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Biological attack or bioterrorism is one of the sides to cause disease or death in all living things by using biological causative agents of disease due to reasons such as political, ideological and economic. There were many biological attacks from the primitive ages when poisoned arrows were used to the use of anthrax spores in 2001 against USA. Although chemical attacks are not as deep-rooted as biological attacks, they have been used for a long time, but the period when they came to the stage of history was the 19th century with the development of the modern chemical industry. Chemical attacks caused injuries, permanent damage and death to many people especially during the period of World wars. The pandemic that can be caused by natural epidemic diseases is the spread of a factor or disease in a very wide area. With the spread of disease; panic, unrest and chaos environment occurs in the spreading area. Coronavirus (Covid-19), which causes the current pandemic, is the most recent example. Coronavirus out broke in Wuhan, China, and started to spread in China first, and then Iran, and had an impact on Italy as well as European continent and around the world with the American continent. It infected millions of people, hundreds of thousands of people died, and caused environmental, social, psychological and economic problems on a global scale. Recently, different pandemic processes related to influenza have been experienced, but states have not been able to demonstrate an effective and efficient defense against the new type of coronavirus since the necessary preparations were not made despite the death of millions of people. Since biological attack and natural epidemics have the same effects and characteristics, it is not possible to predict how the states will respond in a possible biological attack. As in the current pandemic process, the possible consequences that will arise when caught unprepared are doubtful. In this study, it is evaluated how biological agents and natural epidemics are similar to each other and how to take measures against a possible attack or a new disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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COVID-19 is a new coronavirus infection that spread from Wuhan, China to the whole world since December 2019, forming a pandemic. Coronavirus infections (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome= MERS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome= SARS-CoV) in pregnant patients associated with negative results, so pregnant women with COVID-19 increase our concerns. In this case, the caesarean anesthesia management of 36-weeks pregnant woman, who was the first COVID-19 positive patient of our clinic, was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel Coronavirus (Covid-19), emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has rapidly spread to many parts of the world, causing thousands of people to die. In addition to its physical and biological effects, the virus has some psychological effects. Psychological disorders, such as depression, stress, and anxiety are some of these effects. In this process, people have started to use social media platforms to meet their information and social support needs more often. The current study aimed to analyze the mediator role of fear of missing out (FoMO) in the relationship between people's depression and stress level with compulsive social media use (CSMU) in Covid-19 process through a structural equation model (SEM). To this end, an online survey was conducted between 14-20 June 2020 in Turkey (N = 871, 60.7 % women, Mage = 28.70, SD = 9.99) and convenience sampling method used. The findings showed that while depression positively correlates with CSMU, there was no relationship between stress and CSMU. In addition, there was a positive relationship between depression and stress with FoMO, FoMO with CSMU, as well. Moreover, FoMO had a mediation role in the relationship between depression and stress with CSMU. The research's findings are expected to contribute to the effective communication of the official institutions that manage the crisis related to Covid-19 with the public through social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In December 2019, unexplained pneumonia broke out in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, and it was confirmed that a new type of coronavirus called 2019-nCoV appeared. The COVID-19 outbreak, a disease associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to be a threat to all healthcare systems and employees globally. Coronavirus disease became the most spoken clinical case in early 2020. The virus, which affects the whole world and causes an acute respiratory pandemic, causes serious problems in oncology patients. Cancer patients who have a low immune system and are susceptible to infection are at higher risk in this process. The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak causes different complications in the chemotherapy and treatment process of cancer patients. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world. Many factors such as physical, mental, social problems, transportation, chronic diseases experienced during the treatment period cause a decrease in the quality of life. Quality of life reflects how the individual perceives his health and health problems and how he expresses this. Quality of life is a concept that healthcare professionals use frequently for all patients and cancer patients. There are a limited number of studies on the health-related quality of life for breast cancer patients. This review was made to emphasize the factors affecting health-related quality of life and the importance of quality of life in women with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus disease, which first appeared in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019, was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in January 2020. COVID-19, a new type of the coronavirus family, has gained human-to-human transmission in December 2019, although it is actually a zoonosis. Although it causes severe pneumonia with a mild and moderate clinical course in humans, it has become a serious health problem all over the world. The pandemic has adversely affected social life all over the world, especially as a result of respiratory transmission. As in social life, it has made it necessary to take many measures in the field of health. In the period when the pandemic was felt most intensely, the postponement of the surgeries other than emergency surgical cases and