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The Armed Forces are in an expansive period where the need for competent personnel is greater than ever. Partly due to the need to train soldiers and new officers being greater than in a long time and the need to maintain readiness in accordance with the interpretation of the world situation. This is a situation where the Armed Forces have a competence-preserving anorexic organization which, due to political decisions, has decreased by 70% since the 1990s. In 2015, due to Russia's annexation of Crimea, the political orientation changed to increase the capabilities of the Armed Forces. This intensified in 2022 with Russia's attack on Ukraine. The study was conducted at a unit where data was collected between the years 2017-2022. In 2017, the surveyed unit had 393 officers and 2022 318 officers, which is a decrease of 75 officers during the period. How can it be that a unit loses 75 officers in 5 years when politicians want the Armed Forces to grow? The study shows that officers terminate their employment due to the tensions that arise between the three identified Sensemaking processes. These processes are the Authority, the Profession and the individual. • The resignations of officers arise when a person is faced with an ultimatum in which they are forced to choose between the Authority, the Profession and the Individual and its basic truths. • And when the Armed Forces are unable to give meaning to the forced change of meaning. The cumulative tension of meaning to which the professional officer is exposed during his career is increasing in relation to level and family situation. The triggers that lead up to the ultimatum are lack of opportunity to influence the organization as well as one's own situation, lack of support and trust from the manager, and lack of quality time with the family. The conflict between the Authority and the Profession is based on the different views on the emphasis placed on training military units. The conflict between the individual and the profession is about the double loyalty between the family and the unit. The conflict between the Individual and the Authority is based on what the job gives in relation to the sacrifice the individual makes. The study was carried out with the approach of understanding and interpretingthrough sensemaking why officers leave the Armed Forces to a greater extent than the unit wants. This is a hermeneutic, inductive and qualitative study where interviews and workshop are used to gather data which is then analysed in a GT inspired method.

Bakgrund: Aortaaneurysm är en vidgning på stora kroppspulsådern, en asymtomatisk diagnos som kan blir livshotande om den brister. Aneurysm kan repareras med antingen öppen kirurgi eller endoskopiskt. Män är majoriteten av dessa patienter och rökning, hjärtkärlsjukdomar samt hög ålder utgör riskfaktorer. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva personers erfarenheter av att leva med ett aortaaneurysm. Metod: Designen är kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats. Resultatartiklar söktes fram på databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsychInfo med hjälp av relevanta sökord för ämnet. Även manuella sökningar gjordes. De framtagna artiklarna lästes med hjälp Fribergs 5-stegsmodell och analyserades utifrån Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och sju subkategorier. Resultat: Vägledning i att ha levt med aortaaneurysm, Emotionella aspekter av att ha levt med aortaaneurysm och Livet och vardagen med aortaaneurysm var de tre huvudkategorierna som framkom från analysen, och subkategorierna Information från vården, Kunskap kring diagnosen, Rädsla för diagnosen, Tankar kring döden, En framtid trots diagnos, Mötet med vården samt Begränsningar i vardagen. Information var det som var mest påtagligt och som under tidens gång visade sig kunna påverka övriga subkategorier både positivt och negativt beroende på mängd, leveranssätt och tidpunkt. Slutsats: Genom denna litteraturöversikt visade sig erfarenheterna variera och dessa var individuella beroende på var i livet deltagaren befann sig och hur livet i övrigt var för deltagaren. Ytterligare studier behövs för att ta fram ett mer personcentrerat och individuellt tillmötesgående för personer med aortaaneurysm. Background: Aortic aneurysm is a dilation of the aorta, an asymptomatic diagnosis that can become life-threatening if it burst. Aneurysms can be repaired with either open surgery or endoscopically. The majority of patients are men, and smoking, cardiovascular disease and old age are risk factors. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to describe people´s experiences of living with an aortic aneurysm. Method: The design is a qualitative literature review with an inductive approach. Result articles were searched on the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsychInfo using relevant keywords for the topic. Manual searches were also performed. The produced articles were read using Friberg's 5-step model and analyzed on the basis of Graneheim and Lundman's qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in three main categories being selected with seven subcategories. Results: Guidance in lived aortic aneurysm, Emotional aspects in lived aortic aneurysm and Life and daily living with aortic aneurysm were the three main categories which emerged in our analysis. With the subcategories Information from the healthcare, Knowledge about the diagnosis, Fear of the diagnosis, Thoughts about death, Future despite the diagnosis, Meeting the healthcare and Obstacles in everyday life. Information was what was most noticeable and over time, it turned out to be able to influence other subcategories both positively and negatively depending on quantity, delivery method and time. Conclusion: Through this literature review, the experiences turned out to be varied and these were individual depending on where in life the participant was and how life in general was for the participant. Further studies are needed to develop a more person-centred and individualized approach for people with aortic aneurysm.

