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Rize, which is a coastal city located on the borders of the Eastern Black Sea Region, is one of the cities that attract attention with its topographic structure, climate, vegetation, as well as historical and cultural heritage. It is thought that the history of the region, with limited information about prehistoric periods, goes back to the Lower Paleolithic period. Rize, which was home to several states and empires in the historical process, was conquered in 1461 and joined the Ottoman lands. The region, which grew and developed under the Ottoman rule, was first made part of the Batumi Sanjak and then the Trabzon Sanjak. With the conquest of Rize by the Ottomans, the Muslim people were settled in this geography and parallel construction activities started. During the period from 1461 to 1923, several structures were built in the region. In addition, educational activities were carried out to train people of the region. In this process, several scholars emerged in Rize as in other cities of Anatolia. After the death of these people, who directed and influenced the public in the region where they lived, their tombs were built by their relatives and the local people. Although the number of tombs in Rize is low, it is noteworthy that there are mausoleums belonging to the three people who are the subject of the research. Another detail is that the mausoleums are built in a plain and simple manner. The evaluation of these mausoleums belonging to Hasan Dede, Süleyman Dede and Süleyman Vehbi Efendi and the information about these historical figures form the basis of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of containing both religious and non-religious works, Old Uyghur represents an important branch of historical Turkic languages. Its religious works are translations of texts related to deverse religous environments such as Buddhism, Manihaism and Nestorian Christianity. The largest share in terms of literary sources among these religions belongs to Buddhism. Buddhism has an important place in Old Uyghur literature with its many schools and many works related to Buddhist literature. This paper is about the edition of three fragments related to Old Uyghur of a commentary of Cheng weishi lun. Fragments edited here are preserved at the Turfan Collection, in the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences under the archive numbers Mainz 802-1 (fragment b) (T I D 1), Mainz 802-2 (fragment b) (T I D 2) and U 1342. These fragments form the 2nd and 3rd leaves of Old Uighur translation of a commentary of Cheng weishi lun, which is the 21st chapter of an Old Uyghur handwritten manuscript consisting of at least thirty chapters in the Berlin Turfan Collection. In this paper, it will be presented the transcription and transliteration of Old Uyghur text, translation into Turkish, textual notes, and a glossary with analytical index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life of Edhem Ruhi Balkan, who was one of the unknown figures of the Young Turks, the opponents of Sultan Abdulhamit II’s absolute power, in the empire and abroad, and his continuous political opposition to either Sultan Abdulhamit II or the Bulgarian governments for the rights of Muslim Turkish minority, are going to be discussed in this paper. His main instrument for this political opposition was his Balkan newspaper. Balkan, which was published by Edhem Ruhi in Plovdiv, was struggling for a constitutional regime in the Ottoman Empire on one hand and for the rights of the Muslim Turkish minorty in Bulgaria on the other hand. His efforts against the absolute regime of the Sultan and the pressures of the Bulgarians on the Muslim Turkish minority in Bulgaria put him in a different position in the Young Turk movement. In this paper, first, the characteristics of Balkan newspaper and the articles of Edhem Ruhi in this newspaper was analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falih Rıfkı Atay was a well respected Turkish writer and journalist, and one of founding elites of Modern Turkey. In this paper, we shall examine his memoir Zeytindağı within the framework three concepts: subject, power and identity. Here, we aim to illuminate how he constructed his own identity. We will look at the text in its respective historical, ideological, and literary discourses. We also will discuss the connection between autobiographical narratives and power, and show that such texts are a means for the writer to establish themselves as a subject of power. Later, we will look at Falih Rıfkı's distance from the power structures of the past, and his attitude towards the dominant ideology at the time. Our preliminary findings reveal that he coded his work, divided it into themes, and arranged it in such a way that it would serve the purposes of the founding ideology of Modern Turkey. They also demonstrate how memoirs can very much be part of the actuality in which they are written, even though they are retrospective in nature as a literary genre. Likewise, we've also come to the conclusion that memories can be read both as identity narratives, and how though them, the author can serve the continuity of the discourses of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cruise tourism is growing in popularity. Currently, the Mediterranean Region stands as the second most visited destination by cruise lines, following the Caribbean. However, the Black Sea has lots to offer in terms of potential as well. Six countries border along it, and all have ports that visited by cruise ships. Türkiye has 25 such ports - the city-provinces of Trabzon, Sinop, Samsun, and Bartın being particularly popular. This paper aims to delve deeper into this particular topic, and offer ideas about where and how Türkiye could improve. for the improvement of the current potential. We've used both quantitative and qualitative data based on field research that involved travel and observation in Trabzon and Samsun. We also conducted a literature as well to access national and international statistics. Our findings show us that Türkiye's Black Sea offer sufficient potential for cruise tourism, but international issues (e.g. the Russia-Ukraine crisis) as well as domestic issues (e.g. terror acts or infrastructural inadequacies) prevent that potential from being tapped. Hence, we feel that effort needs to be made in order to render the Black Sea safe for cruise lines. Other improvements that ought to be made concern the urban qualities, technical, and operational infrastructure required for cruise tourism in and around ports. The same goes for advertising and branding as well in order to cruise to the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of studies on the "historical geography" discipline, which is developing in Turkey, is phenomenally finite. Especially, studies on the historical geography of Anatolia in the Middle Ages are very limited. For this reason, it is important to determine and evaluate the sources concerning the historical geography of Anatolia in the Middle Ages. The aim of this study is to determine that Danishmend Gazi Epic can be used as a historical geography source. Because our country of the sources of the historical geography is very limited regarding the Middle Ages of Anatolia, especially concerning the periods when Anatolia was conquered by the Turks. As a result, the knowledges of geographical features about the period are insufficient. Danishmend Gazi Epic has been discussed in many studies in the light of literature and history. however, the epic has not been evaluated with regard to historical geography till now. İn this paper, It will be given the information regarding the geographical features of the Central Black Sea region (especially the provinces of Tokat, Amasya, Çankırı and Çorum) based on the Danishmend Gazi Epic between XI.