specific oncological cases came to the fore. During this period, healthcare professionals should aim to offer surgical procedures in the most ideal conditions while keeping their own safety at the forefront. Considering the surgical field and hospital infections, the need for different measures and procedures in surgical clinics has arisen in the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this review is to present the surgical approach and the necessary precautions in patients who require surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic, in the light of available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) human coronavirus in Wuhan province of China triggered a worldwide respiratory outbreak. To date, antimalarial hydroxychloroquine and some antivirals such as remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir was found to be a treatment option for SARS-CoV-2. In addition to supportive therapy such as oxygen supply and extra corporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill patients, various treatments such as cytokine inhibitors, stem cell therapy, and immune-convalescent plasma (CP) are being explored. Administration of antibodies against a particular agent to a susceptible person for protection or treatment against an infectious disease associated with this agent is called passive antibody therapy, namely, CP therapy. In the worldwilde, so many recovering patient can be candidates of COVID-19 CP donors after detailed clinical and laboratory evaluations. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies passively transmitted by transfused plasma can neutralize viral particles and activate the complement system. Thus, viral elimination may be possible. However, it is also important to know that plasma transfusions may be associated with transfusion reactions such as allergic reactions, transfusion-associated acute lung injury and circulating overload. It is essential to establish protocols for the collection, preparation and implementation of the CP in response to the current pandemic. However, the results of the studies on this issue are controversial. In this review, it is aimed to summarize the recommendations in the current literature for the treatment of CP as a therapeutic option for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History of medicine is full of medicinal plant uses, applied against diseases, and diagnosis and treatment based on religion and magic. This field of study, called folk medicine, examines the oral health information transmitted from generation to generation. These practices, which are considered as traditional and complementary therapies today, have once again found themselves as an academic and popular curiosity among the public, perhaps more than ever, in the process of coronavirus (Covid-19 - new coronavirus) epidemic. In the period in which modern medicine has not yet found a cure and drug and vaccination studies are continuing, there is a period in our country, as in the whole world, in which people seek and use "alternative" ways / methods to protect against the virus. In this process, it is observed that people from all walks experience "traditionally" and firstly use complementary practices that they learn from their family or close circle. Communities think about where / why the disease comes from and do the treatment as they perceive it. Due to the global pandemic, scientific researches and academic writings on the world scale, news on the internet and in the press are known to affect the fiction of the cause-effect relationships and the individual / social perception in our country. From this point of view, while investigating traditional treatment methods applied in public in the Covid-19 outbreak, it is firstly necessary to focus on "social diagnosis", the meaning that society places on the cause of the pandemic disease. On the other hand, there is traditional health / disease knowledge of each society that is unique and formed on the basis of cultural background, religion, belief, history etc. This accumulation, which creates localcultural treatment systems, also affects the measures taken against the virus. In this context, all the practices of traditional treatment for preventive treatment, the use of medicinal plants, practices on the basis of religionmagic are discussed within the scope of this research. In this article, traditional treatment applications have been investigated within the scope of measures taken in our country in order not to catch Covid-19 (new coranavirus) disease, which was detected in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China and spread to the world shortly after the first case, and declared as a global epidemic by the World Health Organization. As it is a study conducted in the period of global epidemic, a research model that can be obtained with technological / digital possibilities has been preferred. The basic data of the article was obtained from the "problem-centered interview" model, which is one of the qualitative research techniques. Between April and July of 2020, 37 people selected for age and gender differences were interviewed via telephone, e-mail and online methods with semi-structured interview forms and open-ended questions. Interviews are limited to traditional practices for virus protection. During the epidemic, published scientific articles on the subject were examined. The information in the contents of the related news, which were simultaneously reflected in the press, was evaluated. Within the scope of the research, the information obtained from the sources and the observation results were analyzed together with the theoretical approaches in the field within the frame of cause-effect relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mankind has struggled with many diseases throughout history and this struggle still continues today. It can be seen that epidemics generally have more negative effects on social life in social, political, cultural and educational areas, especially the economy. State administrators have also taken various measures to prevent such epidemic diseases according to the conditions of the period. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), which first appeared in Wuhan city of People's Republic of China in December 2019 and began to threaten the whole world from here, is spreading very quickly. As a result of this situation, World Health Organization (WHO) declared this disease as pandemic (global epidemic) on March 11, 2020. Nations are collaborating against this disease which is seen in almost all countries of the world and they are taking some precautions. It is stated by the authorities that the measures taken alone by countries cannot be enough to prevent such global epidemics and that nations should act as a global whole. In addition, it is clear that societies' activating their internal dynamics -social, political, religious, cultural, etc.