Denna systematiska litteraturstudie syftar till att undersöka hur induktiva eller deduktivaarbetssätt i undervisning påverkar elevers förståelse för matematiska innehåll samt vilka föroch nackdelar det finns med respektive. Studiens frågeställningar grundar sig i egnaerfarenheter och utifrån observation på skolor, där vi mött elever med bristande matematiskförståelse. Vi har då uppmärksammat att lärare återkommande fokuserar undervisningen påutantillkunskap, och i hög grad bearbetar matematiska innehåll med deduktiva arbetssätt.Observationerna utgjorde grunden till en hypotes om att det finns ett samband mellan eleversbristande förståelse och deduktiv undervisning som fokuserar på utantillkunskap. I studiengranskas tidigare forskning genom att tio utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar kategoriseras utifrånteoretiska perspektiv och dess innehåll tematiseras utifrån framgångsfaktorer för eleverslärande. Studiens resultat med utgångspunkt i de granskade artiklarna tyder på attarbetssättets induktiva eller deduktiva karaktär är av mindre betydelse för eleversmatematiska förståelse. Slutsatsen blir således att de identifierade framgångsfaktorerna ärmer adekvata för elevers matematiska förståelse.

Bakgrunden till detta projekt är att Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (nedan kallat Vattenfall) kommer att införa ett avgiftssystem för inmatning av reaktiv effekt till sitt elnät. Avgiften införs till följd av problem på elnätet som orsakas av reaktiv effekt. Umeå Energi Elnät AB (nedan kallat Umeå Energi) har historiskt matat in reaktiv effekt vilket motiverade detta arbete som utreder den reaktiva effekten på Umeå Energis elnät samt bidrar med information om två alternativa tillvägagångssätt att bemöta avgiften. Alternativ 0 är att kompensationsutrustning inte installeras, utan att ett abonnemang på inmatning av reaktiv effekt upprättas. Alternativ 1 är att kompensationsutrustning installeras. För att utreda den reaktiva effekten erhölls och behandlades data på reaktiv effekt i Umeå Energis nät. Historisk kondensatordrift togs fram för år 2016 ur händelsehistoriken hos Umeå Energis driftcentral. Kondensatordriften år 2015 kunde enbart erhållas från ett tidigare arbete på Umeå Energi eftersom ett begränsat antal händelser lagras i händelsehistoriken. Genom att subtrahera kondensatorernas produktion från den reaktiva effekten i Umeå Energis anslutningspunkter som uppmätts av Vattenfall erhölls data som mer representerade underliggande fenomen på nätet. Utan kondensatordrift beräknades inmatningen enligt Vattenfalls definition uppgå till cirka 34 MVAr utifrån data från 2015 och 2016. För åren 2018 till och med 2023 beräknades ändringar i reaktiv effekt till följd av förändringar på Umeå Energis nät. Vid beräkningarna försummades ledningarnas induktiva karaktär, vilket gav ett tomgångsscenario med maximal produktion av reaktiv effekt. År 2023 beräknades inmatningen ska ha ökat till 59 MVAr till följd av förändringar på Umeå Energis nät. Med antagandet att Umeå Energi inte kommer att drifta kondensatorbatterierna så att inmatningen höjs föreslogs för alternativ 0 val av abonnemang på inmatning av reaktiv effekt för åren 2018 till och med 2023 utifrån de 34 MVAr som nämnts ovan och inverkan från förändringarna på nätet. År 2019 föreslogs ett abonnemang på 41 MVAr, och 2023 föreslogs ett på 59 MVAr. Kostnaderna för dessa beräknades enligt Vattenfalls tariff till 820 000 kr respektive 1 187 000 kr. Kostnaden för eventuell överinmatning av reaktiv effekt beräknades med tariffen för överinmatning årligen uppgå till maximalt 76 000 kr med 95 % sannolikhet enligt den korrigerade standardavvikelsen hos inmatningen utan kondensatordrift åren 2015 och 2016. Optimal kondensatordrift beräknades för åren 2015 och 2016 genom att addera den produktion av reaktiv effekt från befintliga kondensatorbatterier som gav minst absolutvärde i reaktiv effekt. Beroende på hur ofta kondensatordriften justerades erhölls olika resultat. En undersökning av störningar till följd av kondensatorkopplingar rekommenderas för att få en förståelse för förutsättningarna för optimal kondensatordrift. Det bedömdes inte ekonomiskt motiverbart med mer avancerad kompensationsteknik såsom statiska VAr-kompensatorer då variabla