-XIII. centuries. Danishmend Gazi Epic gives significant information concerning the physical and human geography especially earthquakes, floods, plant species, important settlements, place names, physical conditions of settlements, topography of settlements, plant and animal species. Danishmend Gazi Epic between XI.-XIII. centuries with the study. These datas indicate us that Danismend Gazi Epic to can be used as a source about the historical geography of Anatolia in the Middle Ages, when the resources were limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Talafar Turkmen dialect, upon which no known research exists beyond one fifty-year old paper by Sadettin Buluç, is unique among other Iraqi Turkmen dialects. It has preserved features both from Old Turkic and from Southeastern Turkic languages (e.g. ağrığ < agrıg "ache, pain, illness"; teki < teg, tegi "like, to, till"), as well as because it at times resembles Gaziantep dialect (e.g. siye < sana "to you, at you"). Perhaps the most important feature of this dialect however, with its sound exhibition of palatal harmony, is the /ŋ/ to /y/ phonemic shift (e.g. birtükiŋ > verduğuy, "what you gave", köŋül > göyül "heart, soul", soŋra > soyra "later, after"). This paper will examine haplology, vowel mutation, consonant change(s), germination, consonant assimilation, the use of the word "bile" as a personal and reflexive pronoun, and different morphological varients within noun and verb inflection. This paper will also take a look at how Anatolian Turkish is re-shaping the Talafar Turkmen dialect because of reasons such as increased contact between the two languages and migration. Interviews conducted with Iraqi Turkmens living in Ankara comprise of the primary linguistic resource for this study. Two additional resources, including Rıza Çolakoğlu's Telafer Folkloru (Talafar Folklor), as well as Ahmet T. Tiryaki and Füsun Menşure's Muhaceretteki Telaferli Türkmen Şairler Antolojisi (The Anthology of Displaced Talafar Turkmen Poets) have also been drawn from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old Uyghur, a branch of the historical Turkic languages, is an important period in which religious and non-religious texts are produced and contains the vocabulary relating to various concepts. The vocabulary studies on historical Turkic languages do not only give information about the geography and culture of the languages studied; they also shed light on the social and economic life of that period. These texts, which contain the terms on many subjects such as agriculture, husbandry, household items, musical instruments, etc., are among the source of language and cultural studies. For this reason, analyzing the content of written sources and determining their vocabulary helps to draw the historical and geographical boundaries of that culture. In this context, this paper aims to prepare a study on the terms of physical geography documented in religious and non-religious texts in Old Uyghur. The terms of physical geography in this paper have been studied in two subtitles of Terms of Natural Resources and Structural Geomorphology Terms. In addition, Terms of Natural Resources, the first part of the paper, consists of four sections: Forests, Mountains, Hills; Soil; Water Resources and Continent. The second part of the paper, Structural Geomorphology Terms consists of two sections: Fluvial Geomorphology Terms and Coastal Geomorphology Terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kırşehir is one of the important crossroads and passageways in Anatolia; In this respect, it has become one of the centers where different elements of Turkish culture meet, melt and distill. In this geography, great events ranging from the Seljuks to the Ilkhanians, from the principalities to the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, from great revolts to constructivism and state establishment have been experienced. Şeyh Edebalı, who made and kneaded the will that founded the Ottoman State, is a person of these places. The pioneers of the Babâî revolts emerged from these lands, Âşık Paşa who was the son of those pioneers, participated in the foundation of the Ottoman, and historian Aşıkpaşaoğlu was nearby Yavuz in Chaldoran, Marjedabik and Rhidâniye. Within this paper, it will be put with examples that the state of separation in Old Turkish, which is a language feature reflected in this historical,geographik and social structure, is met with the presence of the suffix. Besides; the words such as samağır/samağar; tuhran/tufran

The recognition of a mythological "being" - or, more specifically, a mythological "element" - helps us reveal the historical psychology of a given society, its understanding of being, its philosophy, and the origins of actions in the cause-and-effect relationship. Standing mountains, flowing springs, rain falling on the earth, natural elements, and order of the world all affect a society's life-death relationship. The same goes for eating habits, hunting, moral rules, and - above all - mythological figures, as well. Since the dawn of time, people have believed that their households and all they contain (stoves, barns, etc.) have embodied "other wordly" beings, and that they cohabitate with them. In the Turkic context, one such an example is Bichura. In this paper, we will examine Bichura's external (physical traits, action sequence, mythological status) and internal (psychology, sympathy) structures. In both written and oral sources, Bichura can take the form of either black and white spirits (iyes, a mischievous inhabitant of the house it enters). Among the Tatars and Bashkirs, Bichura is moody and capricious. It likes to annoy people. It brings wealth upon any house it lives in, and poverty upon any house it leaves. Whist its mythological position is unclear, it is neither totally feared (like underground black spirits), nor is is it heavenly and good either. Beyond that, we will also attempt to reveal when Bichura first made an appearance in Turkic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition of minstrelsy is not only the representation of the social memory of Anatolia but also its cultural diversity and richness. This art, which was shaped through the experiences of hundreds of years with a unique tradition, reflected the life of the time, its perspective on life, ethic and aesthetic values, appealing to large communities. In this context, the tradition of Minstrelsy brought up hundreds of minstrels who attempted to produce a work of art on their own fields. Develili Âşık Seyrânî is one of them. Âşık Seyrânî, who was born in Develi (formerly named as Everek) district of Kayseri province in 1800 (H. 1215), is one of the leading figures in folk poetry. In his poems, he sometimes described a beloved one or yearnings for her, and sometimes he reflected the unlawfulness in the society. Seyrânî also wrote poems that particularly glorify the spiritual personalities of famous religious figures. Therefore, having a wide content in his poems, Seyrânî sang pleasantly all of this mentality in poems that were written in syllabic meter and aruz prosody. Although his poems written in aruz prosody are problematic concerning the rhythm, rhyme, and redif, they have a large