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Projektet syftar till att föreslå en rimlig riktning för hur additiva produktionsmetoder, alltså tillverkningsmetoder som använder lager-på-lager-teknik, kan tänkas påverka arkitekturen, att försöka sätta sig in i teknikerna och komma fram till vilken riktning som upplevs mest givande eller gångbar. Hur ska man nyttja potentialen med den nya tekniken på ett bra sätt? Jag har försökt ta fram en produkt som nyttjar potentialen hos de additiva produktionsmetoderna och som upplevs tänkbar för fullskalig realisering i byggsektorn i en närliggande framtid. Produkten består av en metod för framställning av en sandwichkonstruktion med hög trähalt och troligen lång livslängd. Metoden minskar byggsektorns klimatbelastning och kan ge stora rumsliga kvaliteter och formgivningsmöjligheter. Jag har genom fysiska experiment och utforskande av olika digitala fabrikationsmetoder försökt att visualisera och identifiera möjligheter med dessa nya tekniska hjälpmedel. Genom praktiska tester har jag prövat mina föreställningar av hur dessa metoder kan användas på effektiva sätt. Projektet vidga-des från att initialt omfatta additiva produktionsmetoder till att senare under tillämpningsfasen även omfatta digitala hjälpmedel såsom fotogrammetri och verktyg för parametrisk design. Projektet har resulterat i ett tillvägagångsätt för printning av cellulosabaserade sandwichkonstruktioner i printade formverk av återvinningsbar biokomposit. The project aims to propose a direction for how additive manufacturing methods can influence architecture, to study the techniques and find out which direction could be perceived as most rewarding or viable. How to use the potential of the new technology in a good way? I have tried to develop a product that utilizes the potential of the additive manufacturing methods and which is conceivable for full-scale realization in the construction sector in the near future. The product consists of a method for producing long lasting sandwich constructions with high wood content. The method reduces the building industry's climate impact and can provide great spatial qualities and design possibilities. Through physical experiments and exploration of various digital fabrication methods, I have tried to visualize and identify possibilities with these new technological aids. Through practical tests, I have tested my ideas of how these methods can be used effectively. The project was expanded from initially studying additive production methods to, later during the application phase, also include digital aids such as photogrammetry and tools for parametric design. The project has resulted in a strategy for printing cellulose-based sandwich constructions in printed molds of recyclable biocomposite.

This bachelor thesis in mechanical engineering was performed during the spring2015 in collaboration with Composite Consulting Group in Laholm. TheComposites Consulting Group works mainly with design and details of differentcomposite projects, their main area is FE-calculations, 3D-modelling andmechanical tests with composite materials.The aim of this bachelor thesis was to simplify the calculation process of solidmechanics for sandwich panels by simulation with computer software. The goalwas to decrease the time for the design and calculation process of the constructionand the cost of the practical tests. Our task was to build a static three dimensionalmodel with the computer software Abaqus, where the result should correspondwith the practical pressure tests in laboratory.The project started with collection of material data from Composites ConsultingGroup and by learning the software Abaqus, simultaneously a specification wasdeveloped in corporation with the company. Later on, a static wheel pressuremodel in the software Abaqus was produced which simulated the behavior of thesandwich panel during static wheel-pressure by a pallet truck. The results from thewheel-pressure model were verified with the practical tests.The project led to a static three dimensional wheel- contact model with thesoftware Abaqus to calculate complex wheel-contact problems on sandwichpanels. The wheel-contact model corresponded to the practical test results. Thecontact model with Abaqus enabled faster and more efficient design anddevelopment process of new sandwich panels. It also provided better analysis ofthe sandwich panels’ behavior during wheel- contact loading.