reaktorer kan kompensera dygns- och säsongsvariationer i reaktiv effekt. Den reaktiva effektproduktionen i ledningar är störst på 145 kV-nivån och kommer öka i framtiden på denna nivå. Det är därför sannolikt här kompensationsutrustning såsom reaktorer först bör installeras. För att kunna ta så bra beslut som möjligt angående den reaktiva effekten rekommenderas att snarast möjligt ingå ett arbetssätt som om avgiftssystemet redan tagits i bruk och utöka ett representativt dataunderlag. The background of this project is that Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (hereinafter referred to as Vattenfall) will establish a system of fees for input of reactive power. This will be done due to problems in the grid caused by reactive power. Umeå Energi Elnät AB (hereinafter referred to as Umeå Energi) has historically input reactive power, motivating this work which investigates the reactive power in the grid of Umeå Energi and provides information on two alternative approaches to responding to the fee. Alternative 0 entails no installation of compensation technology, and that a subscription for reactive power input is established instead. Alternative 1 entails that compensation technology is installed. To investigate the reactive power, data on reactive power in the grid of Umeå Energi were obtained and processed. Historical operations of capacitor banks for the year 2016 were obtained from the history of events of the control center at Umeå Energi. The operations of the capacitor banks during 2015 could only be obtained from an earlier work at Umeå Energi since the number of events stored in the history is limited. By subtracting the capacitor banks’ production from the reactive power measured by Vattenfall in the connections of Umeå Energi, data more representative of underlying phenomena were obtained. Without capacitor production of reactive power, the input was calculated according to the definition of Vattenfall to about 34 MVAr, by using data from 2015 and 2016. For the years 2018 through 2023, changes in reactive power due to changes in the grid of Umeå Energi were calculated. These calculations did not consider inductances, and thus yielded zero-load scenarios with maximum reactive power production. By the year of 2023, the input was calculated to have increased to 59 MVAr due to changes in the grid of Umeå Energi. Assuming that Umeå Energi will not operate the capacitors so that the input is increased, for alternative 0 subscriptions for input of reactive power were suggested for the years 2018 through 2023 by considering the abovementioned 34 MVAr and the changes in the grid. Subscriptions of 41 MVAr and 59 MVAr were suggested for the years 2019 and 2023 respectively. The costs of these were calculated with the fee specified by Vattenfall to SEK 820,000 and SEK 1,187,000 respectively. Calculations with the applicable fee yielded that the yearly cost of possible over-input could amount to a maximum of SEK 76,000 with a 95 % probability, using the corrected standard deviation of the input without capacitor production of reactive power for the years 2015 and 2016. Optimal capacitor bank operations were calculated for the years 2015 and 2016 by adding the production of reactive power from existing capacitor banks which yielded the minimum absolute reactive power. Depending on how often the capacitors were operated different results were obtained. An investigation of power quality disturbances due to capacitor bank operations is recommended to achieve an understanding of the conditions for optimal capacitor bank operations. It was not deemed economically justifiable to install more advanced compensation technologies such as static VAr compensators since variable reactors are able to compensate daily and seasonal variations in reactive power. The production of reactive power in cables is the largest on the 145 kV level and will increase in the future on this level. It is therefore likely here compensation technologies such as reactors should be installed first. To be able to make as good decisions as possible concerning the reactive power, it is recommended to as soon as possible commence a working method as if the fee system had already come into effect; thus increasing the amount of representative data.