content. Additionally, his poems compiled in aruz prosody were not kept off the aesthetic pleasure and arts, and he enriched his poems through referencing the verses of the Qur'an in sufistic subjects he handled. In this regard, the poet demonstrated his artistry through combining the common grounds of folk poetry and Ottoman poetry. In this paper, initially the personality and life of Âşık Seyrânî will be examined and his verse quotations will be discussed in his poems written in aruz prosody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that Russia has long been the target of reaching warm seas through the Black Sea. For the first time, a planned operation was made during the Tsar I.Petro era. In the years following the Second Siege Of Vienna, the Ottomans continued to struggle on various fronts. Since the majority of the Ottoman soldiers were on the Austrian front, it could not be expected to send enough forces here. As a matter of fact, in 1696 Russia took the fortress of Azov which was at a very strategic point in the Black Sea. Russia reaches on the Black Sea, it would become a serious threat for the Ottomans. The first target of the Ottomans, who understood this reality very well, tried to restricted he Russians in the Azov ea. For this purpose, the fortresses in the Crimea and Taman peninsula maintenanced and repaired. Also fortresses have been reinforced. In additionly, Ottomans have built new fortresses at strategic points in order to control the Kerch Strait. One of these strongholds was the fortress of Acu. In this paper, the strategic importance of the fortress of Açu in 1697, the repair and maintenance activities of the castle until 1711 and the state of the military forces in the castle will be examined. Additionally, the effects of closing the passages from the Sea of Azov to the Kuban River on the Russian menace will be perused. Hence, with the construction of the Acu Castle it will be seen that the passage to the Taman Peninsula from the Kuban River was prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kazan Oghuznāmeh is a variant of the Arabographic Oghuznāmeh manuscripts which, according to the tradition in Turkology, is called in this way due to the place where it has been found. The work intended to be a narrative about the Afshar, according to its content, however if to remove the passages about the Afshars embedded sporadicadically to the text it turns out that it is a sort of "collage" from different historiographical source in Turkic. On the other and, this very fact also misleads researchers, mainly in terms of clarifying the localization of the manuscript and determining the linguistics features of its text. The manuscript does not contain precise information about when, where, by and for whom it was written. However, the historical events of the time of Timur Shah Durrānī's second ruler of Durrānī dynasty, until the time of Nimatullah Khan, son of Rahmatullah Khan, who holds the administration of Andhoy, give a clue that the work should have written in the domain of the Afshars, who settled in South Turkestan (in present north Afghanistan). In this paper, the author aims not only to determine the date of the composition of the manuscript but also to establish which linguistic geography of Turkic it may belong to. The author also argues on the question of whether this manuscript can be classified as original work and questions the reliability of its author intensions pointing at different moments in the text that a historical author can mislead a contemporary researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having appeared in ancient eras, personal names are significant cultural codes which reflect the traditions and national-cultural values of the communities. These names, giving some clues about the life style of a nation, provide us with an idea about religious and political views of that community. Each nation has its own typical naming tradition. This tradition has developed in a different direction in Russia in comparison with Turkic customs. Except individual exceptions, all official Russian personal names are based on church Slavic canon, so they have Byzantium-Ancient Greek origins. Till the end of the 19th century, given names to the new-born babies were determined within the frame of Orthodox church canon. In 1905 the church started to lose its privilege. Limitation for name-giving was removed with the October Revolution (1917). Right after socialist regime was actualized in the country, the names to be given to the Soviet citizens were requested to be exactly new and convenient to the official ideology, so the government took important steps in this direction. Following the revolution, the duration between 1920s and 1930s was a new period in which a great number of newly-derived and lexically-borrowed personal names entered Russian vocabulary. In this paper, it is aimed to study historical, thematic, semantical and morphological aspects of these new personal names specific to the Soviets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses energy security promotion, one of the most significant aspects of state building in BiH, in the framework of the concept of state building in connection with the state building actor in the country, the EU. Following the description of state building, energy security and Dayton Peace Agreement; it identifies three fundamental problems in the energy security building in BiH. First, it exposes how the "state within state" condition leads to fragmented and disharmonious energy policy choices and outcomes in the state building in BiH. Second, and emanating from the factor above, it dwells on the creation of additional problems emanating from the establishment of independent cooperation in the oil and natural gas sectors by the two entities (Federation and Bosnian Serb Republic/Republika Srpska) with their respective old, established external partners, in the state building process. Third, it exemplifies via the Chinese case that the state building, manifesting long duration and stagnation, will result in the possibility of the involvement of foreseeen or unforeseen actors in the process. In the final analysis, it acknowledges the necessity on the part of the EU to offer unilateral concessions in the energy security aspect of the state building in BiH and offers certain future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the weakening of the Golden Horde state, the Crimean Khanate was founded in the mid-fifteenth century. Starting in 1475, the Crimean Khanate came under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire until the Küçük Kaynarca Treaty was signed at the end of the Ottoman Russian War in 1774. Crimea was annexed and the Crimean Khanate was abolished by Russian Empire in 1783. After the annexation, the Crimean Tatars started to migrate to the Ottoman Empire. These migrations especially increased after the Crimean War (1853-1856). The Crimean Tatars who deported to the Central Asia and Siberia after World War II, however, obtained right to repatriate to their homeland in 1989. This paper focuses on the interaction of the Crimean Tatars with other ethnic groups both in Central Asia during the deportation years and in Crimea following their return to the homeland, and the impact of interaction with other ethnic groups on the Crimean Tatars' ethnic identity and culture is examined. In this paper, a constructionist approach is adopted, with special attention given to the role of interaction with different cultures and state policies in