Sandwichväggar med ett bärande skikt dimensioneras vanligen så att enbart innerskalet bidrar tillbärförmågan, medan klimatskärmen (isolering, armeringsstege och ytterskalet) statiskt settuteslutande betraktas som en last.I denna uppsats undersöks möjligheten att utnyttja klimatskärmens förstyvande effekt påinnerskalet vid dimensioneringen av bärförmågan. Arbetet har delvis genomförts medelst enlitteraturstudie som har undersökt material som behandlar sandwichväggar och inbegrep även enkunskapsfördjupning inom betongens egenskaper som konstruktionsmaterial.En beräkning av exempelväggens bärförmåga utförs initialt utan klimatskärmens förstyvandeeffekter som därefter genomförts separat. Resultaten för ett antal väggvariationer redovisas iform av diagram och analyseras.Beräkningen ger relativt små förstyvningstillskott samtidigt som litteraturstudien visar attutnyttjandet av förstyvningen ökar risken för sprickor i fasadskivan. Således dras slutsatsen att detej är rekommendabelt att försöka utnyttja eventuella tillskott. The dimension of sandwich walls with one structural wythe is normally determined so that onlythe inner wythe contributes to the elements load capacity. Whereas the insulation, trussconnector and outer wythe only constitute a load from a structural point of view.The possibility to take advantage of the structural stiffening effects these elements have on theinner wythe is examined in this essay. This is partly achieved by researching the existing literaturethat deals with sandwich walls and also further studies of the structural qualities of concrete.The load capacity of an example wall is calculated initially without any stiffening effects, whichare thereafter calculated separately. The results for several variations of the sandwich wall arepresented in the form of diagrams and analyzed.The calculations give relatively small increases in load capacity, while the literary researchindicates a higher risk of crack occurrence in the façade. Therefor the conclusion is made that itis not recommendable to attempt using potential gains in load capacity.

Today´s roofing of dwelling houses is a very time consuming procedure, which includes a lot of different steps on the construction site. Not only does it cost a lot of money, but often do problems with rot and mold occur in the attics of houses today. The use of prefabricated modules has seen a great breakthrough in the field of construction of dwelling houses; at least when it comes to foundations and walls, where this type of approach makes the construction process way more efficient. What no one previous has succeeded to develop is a corresponding system for roofs that meets the demands of a dwelling house. Accordingly the goal of PlusTak has been to come up with a proper module system for roofing of dwelling houses, where the roofing is completed to meet the demands of the Scandinavian market. During the project a lot of effort has been put into customer contacts and the usability of the product, as well in the manufacturing process as on the construction site. This development has gone hand in hand with several practical tests and tryouts. The project group has also participated in the use of PlusTak at various construction sites this spring, to get a better view of what could be further developed with the product. The outcome is a complete roofing system which is almost entirely prefabricated, and only requires a few hours on the construction site for completion of a fully weather protected roof. PlusTak is a very flexible system which is perfectly suitable for different house and roof types, and fits almost any roof pitch. The visible layer of the roof is available both as a classic seamed tin roof and with traditional tiles. Thanks to the great capability of insulation within the PlusTak system it suits the modern energy efficient houses perfectly. Moreover the insulation layer of the roof is placed in the outer roof, which eliminates the problems concerning condensation that occurs in weather and temperature changes, which has been a growing issue lately. Thus, PlusTak offers a cost-effective roof system of the as well as it provides a totally carefree ownership. An intense marketing campaign has been conducted through several channels during the development of the product. PlusTak was presented with great success at Nordbyggmässan in Stockholm, the biggest construction fair in Scandinavia, in March 2010. This was right after the product became patent pending. PlusTak has currently sold for over one million SEK and has been quoted on request for over 40 million SEK. The annual market in Sweden corresponds to over two billion, despite the current recession. The project group is counting on taking over 2-10% of that market within a period of five years. Dagens takläggning vad gäller bostadshus är en tidskrävande