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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of GDP, trade openness, renewable energy, energy use, FDI, carbon emission, and oil prices on innovation for selected 11 oil-importing and 11 oil-exporting countries and to compare the results from both country groups to see the differences and similarities. For this purpose, we employ Poisson regression and negative binomial fixed effect techniques from 1990 to 2018. The empirical findings illustrate that all variables are significant except for renewable energy in oil-exporting countries. Trade openness and carbon emission have a significant and negative association with innovation, GDP, energy use, foreign direct investment, and oil price have a significant and positive relationship with innovation in oil-exporting countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid urbanization, migration from rural to urban areas and industrialization since 1950s, need and demand for energy is ever-increasing in Turkey. For Turkey, who is importing approximately 75 percent of the demanded energy; external dependence, the expenditure of the income from exports for the energy imports, threaten the energy security. To address the mentioned goals of minimizing external dependence, Turkey has accelerated the creation and implementation of policies on alternative energy resources and the efficient use of energy starting from 2000s. Accordingly, these legal arrangements and related actions cannot be carried out adequately enough by central government bodies and their provincial units alone. Approximately 93 percent of the population in Turkey today is living within municipal boundaries, of which 77.6 percent live in metropolitan municipalities boundaries, local governments have a great deal of responsibilities related to energy supply and efficiency, as well as the realization of the energy policies that can be accelerated from part to whole and from local to center. The main purpose of this study is to determine the energy-related political activity areas of local governments and to contribute to the development of a new political dialogue which engage all related stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]