Functional and cost effective systems for the full electrification of a bus network are areas of intense research and development. The electrification can be accomplished using different technological solutions, for example using opportunity charging or using an electric road system – ERS. Both opportunity charging and ERS have the potential to be integrated into already existing bus lines. With opportunity charging, the regular dwell time at the end stops is used for the bus to recharge its batteries and with an ERS the bus can charge dynamically along the road. The purpose of this report is to analyze how the existing Alfa- and Beta line at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, in a functional and cost effective way, can be electrified using either opportunity charging or an ERS. The tradeoff between required charging power, battery capacity and the necessity to change the existing running schedule is explained in detail. In addition, the impact on the electrical grid is analyzed based on different load profiles of different charging stations using different power levels. The analysis is based on real data from the Alfa – and Beta line with its existing buses, the electrical grid at Arlanda and data provided by both the leading (electrical) bus manufacturers and the leading charging infrastructure manufacturers. The outcome of this report suggests that a full electrification of the existing Alfa- and Beta line has the potential to lower CO2-emissions and energy use at a functional and cost effective way.

The purpose of this study has been to examine students’ participation when using inductive and deductive teaching methods. The aim have been to see how different teachers work while teaching science to students in primary school. We also want to find out how the individual teachers reflect on their own teaching based on our focus on inductive and deductive teaching, and explore differences in students' participation in the different teaching methods. We have used the following questions: In what ways differs inductive and deductive teaching methods in science in the investigated classes? Do the teachers think that they adapt science instruction based on selected methods? Is it possible to see differences between the two methods when it comes to students' participation in the investigated situation? The study is based on a qualitative method with eight classroom observations and four interviews with class teachers. Our study is based on the social constructivist perspective. Our conclusions are that operations during the observed lessons were essentially inductive, regardless of which of the methods used during the introduction or conclusion of the lesson. We have seen in our study that teachers have chosen teaching method based on the purpose of the lesson and the composition of the group. All teachers believe that they make use of both teaching methods. The result shows that that we cannot see any clear differences when it comes to students' participation in terms of inductive and deductive methods of teaching. Possibly we can see that there is a tendency that inductive teaching promotes participation among students.

Detta examensarbete handlar om trådlös batteriladdning. Arbetet har utförts genom Jörgensen Industrielektronik AB, ett företag som specialiserat sig på kundanpassade elektroniklösningar. Företaget utvecklade en ny produkt, där det skulle finnas som tillval att den kunde laddas trådlöst. En mottagare för trådlös laddning av produktens batterier utvecklades. Mottagaren utvecklades utifrån Qi-standarden som beskrivs i denna rapport. Mottagarens elektriska egenskaper bestämdes (t.ex. effektivitet och laddström). EMCtester av mottagaren utfördes för att undersöka hur mycket störningar mottagaren genererade. Arbetet resulterade i en mottagare som kunde ladda produktens batterier med en befintlig Qi-laddstation. Effektiviteten hamnade på en nivå som är vanlig för trådlös laddning, jämfört med ledningsbunden laddning så var effektiviteten lägre. Resultatet av EMCtesterna visade att mottagaren genererade elektromagnetiska störningar, men emissionsnivåerna var inom gränserna för de EMC-standarder mätningarna har jämförts med. The subject of this thesis is wireless battery charging. The thesis has been made in collaboration with Jörgensen Industrielektronik Ltd, specialized in costumer adapted electronics. The company developed a new product, where wireless charging was an optional feature. In this thesis a wireless charging receiver was developed. The receiver was intended for charging the batteries in the product. The receiver was developed according to the Qi standard. The Qi standard is described in this report. EMC tests were performed on the receiver in order to examine the levels of emissions radiated. The work resulted in a receiver that was able to charge the product's batteries with an existing Qi charging station. The efficiency was normal for wireless charging, compared to wired charging the efficiency was lower. The EMC tests showed that the receiver radiates electromagnetic energy. The radiated emissions were within the limits of the EMC standards that the measurements have been tested against.