process, där många olika steg ute på arbetsplatsen fordras vilket kostar mycket tid och pengar. Dessutom blir resultatet inte alltid vad man kunnat önska och röta och mögel är ett vanligt inslag på dagens vindar. Modulkonceptet har redan fått ett rejält genombrott inom nybyggnation av bostadshus, och prefabricerade husgrunder och väggar i modulform produceras och används idag i stor utsträckning. Detta modultänk effektiviserar byggnationerna avsevärt där man får det att fungera. Vad ingen tidigare lyckats med är att utveckla ett motsvarande taksystem som uppfyller alla de krav som ställs när det gäller bostadshus. Målet med Plustak har alltså varit att ta fram ett fullgott modulsystem för bostadshustak som uppfyller de nordiska kraven. Under projektet har projektgruppen lagt mycket tyngd på kundkontakter och användarvänlighet av produkten, både under tillverkning och på byggarbetsplatsen. Denna utveckling har gått hand i hand med en rad praktiska tester och försök. Projektgruppen har även varit med och lagt PlusTak vid flera tillfällen under våren för att vidareutveckla produkten ytterligare. Resultatet är ett komplett taksystem som är nästintill helt prefabricerat, och endast ett fåtal timmar krävs för att lägga ett helt tak på plats och erhålla en fullt väderskyddad byggnad. Plustak är mycket flexibelt och lämpar sig både för olika hus- och taktyper, och dessutom för nästintill alla taklutningar. Även som ytskikt finns olika utföranden i form av antingen klassisk bandtäckt plåt eller traditionella takpannor. Den goda isoleringsförmågan hos PlusTak gör att systemet väl uppfyller de krav som ställs på dagens lågenergihus. Att det isolerande skiktet dessutom är beläget ytterst i taket eliminerar kondensproblem som annars uppstår och som blivit ett växande problem för husägare. PlusTak erbjuder ett kostnadseffektivt taksystem som dessutom ger ett problemfritt takägande. Parallellt med utvecklingsprocessen av produkten har en offensiv marknadsföring bedrivits genom flertalet kanaler. I mars 2010 patentsöktes PlusTak, varefter det presenterades med stor framgång på Nordbyggmässan i Stockholm, nordens största byggmässa. I skrivande stund har PlusTak sålt för över en miljon kronor och offererats mot förfrågningar för över 40 miljoner kronor. Trots lågkonjunkturen motsvarar den årliga marknaden i Sverige minst två miljarder kronor och inom en femårsperiod räknar projektgruppen med att ha tagit över 2-10% av denna.

Background: The most energy efficient houses today are so called passive houses. These houses achieve high energy-efficiency partly by having well insulated walls. U-value describes the amount of heat transfered through a building element, the more insulation, the smaller U-value. A typical passive house wall have a U-value of 0.10 W/m2,°C. The passive houses are primarily made as small family houses and not as a block of apartments. This is partly because the bigger houses often are made of prefabricated walls, which at present times are not made with enough insulation. One construction method common in prefabrication is a sandwich-construction with two layer of concrete surrounding a core of cellular plastic. Skanska is making this type of walls in a factory on Gotland. We wanted to combine the energy efficiency of passive housing with the efficiency of prefabricated sandwich-walls. Aims: To present a suggestion of a sandwich-construction made with concrete and cellular plastic with a U-value below 0.10 W/m2,°C, that could be implemented in the factory on Gotland. Methods: By analyzing systems of today we developed two different models that have a U-value below 0.10 W/m2,°C. The first system was developed from a system used in Skanska’s factory on Gotland and the second one was based on a system delivered by Halfen DEHA. This was made through empirical tests and theoretical calculations. We compared the developed systems in terms of the conditions in Skanska’s factory on Gotland. Result and discussion: The system based on Halfen DEHA needs a larger amount of shackles, than the system developed from Skanska’s present system. This leads to the need of thicker insulation to achieve the desired U-value. The reason is that the Skanska-based system uses a combination of shackles and cellular plastic to carry the loads of the coating layer while the Halfen DEHA depends on the shackles alone. We believe that the first of our two developed systems is the best in terms of the ease in adopting to the production method in Skanska’s factory. The second system is safer in terms of controlling the production and has the possibility to have an air gap. Conclusion: In the rapport we present a sandwich-construction system that has a U-value below 0.10 W/m2,°C, that we believe would work for prefabrication of wall structures and could be easily adopted in Skanska’s factory on Gotland.