- can be effective at the point of preventing/taking under control this global epidemic. Variables that may occur regionally, locally or globally have a significant role in the spread or prevention of diseases. Minstrels, who have undertaken the duty to express the pain, problems, happiness, love, fears and enthusiasm of the people in every period and who have thus become their spokesperson in a sense, were not indifferent to this novel virus and they expressed the existing situation and the conditions brought about by this condition in their poems. This study discusses how minstrels addressed and expressed their views about how the society perceived the situation with the emergence of the virus in the poems in their social media accounts and various platforms. In this way, the study aims to understand in which direction minstrels manipulate the society and what kind of social responsibility they undertake on the issue. It can be stated that during the global epidemic, minstrels created poems on many issues such as curfew, coronavirus opportunists, opposing spiritual values, the effects of the virus on economic and social life, holy places being empty, social media posts, abiding by the rules of cleaning, taking a break from education, praising healthcare workers, call to stay at home, reproach to the source of the virus, persecution to East Turkistan, and reaction to world leaders and thus interpreted the feelings of the people. In addition, it was found that all the stakeholders fulfilled their duty in the continuation of tradition in the face of this global epidemic. Bringing many elements of the tradition - minstrel act, minstrel call-and-response, telling stories and fairy tales, etc.- to the viewers/listeners especially by making use of social media can be evaluated as the most important indicator that the tradition is continued in the liveliest way. Despite the views of minstrels on making use of folk medicine in the face of epidemic diseases in previous centuries, it is quite remarkable that today's minstrels stand in favour of modern medicine and this should be considered as a change of mentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China reported by the Chinese authorities foreshadow an outbreak caused by a new type of coronavirus. Shortly afterwards, the World Health Organization decleared the outbreak as a pandemic due to its high infection rate and worldwide prevalence. The first diagnosis of coronavirus in Turkey was announced to the public in March, 2020. After then, several precautional meaures in social, economic, legal, religious and military areas have been adopted. In the period of the pandemic disease, several memes, urban legends, rumors, jokes, and myths concerning both the virus itself and its constrained lifestyle released into the social media. Minstrels who are the significant actors of traditional culture have written poems on the pandemic and its effects. The sensitive approaches of the minstrels to the contemporary social problems is closely related to their social role which is loaded them by the minstrelsy tradition. It is seen that the roles of the minstrels such as leading and guiding the society both affects the reasoning of writing poems and has an influence on the contents of these poems. In the quarantine period, minstrels have shared their poems especially through social media networks and Youtube. In this article, mainly the Youtube videos of the minstrels are discussed based on the motivation that Youtube provides them to reach a set of diversified audience relatively to those of existing ones. When evaluating the public opinion on the minstrelsy tradition, the posted comments of the minstrels' videos are also utilized. The large parts of the minstrels' poems refer to how and why the coronavirus appears, how it affects the daily lives, and helplessness of the mankind against to the virus and the pandemic. The poems that advise the public to stay at home and give supporting messages to the healthcare staff have also written by the minstrels. Minstrels have succeeded to be visible to the public by means of performing their poems in electronic platforms inparticular during the period of quarantine. However, considering the historical progress of minstrelsy tradition, it is quite obvious that the minstrels and their products have relatively depreciated and their roles of leading and guiding the public are becoming restricted to a certain set of audience compared to the past. In the context of social roles of minstrels, this paper also discusses the question of what are the reasons that interrupt the efforts of the minstrels who are dealing with the contemporary problems and using the contemporary technology. The audiences of the minstrels' poems have the opinion that the minstrels' wish of eradication of the cruel persons by the virus and being the virus as a kind of divine retribution contradicts to the role of minstrels as leading and guiding the public. It is inferred that the language and the style of the interpretions as well as sometimes the outlook of the minstrels upon the coronavirus pandemic and its effects are reviewed as obsolete by the audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of 2019, new coronavirus causing acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients was detected in Wuhan Province, China . This virus was called serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Virus Taxonomy Committee. The disease caused by this new coronavirus was called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. This virus was found to be in the subclass of Betakoronavirus caused by bats. The role of viral proteins such as envelopes, membranes, nucleocapsids and spike proteins responsible for viral infectivity in immunopathogenesis is being investigated in studies. It has been emphasized in studies in which multiple organ failure develops due to the development of cytokine storm, especially in the advanced stages of the disease. An effective host immune response, including natural and adaptive immunity to SARS-Cov-2, is essential for controlling and treating viral infection. Although there is no effective treatment for the disease today, the benefits of various immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs have been shown in studies. In this