shaping ethnic and cultural identities. Emphasizing the necessity of distinguishing ethnic and national identities from cultural identity, I argue that 'hybridity', as one of the new concepts aiming to challenge static and essentialist approaches to ethnicity and culture, is more useful in explaining cultural content rather than the notion of the ethnic boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the gender regime of the Black Sea Region. Aiming at understanding the women's social status, it centers on the data regarding women's participation in education and employment and also examines women's position within the family. With this regard, drawing upon the statistics gathered by the Turkish Statistics Institution (TUİK) in the region, this paper explores the social status of women in the Black Sea Region compared to their male counterparts in the region and to women's general social status around the whole country. Descriptive and critical methods are used as the main analysis methods throughout the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mawlid as a term comes to mean 'the birthplace and the birthday'. Mawlid, which is evaluated as a poetical type during Old Anatolian Turkish, is the name given to the works that are mostly written in verse and in the form of a mathnawi and it has the characteristics of Prophet Muhammad's birth, his ascension and his miracles. Mawlid texts begin with the poetry of God's oneness and greatness, invocation, and the poem praising the Prophet Muhammad. This paper aims to present in Latin alphabet transcription, the orthographic characteristics and linguistic analysis of the mawlid text written by Emīrī, who is accepted as a 15th century poet in various anthologies. The only known copy of Mawlid by Emīrī is currently located in the Süleymaniye Manuscript Library in Istanbul and carries the identification number of Ayasofya 3821/3. Hitherto unpublished mawlid text is among the folios 31b-45b of the work in which it is bound and is composed of 15 folios. It was written in naskh style with vowel point of the Arabic script, each of the page contains 13 lines. The mawlid text in question consists of 345 couplets and 4 poetries composed of three verses written in the ramal meter. Since another copy could not be determined, this manuscript for the transciption of the text is taken as a basis. Although the text has no date regarding when it was copied, it is determined that the manuscript has linguistic characteristics of Old Anatolian Turkish in the light of linguistic points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of proxy warfare became intense foci of international relations after the war in Syria which has been continuing since 2011, and the crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Both conflicts have been regarded as a global competition between the West, especially the US, and Russia rather than a regional competition between. However, conflicts between Russia-Georgia in 2008, which has not been regarded as proxy warfare, also has characteristics of the proxy warfare. Therefore, this article analyzes the crisis within the theory of proxy warfare, which emerged during the Cold War as the most prevalent method of competition between the US and the former Soviet Union. The paper argues that the process that led to the warfare and the warfare itself present example of proxy warfare between the West, especially the US and NATO, and Russia for global hegemony, rather than a regional war between Russia and Georgia, and that its result will affect not just Eurasia but security world-wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qashqai Turks are a Turkish nomadic community living in the south of Iran. They come third in terms of population in the Turkish communities living in Iran after Azerbaijani Turks and Turkmens. They have been abandoning the nomadic life in the last thirty years. Data collection in the Qashqai field was carried out for almost two months in line with the topic of the paper, which provided data regarding the Qashqai culture and the modern Qashqai Literature.This paper, which deals with the periods of Qashqai literature from the beginning to date and the important Qashqai poets, provides information on the Qashqai poets recorded from the 19th century . It especially deals with the importance of the great poet whose pseudonym was Ma'zun for the Qashqai society, the impact of Şehriyar on Qashqai poetry after Ma’zun and examples of poems by the modern Qashqai poets. Furthemore, this paper, which aims to some degree to outline the thematic framework of the modern Qashqai poetry, provides the readers with the sample texts and the characteristics of the poems by the most famous poets in Qashqai society such as Hüseyin Ali Kaimi, Mensur Şah Muhammedi and Mahmud Kaviyani. Moreover, this study deals with the difficulties that one might encounter, the living Qashqai poets, the relationship of the new generation that started to live in cities with the Qashqai language within the framework of the data collected and observations done in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term security derived from the Latin word "secura (se+cura)" and allegedly utilised by Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) for the first time generally portends the abstention from threats and dangers. Security, which is one of the prominent objectives and duties of the state, has been expressed amid controversies as national-security since the structuring of the nation-state phenomenon. The United States of America (USA) which frames its national security through National Security Strategy Documents has shared its most recent paper with the public in December 2017. Even though the document did not explicitly cover the Black Sea and Turkey, it laid out strategic perspectives regarding Russia's global challenge and revisionist attempts, nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles, freedom of the seas, energy and economic security that deeply enamour the Black Sea. Against the backdrop of NATO and regional strategies as well as relations with Russia, the document perceived Turkey as one of the friendly and allied nations. In this regard, Turkey is a key ally for cooperation against threats and confrontations the US will face in its struggle for maintaining global leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juliusz Słowacki is considered to be the master of the Polish drama. During the forty years of his short life, he had witnessed many significant historical events that he reflected in his verse novels. His threeact work called Kordian has gained an important place in Polish literature of the Romantic period. The drama, in which the rule of three unities is ignored and the realistic events intertwine with the surrealistic ones, takes its name from the main character called Kordian as well. Act 1 tells about Kordian's love affair. It turns out to be an unrequited love, which leads the protagonist to a failed suicide attempt. In Act 2, he travels across Europe. This particular journey should be seen from the perspective of the fact that no one in Europe was interested in the fate of Poles forced to live in servitude. Following his successive disappointments, the main character goes through a change at the peak of Mont Blanc and becomes an entirely new Kordian. As it can be seen in most of the works of that period in Polish literature, Kordian turns to be a character putting the independence of his nation above all. Thus, fighting against the enemy