard Albert, Malkhaz Nakashidze, and Tarik Olcay identifies three countries and the practices of their respective constitutional courts that, until now, have rejected the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. After a detailed analysis, the authors conclude that, through different theoretical means, all three courts studied decided not to apply the delegation theory of constitutional change; therefore, they consider that no constitutional amendment can be unconstitutional on substantial grounds. This study aims to demonstrate that there is a counterweight to the tendency, which seems to be more and more global, of adopting the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments, which is worthy of the attention of the academic community. Besides reaffirming this conclusion, the present article looks more into the depths of "formalism" as a possible reason behind the rejection of the doctrine of unconstitutional amendments, indicating that there might be a category other than the ones from France, Georgia, and Turkey. The Hungarian case represents a practice committed to the normative textual limits in its constitution regarding the constitutional review of amendments, which, at the same time, tries to reconcile the value of written law with the protection of the supremacy of the constitution, constitutionalism, and the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the use of the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional reforms in the constitutional courts of Georgia, Turkey, and France. It questions the association of this doctrine with a necessary and universal characteristic of contemporary constitutionalism and raises the idea that it is not a characteristic of modern liberal democratic constitutionalism. The concept of formalism in constitutional interpretation is discussed, and a framework of analysis based on political realism and the idea that constitutionalism is a project rather than an achievement is proposed. The article discusses the difference between formalism and the application of law as a matter of logical inference. It argues that constitutional judges often adopt formalistic positions to hide their political stances and avoid negative reactions. The example of the decision to allow constitutional reform in Colombia in 2005 is used as a case of apparent formalism that actually concealed political motives. It is suggested that analysis from Bernard Williams' political realism would be more useful in understanding these decisions. Furthermore, the question of why unconstitutional constitutional doctrines are accepted or rejected is raised, and it is argued that there is no universal answer, but rather it depends on the political circumstances of each jurisdiction. The article discusses the relationship between formalism and judicial activism in the context of the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional reforms. It argues that formalism and activism are analytically flawed categories and that it is necessary to analyze the political, social, and power factors that influence judges' decisions. Examples from France, Georgia, and Turkey are mentioned to illustrate how these factors determine the responses of constitutional courts to the doctrine. It is concluded that the use of this doctrine is a political-moral project and that its acceptance depends on the political, historical, and social context of each jurisdiction. [Extracted from the article]

Many courts around the world have either asserted or exercised the power to invalidate a constitutional amendment. But we should not take the increasing prevalence of the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendment as evidence of its appropriateness for all constitutional states. It is imperative that constitutional actors know that there is another answer to the question whether an amendment can be unconstitutional. We have three purposes in this Article, and we seek to fulfill each of them with reference to three jurisdictions in particular--France, Georgia, and Turkey--whose constitutions and attendant constitutional practices have expressly rejected the doctrine in a way that reflects what we describe as their shared formalist resistance to unconstitutional constitutional amendments. We seek first to demonstrate that the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendment has not yet matured into a global norm of constitutionalism. We seek also to explain how a jurisdiction that expressly rejects the idea of an unconstitutional constitutional amendment operates in the face of an amendment that would otherwise be invalidated as unconstitutional in a jurisdiction that has adopted the doctrine. We finally seek to evaluate what is gained and lost in a constitutional state by rejecting the doctrine. We find that there are both democracy-enhancing and democracy-weakening consequences that follow from the choice to reject the doctrine outright. Our larger purpose--to diversify our thinking about what risks becoming seen as a necessary feature of constitutionalism but that design and practice show plainly is not--is inherent in the project itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to current advances and growing experience in the management of coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the outcome of COVID-19 patients with severe/critical illness would be expected to be better in the second wave compared with the first wave. As our hospitalization criteria changed in the second wave, we aimed to investigate whether a favorable outcome occurred in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with only severe/critical illness. Among 642 laboratory-confirmed hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the first wave and 1121 in the second wave, those who met World Health Organization (WHO) definitions for severe or critical illness on admission or during follow-up were surveyed. Data on demographics, comorbidities, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels on admission, and outcomes were obtained from an electronic hospital database. Univariate analysis was performed to compare the characteristics of patients in the first and second waves. There were 228 (35.5%) patients with severe/critical illness in the first wave and 681 (60.7%) in the second wave. Both groups were similar in terms of age, gender, and comorbidities, other than chronic kidney disease. Median serum CRP levels were significantly higher in patients in the second wave compared with those in the first wave [109 mg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 65-157) vs. 87 mg/L (IQR: 39-140); p < 0.001]. However, intensive care unit admission and mortality rates were similar among the waves. Even though a lower mortality rate in the second wave has been reported in previous studies, including all hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we found similar demographics and outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with severe/critical illness in the first and second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]