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The first quarter of the 19th century represents an important period that involved great changes in the political arena regarding the Russian Turks. The 1905 Russian Revolution was the main reason for the revival of an inexperienced reformist generation in this field. The political movements that started right before the Revolution gained momentum with the declaration of the October 17 Manifesto and continued until the October Revolution. Tsar Nicholas II's decision to open the Duma prompted Russian Turks, who had been oppressed for centuries regarding political, religious, and national fields and were accepted as second-class citizens by the administration, to express their need for a constitutional order. Thus, the Jadid intellectuals in the political field directed Russian Turks through the magazines and newspapers they published by taking advantage of the freedom of press. With the alliances Russian Turks formed and the meetings they held, they raised their society's awareness in the political arena, and they prepared with great hope for the Dumas period in Tsarist Russia. However, the closure of the First Duma by the tsar's edict before being able to meet their expectations led to a break in the Russian Turks view of the future of the Duma and constitutional order in Russia. Opinions were expressed in press organs about the First Duma's closure and what constitutional administration meant for the Russian Turks, with the tsar and the government being directly criticized. This study aims to answer how Russian Turks had reacted to the closure of the First Duma through the Idel-Ural periodicals and reveal what the constitutional government meant for Russian Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first attempts at a constructed language to create a common and universal language, in particular Volapük (1879) and Esperanto (1887) in the last quarter of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, had wide repercussions in the world press. The Ottoman press was also not indifferent to this popular topic, with articles and books being written on the subject such as books about Volapük and Esperanto that were translated into Ottoman Turkish during the years when they were in demand all over the world. The purpose of this article is to introduce the works that occurred in the Ottoman press regarding these constructed languages, most of which have not been translated into modern Turkish, and to describe the approach Ottoman intellectuals took toward these languages that they described as lisân-ı umûmî [the language of public life]. For this purpose, the study focuses on six books from the Ottoman press and five articles from the journal Servet-i Fünûn that were published between 1893-1917 on constructed languages. Upon examining these works, the Ottoman intellectuals are seen to have had positive views about constructed languages, to have claimed them to be easily and quickly learned and to belong to any nation, to have introduced them as the key to peace, and to have described them as neutral, which offered a solution to the problems caused by the lack of those able to speak a foreign language in a world that was getting smaller and smaller alongside the technological developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new world order that emerged after the First World War put the future of the Ottoman Empire at risk. Following the Mondros Armistice Agreement, many regions of the country were occupied by the members of the Entente States. Local press in Trabzon was formed in the second half of the 19th century. During the period from the beginning of the National Struggle to the publication of Istikbal Newspaper, there were various newspapers published by non-Muslims in Trabzon as well as anti-National Struggle newspapers owned by Turkish people. İstikbal Newspaper, which was first published in 1918 by Faik Ahmet Barutçu, became influential in the region with its pro-National Independence publication policy. The newspaper objected to those who tried to show the establishment of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) as an act against the Ottoman administration. In this regard, the newspaper put forward legitimate reasons such as the occupation of Istanbul, the center of caliphate and reign, Ottoman administrators who were stripped of power to rule, and the dire need for the nation to be self-governing. Criticizing the wrong policies of the Damat Ferit Pasha Government, Istikbal Newspaper highlighted that the Turkish nation would not rebel against the caliph and the sultan. The newspaper that stated the formation of the new Assembly in Ankara was essential, also addressed the ceremonies to be performed on April 23, 1923. In addition to the articles describing religious sensitivities on the opening day of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, information was provided on the election of deputies to attend the Turkish Grand National Assembly as well. At a time when the press was gaining importance as a propaganda tool, İstikbal Newspaper contributed to the country's unity and solidarity as well as to the success in the regional and national struggle through its publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the War of Independence the press played a great role in diverting and creating a public opinion. During the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal Pasha prioritised the presence of the press and media, and performed great efforts to ensure its presence aside the Kuvâ-yı Milliye (National Forces). He followed pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and varıous cities of Anatolia very closely, and saw them as a means to inform the public of the struggle that was taking place. Pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and Anatolia became a crucial part in gaining the support of national and international actors, as well as playing a great role in fulfilling its duty by correctly informing the public. One of the most important examples of the Anatolian press during the National Struggle Period was the Dertli newspaper in Bolu. The newspaper was published in the provincial printing house, and it informed and enlightened the public on the War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the provincial spokesmanship. The newspaper was published between 1919 and 1925. The Publisher of the newspaper was known as Deputy of Bolu to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, İlyaszade Şükrü Bey. The editor-in-chief of the weekly newspaper was Ali Saib Bey. The newspaper published news on the War of Independence, the early stages of the Republic, as well as news on politics, business and culture in Bolu and its surrounding provinces. The Dertli Newspaper is one of the outstanding examples of the Anatolian press, which has been kept up to the present day with its full collection. In this study, all the issues of the Dertli newspaper in the Hakki Tarik Us Collection will be reviewed, and the articles and news in the newspaper will be examined, and the data on staff, publication principles and policy of the newspaper will be evaluated. The study will be conducted using a qualitative research method based on document review and the contribution of the news and articles related to the War of Independence, and its contribution to the National Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abidin Dâver had been active as a journalist for almost a half century. The starting point of this article is defined as the examination of Abidin Dâver's literary life with respect to his written works inthe history of maritime and the naval history. Born in 1886, Abidin Dâver (d.1954) had been amongst the journalists, passionate with the sea, and dedicated his life to the ships and the naval