becomes his passion afterwards. The reason is that the aim of the Romantic ideology in Poland was to preserve the national values. As a consequence, in Act 3 Kordian joins a group organising an assassination attempt on the tsar. In this paper, Kordian's personality, his change and fight against the Russian tsar will be examined within the characteristics of literature of the period. Also, the Polish and the Latin meaning of the protagonist's name will be analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tsardom of Muscovy paid tribute to the Crimean Khanate, too, as to its predecessor Golden Horde. If the tsars fail in paying, it was a casus belli and the Crimean cavalry used to reply with punitive raids. The tributes were called in a few way, and its amount changed directly in accordance with the balance of power between Muscovy and the Khanate. One of the tributes the Russians had to pay was the "tiş/tiyiş" tax. This term frequently occurs in diplomatic documents and has been subject to scholarly debates since the 19th century. This paper aims at elaborating this interesting tax, which was one of the prominent sources of income for the Crimean Khanate during the 16th and 17th centuries. Besides, walrus was popular in the Ottoman Empire, too, as a significant commercial commodity from early ages on. Ottoman court records have a lot of documents mentioning about this exotic product. It seems walrus kept its importance also in the European market through centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The words 'salname' (or 'nevsal'), which in Turkish means annual or yearbook, derives from the in Persian 'sal' and 'name', meaning 'year' and 'letter'. Annuals are usually divided into two categories, public and private. Public annual usually pertain to the state, province, and ministry. The first Ottoman State annual was published in1847, and continued to be published until 1922. The first Ottoman provincial annual was published in Bosnia in 1283 (1866-67 CE), followed by those in Aleppo (1284 AH), Konya (1285 AH), Syria (1285 AH), and Danube (1285 AH). The last annual to be published within the Ottoman state appeared in Beirut between 1333 and 1335 AH (1915-1917 CE), and Bolu between 1337 and 1338 AH (1921 - 1922 CE). Ministry or official annuls were published between 1282 and 1326 AH (1865 - 1908 CE). Those published by a number of private institutions and individuals in the Ottoman State also fall into a group of special yearbooks. The first of these was titled "Turkey", and published by Ali Suavi in Paris 1288 AH (1871 CE). Those featuring the dates of specific events furthermore offer researchers a wide range of knowledge about the economic, political, military, and administrative structure of the Ottoman State generally, provincially, and privately. This paper focuses on the administrative structures of Bosnia according to one Bosnian-Ottoman annual written in 1283 AH (1866-67 CE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strabo of Amaseia is a geographer who lived between 64/63 BC-24 AD. His ancestors played important roles in the Kingdom of Pontus. Strabo’s work Geography consists of 17 books and gives detailed information about the world geography from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Indus River in the east. Strabo does not only provide geographical information, he also refers to cultural and historical events. His XIIth book is about the ancient situation of Amaseia and its vicinity also the topic of my paper. Strabo gives detailed information about Amaseia: “My city is situated in a large deep valley, through which flows the Iris River. Both by human foresight and by nature it is an admirably devised city, since it can at the same time afford the advantage of both a city and a fortress.” Then he gives information about settlements around Amaseia such as Amisos, the temple states of Zela and Komana. An intense urbanization activity began in the region after Pompey defeated Mithridates VI the king of Pontus in 64 BC. Pompey has also built a large network of roads connecting the cities while building many new cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of sustainable tourism has been used since 1990s. Today, sustainable tourism is supported by both developed and developing countries due to protection of environment, provision of social justice, increasing economic development, preservation of traditional cultures and transferring to the next generations. It is also accepted as an instrument for supplying the needs of the local community and for achieving the aims of improving living standards. Sustainable tourism has a key role for EU tourism policy that aims to maintain Europe's standing as a leading destination while maximising the industry's contribution to growth and employment and promoting cooperation between EU countries. As a candidate country, Turkey must transform its own tourism policy and sustainable tourism application compatible with EU standards and policies. Artvin province is a one of the most important destinations of Turkey due to its perfect landscape, rich plant and animal variety for sustainable tourism. It also has different inefficient alternative tourism forms that are also sustainable tourism types. On the other hand, Artvin has also very big potential to establish and/or to increase different sustainable tourism forms such as botanic tourism, bird watching tourism, hunting tourism, sport fishing, nature / mountain trekking, horse riding, cave tourism, bicycle tourism, plateau and festival tourism, river tourism, wildlife (fauna) observation, caravan tourism. This paper analyses and explains the sustainable tourism potential of the region in the framework of EU tourism policy and makes some suggestions to improve its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of mankind is almost same with the history of wars. Wars, occurred either in form of assault or defense, have been in essence one of the main tools used to protect national interests. Therefore, wars have constituted an important part in the evolution of international relations in centuries. The main purpose of both classical international theories, such as idealism, realism and neo-realism, and postpositivist theories, such as critical theory, constructivism, postmodernism and feminism, has been answering the question "how to provide international peace and security". However, war is not a static phenomenon. Therefore, transformation of war requires to revise and update previous analyses. This paper aims to analyze the structural change of international relations based on transformation of war. The transformation of war will be reviewed using the difference between old and new wars. Therefore, Russian hybrid war is selected as the example to understand the new war, and the content of "new wars" shaped by globalization will be analyzed based on Russian hybrid warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse information security and cyber war within the context of transformation of security in international relations. The first part of the article examines the importance of knowledge, information hierarchy, and the basic principles of information security. The second part highlights the evolution of warfare and the place of information warfare in its evolution. This paper also investigates cyber security and cyber wars and discusses the cyber wars in Estonia and Georgia. It concludes that cyber wars will high likely threaten the national security, become a national security issue and information