article, the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment models that can be effective on immunopathogenesis are reviewed in the light of curr ent literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Higher Education / Yüksekögretim Dergisi is the property of Deomed Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, which emerged in Wuhan Province in China in December 2019 and turned into a pandemic by affecting the whole world, the new coronavirus disease called Covidien-19 in combating the epidemic, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey aimed to investigate the activity level. "Data Envelopment Analysis Method" was used to measure the efficiency level. For the purpose of the study, the data were collected from It has been obtained from the official website of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, the Covid-19 information page. The measurement of the efficiency level was applied through two analyzes. In the first analysis, two inputs (number of patients, number of tests) and one output (number of deaths) were used. In the second analysis, two inputs (number of patients, number of tests) and one output (number of recovered) were used. The results were evaluated by dissolving the data in LINDO package program. As a result of the study, the relative efficiency analyzes of April, May, June, July, August, September and October were performed, and as a result of the application of input-oriented DEA models, the effective and ineffective months were determined and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, was the first coronavirus to be declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. It was observed that the majority of affected adult patients developed serious life-threatening complications, whereas the disease was milder in children. Despite the increasing number of affected children and newborns, there is still limited information on treatment options and disease management. In this article, the literature on COVID - 19 in newborns and children is reviewed and the findings are summarized and it is aimed to present up-to-date information about pediatric and neonatal COVID-19 management, epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of clustered pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. The virus rapidly spread to the rest of the world after a huge epidemic in China and WHO has declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via respiratory droplets and fomites during close unprotected contact. The airborne spread has not been established as a major route of transmission. The mean incubation period of the illness is 5 days and it mainly presents with fever and respiratory symptoms. Myalgia, loss of taste and smell, diarrhea and dermatological findings are also common during the course of the disease. Laboratory findings are nonspecific. Significant elevations in inflammation markers can be observed in some patients due to cytokine storm. Typical CT findings are bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation with peripheral and lower lobes distribution. COVID-19 causes mild symptoms in most cases, however it may progress to severe pneumonia leading to ARDS and death, especially in those with advanced age and comorbid diseases. There is no specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19. A number of in vitro effective agents have been identified. These agents such as chloroquine phosphate/hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir are widely used in the treatment of the disease. Convalescent plasma therapy and the cytokine inhibitory agents such as tocilizumab, used to treat disease-induced cytokine storm, are particularly preferred in the treatment severe cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which started in Wuhan, China in December 2019, rapidly became a global epidemic. In terms of social security, the rights of workers who was infected in the work field, depend on whether the disease is identified as a work accident or an occupational disease. It is uncertain whether COVID-19 to be identified as work accident, occupational disease or normal disease. In this study, firstly, the differences between work accidents and occupational diseases are examined. Afterwards, the concepts in Turkey and in the world about identifying COVID-19 as work accident or occupational disease were investigated. It is suggested that, the case for infected employees, whose duties directly related with COVID-19 and who work at high risk of exposure to COVID-19, should be identified as an occupational disease. However, in the case for other employees, COVID-19 should not be identified as a work accident or occupational disease. In the last part of the study, financial supports of SGK (Social Security Institution in Turkey) for COVID-19 infected employees are specified. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study in Turkey to investigate the differences of work accident and occupational disease in order to identify infection of COVID-19 in work environment and the social security rights of employees after COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In November 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new type of coronavirus from Wuhan, China, was reported. The risk factors affecting mortality are still not clearly defined. This study aimed to determine the effect of gender on the inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients who were admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: Data of 90 COVID-19 patients who were admitted in the ICU of Istanbul Medical Faculty Hospital between March 18, 2020 and May 30, 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory records of the patients were obtained from electronic medical records, and male and female characteristics were compared. Results: The number of male patients (n=66) was higher than that of female patients (n=24). No significant difference was found between the clinical and demographic data of the patients. During admission to the ICU, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ferritin levels of the male patients were significantly higher than those of the female patients. However, no significant difference was noted between the genders in terms of mortality. Conclusion: Among the COVID-19 patients in the ICU, the number of male patients was higher than that of the female patients, but gender had no significant effect on mortality. However, the presence of higher levels of inflammatory markers IL-6 and ferritin in the male patients may indicate a more severe disease in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]