history as well as the understanding of foreign cultures within the framework of travels abroad. His long literary life had reflected a high gusto. Known as the "civil or little admiral" along with some other titles referring to his high interests on the military affairs, Abidin Dâver had also been amongst the founders of the Galatasaray Sports Club. Aside from his works such as the Oppressed Prince Zizim (1909,) The Ship (1932), The Sea (1932), Turkish Maritime (1947), Barbaros Hayreddin Pacha (1954), he had also written a novel entitled as "The Novel of the Lieutenant". The study had applied to the periodicals such as Her Hafta (Every Week), Hollywood Dünyası (Hollwood World), Av ve Deniz (Hunt and the Sea), Deniz Mecmuası (The Sea Journal), Deniz Nakliyatı T.A.O. Bülteni (The Sea Transport Bulletin), the publication of the Chamber of Turkish Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Gemi Mecmuası (the Ship Journal). and the daily Cumhuriyet (Republic) and Ikdam newspaper as well as the digitalized archives of Taha Toros and Salt Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After entering World War I, the Ottoman Empire, which proclaimed Jihad al- Akbar, wanted to incite the Muslims of Caucasus, Turkestan, Iran, Afghanistan and India against the Russians and the British. Iran's geography which was de facto controlled by the British and Russians since 1907, seen as the bridgehead of this great plan. Therefore, in the framework of a comprehensive program that includes activities of espionage and gangs, efforts were made for this country to join the war as an ally of the Ottomans. The press had an important role in the propaganda section of these efforts. The newspapers in line with the government's directives were trying to provoke and convince the Iranian government to enter the war against the Russians and the British. They were mentioning that the Turkish troops who entered the northern Iran were not occupiers, but saviors against the Russians. They were encouraging the Shiites who were the majority of Iran's population which were also including three millions of Turks, to rebel alongside the Sunni Kurds by means of publishing fatwas given by Jafari ulama to support Jihad al-Akbar. These publications, which are the main source for historical studies of the period, unfortunately have not seen the interest they deserved until now, and generally kept in the background in comparison with archival documents and other sources. This study, which has tried to analyze the jihad policies of the Ottoman Empire towards Iran through the Ottoman press in the light of other sources of the period, aims to fill the gap to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The press has an exclusive place in the examination of Crimean Tatar Turks' culture since it has been not only a source of news but also informative about their lives. The first initiative in this realm was Tercuman, which was established by Ismail Gaspirali. Along with Tercuman, there were some other periodicals established by Crimean Tatar Turks. A number of these periodicals concentrated on specific fields. In this sence, the paper focuses on one of these periodicals, the journal of Okuv İşleri which was published at the beginning of 20th century as a pedagogy journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soon after the Declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy on July 24th 1908, in the Ottoman Empire, there appeared numerous newly printed magazines and newspapers in a great freedom atmosphere that they performed an important function for illuminating the Ottoman public and raising the level of knowledge and culture of its people. One of the newspapers published in this period was Tonguç [Tonghidje]. Only 36 issues were published from 24 February 1909 to 1 April 1909 by Mirza Sait Bey and also followed very closely, and with a great interest, in territories like places where Crimean Turks living in Romania, where the Muslim Turks were largely settled. Literary genres, such as a series of articles, poetry, letters, as well as summary reports related to Europe, Balkans and Islamic World were also published in the newspaper. In addition, in order to increase the level of knowledge and culture of people, news and topics, health, agriculture, gardening and farming were published in the newspaper. Magazines and newspapers were very important in order to understand the era from the Declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy to the New Republic. The newspaper Tonguç had important functions to unify and shed light to the press history of Ottoman Era. In other words, Tonguç could be seen as a mirror reflecting the problems of the public facing inside and outside of the Ottoman Empire. With this article the Tonguç as one of the the newspapers introduced after the Declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy, was studied very first time and evaluated what it had meant for Müslim Turks in Romanian territories at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdulhamid II succeded to the throne in a period of time when the Ottoman State was under stagnation and disintegrating. He took measures in domestic policy and foreign affairs in order to prevent this process. Since the time he was a young prince he recognized both the internal adversaries and the foreign rivals attempting for dissolution of the state well and did not hesitate to act unreservedly in order to protect both himself and the state. However Abdulhamid's actions for coping with his enemies attracted much negative response and the number of opponents increased in due course. Knowing the fate of his predecessors who tried to turn over the course of adverse events, he established an spy network in order to identify his friend and foes. Espionage reports enabled him to ferret out numerous assassination attempts plotted by domestic rivals or foreign organizations. Assassination plots which are very few in number that are brought to action were disposed of with the aid of intense security measures. Also some inconveniences of this espionage establishment from false reports of the informers with the hope of receiving superior ranks or financial awards occurred which heavily burdened the government. European press did not abstain from the news of allegedly committed assassinations of Abdulhamid and frequently published fabricated reports on this subject. These reports were refuted promptly because of the presence of either financial and political concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of religion is one of the most important spiritual values used in wars. It attributes a sacred meaning to wars. Thus, the army has been fighting with a greater enthusiasm. Moreover, the people are integrated and identified with the army. This motivating effect of religion over the wars has been accepted by all states in the world. Therefore, somehow all states have excessively utilized the phenomenon of religion in wars. The Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) also was aware of this phenomenon from the beginning of the National Struggle. The phenomenon of religion was used in Inönü wars and Sakarya war. It was tried to get the support of Turkish nation and also the whole Islamic world. In particular, the press had become an important tool in achieving this revival of the religious feelings. Thus, not only by Turks, all of the Islamic World gave financial and moral support to the Great Offensive. The phenomenon of religion contributed to victory in the Great Offensive in terms of financial, moral and political aspects. In this study it will be examined the impacts of the Islamic religion on the Great Offensive. The newspaper and magazine archives and the state archival documents are going to be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]