security will become a center of gravity in the future wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academisian Sergi Jikia (1898-1993), who founded Georgian Turkologist School in the second quarter of the twentieth century has made the field of Turkic Studies one of the major branches of Georgian Oriental School with his intensive academic activities. His former diciples are conducting academic researches in the above mentioned field of Oriental Studies in major Geortgian higher educational institutions. One of the most prominent followers of Sergi Jikia is his former disiple Elizbar Javelidze (1938-). Javelidze, who started his academic activities in the first half of 60's, has covered fields of Turkish, Azerbaijani, Persian, Ozbek and Georgian Literatures. Following his teacher's advice, Elizbar Javelidze chose classic Turkish Literature as his field of expertise. He had conducted various original academic works on writers like Yunus Emre, Mevlânâ Celaleddin Rumî, Ruhî Bağdadî, Fuzulî and other major representatives of classical Turkish Literature. One of his major works concerning Turkish Literature is the work entitled Turkuli Poetika (Turkish Poetics, 1988) which is an important contribution to the Georgian Oriental Studies in general. Javelidzes translations from Turkic Languages into Georgian are also of an interest. His works are reffered to and quoted by many field experts. In the given paper we focus on Elizbar Javelidze's major works and finding in the field of Turkish Literature comparing them with the counterparts from the original Turkish Literature Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hamâmîzâde İhsan (1885-1948) who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was one of the last poets of our literature that poetized via the style of classical Ottoman poetry, on top of having collected poems. Criticism committed to paper about his literary work both during his era and post mortem stated that he was among important humorists of the era mentioned. He was specially praised for being intelligent, elegant and having humor-prone personality. In this article, his poems specially collected under the title of 'Humorous Poems'are going to be analyzed to demonstrate the poet's sense of humor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amasya has a long history and hosted to a lot of civilisation during this historical period. Therefore, the city is really like an open-air museum. In this city where buildings belong to almost every period exist, also wooden structures has been attracted attention. It is not known the year of construction of Amasya-Kaleköy Mosque which is included in the group of mosques with wooden columns, because there is not any inscriptions belong to the building. There is not any fieldwork about the metioned building, the building was dated to 18-19. century based on the building's fresco only in provence inventory. The building that is in the danger of extinction, is doomed. The purpose of this paper is to redate the building and at least to record the building before it goes out of existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism policy is a quite new policy for the European Union, unlike environment policy. As a candidate country, Turkey must adopt its own tourism and environment policies, plans and projects to EU's polices. This paper aims to analyse Green Way Plateau Tourism Project from the perspective of EU's policies. First, the definitions of plateau and plateau tourism and EU tourism polices, its political priorities are explained. Following, EU's environment policy and its principles are summarized. Afterwards Green Way Plateau Tourism Project is evaluated from the perspective of EU tourism and environment policies. In conclusion, the project does not correspond with priorities of EU tourism policy such as promoting the development of sustainable, re-sponsible, high-quality tourism and consolidating Europe's image as a collection of sustainable, high-quality destinations Moreover, the project does not harmonise with EU environment policy from the principles of precaution, prevention and rectifying pollution at source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the spatial arrangement is examined in the context of the right to use women in the city. First, the paper focuses on the historical development of the planning activity. Then, the organization of urban space is examined in the framework of planning activities. Subsequently, women's social status is evaluated in relation to space in the context of gender. In particular, the issues of gender-based spatial segregation is focused. Finally, women's right to use the city and decisiveness in the planning process are evaluated through the arrangement and organization space in Hopa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samsun is located within the Central Black Sea Region. It takes place between Yeşilırmak and Kızılırmak deltas. Samsun province is one of the most important settlements of the region not only geographically, but also historically and socially. Furthermore, Samsun also has a very special place within the Turkish national history. It symbolizes the beginning of the Turkish Independence Movement. Canik is one of the most populous and the most important districts of the Samsun province. According to the Official data of TSI, Canik has a population of 95.560 people within the year of the 2014. The size of the female population is 47.269 people. The remaining 48.291 are male. The age groups of the 15-19 and 30-34 constitute the largest age group within in the population of Canik. It has crucial importance to know the demographic structure of society in order to better understanding the social structure of the society and to take better decisions in the future. In light of this determination, it was aimed to analyse demographic structure of Canik within this paper. A sociological perspective was used to realise the aim. Official data of TSI were used as the main data source. The secondary data analysis and the archive research techniques were applied for the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Üsküdar, with a rooted history is one of the most important districts of İstanbul. Üsküdar was a province until 1926. It was became a district of İstanbul. It is located in the southeast of Istanbul Bosphorus coast. According to the 2014 data of TSI, its population is approximately 535.000. It was aimed to analyse the political structure of Üsküdar by using methods and techniques of political Sociology. The results of the local elections were used to realise the aim. In the other words the formation of political power in Üsküdar and the overall operation and changing regularities were investigated. The evaluation of socio-political structure of Üsküdar in relation with the political structure of the Turkish society from the early 1960's up to the present time was researched in this paper. The results of the Turkish local elections and general election in last 50 years were examined to realise the aims by using a structural-functionalist approach. According to the findings, there is an overwhelming superiority of the right wing across the Üsküdar. Although some seasonal differences in the proportional sense from past to present, the right political culture has been more effective in the political structure of the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory telling that in order to prevent the possible future crises and instabilities in countries and fully benefit from the liberalisation, the liberalisation should be conducted gradually, not rapidly and simultaneously, through an order including both internal-external and sectoral bases (real-financial) refers to the "sequencing of full liberalisation". In this paper, whether the sequencing of the liberalisation policies that were started to be implemented in Turkey in the 1980s is appropriate in terms of the sequencing literature, which is widely accepted, is tried to be shown by comparing the policies and implementations. For this, after the examining of the liberalisation policies implemented in Turkey, both their classification will be done in terms of internal and external bases and they will be put in a time order by evaluating them in terms of the dates on which they were conducted and eventually, by comparing such sequencing with the existing sequencing in the literature its evaluation will be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early years of the 20th century, are the times of Russo-Armenian collaboration in every field. This collaboration is reflected as the pressure against Turks in Azerbajian, forcing them to emigrate and kill them off. Difai Party rose as a result of these attacks on Turks. Although Difai Party frequently negotiated for peace with both Russians and Armenians, these peace calls of Difai Party went unheeded. In our paper, we studied establishment of this party and its activities in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many important changes were to be observed in the Russian Federation's foreign policy in the period starting with the collapse of the Soviet Union especially since 2000's with the Putin's coming to power; those changes are mentioned as "Putinism". Although the Russian foreign policy is still defined as pragmatic during the Putin's rule period, it is ideologically constructed on the basis of the concept of "Sovereign Democracy" that is a new page in the post-Soviet identity construction process evolving from Antlantisisme to Eurasianisme. The intellectual debates on the "Sovereign Democracy" are introduced in the Russian foreign policy discourse essentially through the Russian Federation Foreign Policy Concept. The concept constitutes in the same time the source of loyalty of the Russian reelpolitik towards the West especially the USA and of the Russian anti-globalist policies. The aim of this paper is to analyze the intellectual, normative an conceptual dimensions of the "Sovereign Democracy" phenomena that could serve to conceive on the one hand the foreign policy practice of the Russian Federation and on the other hand its dialectical relationships with the West in the circumstances of globalization. The critical discourse analysis of the "Sovereign Democracy" could allow us to better understand the current state in the Russian foreign policy's identity construction process. We will refer sometimes to the Russian reelpolitik in our study but the validity of this discourse will not be verified by the praxis. In this respect our research will be limited to the recent construction of the Russian foreign policy identity through the "Sovereign Democracy" discourse during the Putin's rule period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the fact that the driving force behind the establishment of the European Union is to guarantee cooperation concerning the main energy resources of the time that brought Europe into war, namely coal and steel, energy security is thought to be an issue of national security in Europe. Since natural gas and nuclear energy has become the fundamental energy resources, the European Union, far from self-sufficiency regarding unrenewable resources, has been the major energy importer of the world. As Russia emerges as the major supplier of the European states, the stability of Eurasia has vital importance for the EU. In this sense, the crisis situation in Ukraine which has a key position in the transportation of energy and plays a key role in energy interdependency between the EU and Russia, makes the EU reconsider its energy security strategy. Building on such necessity, this paper primarily deals with the impact of Ukrainian crisis on the EU energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Asian Turks have left indelible prints behind for the history of politics, state and civilization by taming the horse, which takes part also in the twelve animal calendars. According to their epics and legends, they gave names to their horses before giving names to their children. They regarded them as their faithful friends, and carried the equine culture from Central Asia to Anatolia. Today, wild horse herds are still living in different regions and cities in Anatolia such as Karaman, Afyonkarahisar, Manisa Spil Mount, Kayseri Erciyes, Samsun and in the Sarıkum region on the Sinop-Ayancık way. In the latter place, too, wild horses are born and roam freely in the countryside, as in Central Asia. They were left to the nature as modern vehicles replaced them in transportation. Those horses, freed at the beginning of the 1980s, are known as 'Yahya's horses' among the local people. They started to run wild while living in the nature, and their number has reached 200 within a short time. As the road between Sinop and Ayancık passes through Sarıkum, where the wild horses live, they sometimes cause traffic accidents while crossing the road. Because of the worries of people in the region, it is said that they were taken to an unknown place by lorries and trucks. Today their number is around 30- 40. In this paper, attention was drawn to the presence and touristic and economic potential of those horses. Besides, importance of horse and equine culture terminology is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Needlework, a significant and distinct handcraft for cultures of societies, means simply the surface produced by looping and knotting the yarn on the top with the help of needle. Needlework is natural and stylized as if copying the nature, with its two or three dimensional forms of knotted surface. Those kinds of products are usually called in accordance with natural names, and have aesthetical value that may be applied to other areas. Needlework that requires much patience, and that is among original handcrafts of the Ordu province, has gained other functions, and is used not only to decorate scarves, but also to produce touristic souvenirs such as rings, earrings, bracelets, pendants, brooches and accessories like key chain. Needlework products of the Ordu province contribute to development of social and economical life, and constitute an appropriate environment for the emergence of artistic samples. Aim of this study is to find out kinds and styles of needlework in the region, being an important component of the regional cultural heritage, and to develop ideas in order to advertize them in international milieu in the use of textile creations. Thus, the authors contacted with those people dealing with it, and the obtained samples were recorded and visualized. Inspired by those samples, we produced some creations of women clothes, which are given at the end of the paper. One of those designs was sewn as a sample product. This study, dealing with applying Ordu region needlework products to design of clothes, aims at transmitting a significant item of our cultural heritage to the next generations, and offers new perspectives to fashion designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moldova is an ex-Soviet country in the southestern part of Europe between Romania and Ukraine. Historical Moldovia or 'Kara Bogdan' in the Ottoman terminology, became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 16th century. As a result of Turkish-Russian War 1806- 1812, east Moldovia was annexed to Russia and re-named Bessarabia by the Russian rulers. Moldovans and Romanians share same language and a common cultural heritage. This 'tiny' and 'poor' country choosed its path towards the European Union and Romania against opposition of Pro-Russian circles and Transnistrian separatist movement supported by the Russia Federation. In this paper contemporary Moldova's recent social and political stuation will be examined briefly at the historical background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Black Sea Region and Black Sea Synergy initiated by the European Commission in 2007 are discussed in terms of security and defence policies that have been occupying the Union's agenda in expost Cold War period. Good neighbourhood relations the European Union has maintained since 2004 are managed in accordance with the European Neighbourhood Policy, which the EU pursues with a view to deriving security, political and economic benefits and to putting them at the disposal of the member states. In that regard the EU has identified Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa and Black Sea Region as areas that are of importance to the union. With Romania and Bulgaria's accession and Turkey's membership to the Union, the EU's border with Black Sea Region expanded, which aroused the need for making new strategies and policies in the fields of politics and security. Issues such as energy pipelines running to Europe via Turkey and human trafficking have been subjects that the EU has attributed great importance lately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post - Soviet states, who are in transition process after the collapse of USSR, have economical, political and security challenges in this process. Bilateral and regional cooperation are still in the top of the agenda to solve this problem. With respect to that, many regional economic integration attempts are witnessed. This paper will examine the reasons for cooperation, complications to activate the potentials as well as approaches and responses. In this context, having focused on the economic situation of the countries of today's and early independent era, necessity of economic integration will be examined in the first part. In the second part integration strategies in Central Asia and Caucasia and around the world will be researched. By doing this, region centric and non-region centric distinction will be made which is followed by restriction of integration and finally predictions will takes please in terms of economic integration. This study comprehends Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Şeriyye registers (archives) are considered as the most important resources of Ottoman History. Şeriyye register include not only information abou tletters written among state institutions, public demands, announcements, papers, and war rants but also agricultur alproducts grown in theregion, estimated populations of the towns, diseases, and family life. Due to this importance of the Şeriyye registers, the current study was set out to explore administrational, social, cultural and economics ituation of the Amasya bymeans of Şeriyye register dated of H-1131-1132/1718-1720 belonging to 29 numbered microfilm at the national library presidency in Ankara, Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Balkans has always been remembered as a problematic area with the chaos, wars and death since the Ottoman Empire lost power in this territory. In an area where justice cannot be secured in itself nowadays, how the Ottoman Empire was able to rule this area without any problems for 600 years is still a mystery for the researchers. This issue is one of their hot topics. In this paper, we will highlight how the Ottoman Empire established a peaceful environment in the Balkans and the importance of Turkish language and culture at this point. We will emphasize the importance of Turkish language and culture over identity conflict and cultural integration in the context of coexistence in the Balkans as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adnan Menderes, in his speech given in Mania on 12th of October in 1958, stated that a Native Front would be established covering all the citizens against demolishing activities of the Opposition. After these statements, contributions from Trabzon to Democratic Party were not at a satisfying level for Headquarters in 1958 though they had shown an increase. Thus, Prime Minister Adnan Menderes sent a circular letter to Trabzon DP organization and wanted them to be more active. After the organisation in Trabzon intensified its acts and propaganda activities, some resignations both from administration and member scales took place and participations to Native Front increased in 1959. The biggest contribution took place in 1960 after Reisoğlu Bus Company participated in Democratic Party and therefore thousands of citizens became a member of Native Front. This paper examines the situation of Native Front whose formation process started on 12th of October in 1958 in Trabzon taking into account telegrams regarding the participations in DP, especially the documents we obtained from Republican Archive of Prime Ministry and local media of that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to find general sociological characteristics of Artvin MP's in Multi Party Period (Since 19146 up to Date). On the final stage the place of Artvin MP's in Turkish political elites will be examined. Social background peculiarities (gender, age, education, occupation, family size) were used to achieve the aims. Documentary and historical research techniques were applied in the paper. An original data set was produced for analysis from the official publications and records and publications of the Turkish Grand National Assembly which is the main legislative organ in Turkey. The data set was analysed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suffix +lI that was considered as derivative suffix till now, is actually a case marker having a syntactic function. In this paper, the functions of +lI are analyzed in details with examples in Old Turkic Texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilgi, Değişim, Lider ve Karar Alma. Abstract Accelerating changes in knowledge made the leaders' decisions vital for the success and sustainable competitive edge of organizations. Maintaining the competitive edge requires innovative and knowledge-based decision making. Technological developments, globalization, and rapidly changing knowledge compel the managers to make decisions in an uncertain environment. Consequently, the importance of the role of the leaders in decision-making act escalates, while the control of the leaders over the decision-making process gets harder and the participation of employees becomes more critical. Based on the relevant literature, this paper examines the direction of the impacts of innovation and knowledge on decision making acts of the leaders with the authoritarian, democratic and free-rider leadership styles. The data were obtained from184 leaders/managers working in the banking industry by means of questionnaire technique. In this context, the variables related to leadership styles and knowledge, innovation, and decision-making have been evaluated statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]