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In our press history, the Second Constitutional Era is a period in which the number of periodicals literally exploded. However, most of the periodicals that started broadcasting in this period were short-lived. The Hande magazine, which is the subject of the review, was published between April 4 and April 25, 1910 as only four issues, reflecting the characteristics of the period. On the cover page, Hande introduced itself as "a weekly literary humor newspaper." The editor of the magazine was Hüseyin Nazmi, and the editorin-chief was Cevdet Maşuk. Although Hande introduced itself as a humor newspaper, when compared to humor magazines in our press history such as Karagöz and Akbaba, it seems to be a magazine whose literary aspect outweighs the humor aspect. As a matter of fact, the magazine mostly included stories, poems, riddles and telegrams from readers rather than humor elements such as cartoons and jokes. Although Hande had a short publication life, its importance in terms of our press history is that it is a continuation of Eşref/Musavver Eşref magazine. In this article, Hande magazine was analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. If the literature is scanned, it can be seen that there is no academic study about Hande magazine. This article is the first academic study on Hande magazine. Issues of the journal were obtained from the National Library-Digital Periodicals section and Hakkı Tarık Us Digital Library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite policies aimed at ensuring gender equality in the scientific community, women are underrepresented in various fields of science in many countries. While there is a complex set of social, cultural, economic and structural factors behind women's disadvantage, the media has a prominent place among these factors. This is because the media are one of the main sources of information that play a role in shaping attitudes and beliefs about science and scientists, especially in the absence of real-life role models. In this context, the media can encourage women and girls to turn to science, but it can also exclude them from scientific endeavors or limit their participation. Based on this potential of the media, this study analyses how women scientists are represented in science news in Turkey. The main purpose of this study is to determine the level of visibility of women scientists in the print media in Turkey, where women's participation in the world of science is high compared to many countries in the world. In this context, the problematic of the study is to determine whether the science news published in the newspapers BirGün, Hürriyet, and Yeni Şafak, which have different political orientations, serve to protect and reinforce gender inequalities in the world of science or to challenge these inequalities. In the study, a total of 527 science news items published on the websites of the aforementioned newspapers in January, May, and September 2019 were examined through content analysis. The study concluded that the proportion of women scientists in the newspapers is well below the proportion of women scientists in Turkey; although there are small differences between newspapers with different political orientations regarding their level of visibility and participation in different fields of science, they all underrepresent women scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a multifaceted fact the foreign post incident had a great repercussion throughout the world until the early parts of the 20th century. Foreign post offices, an integral component and consequence of the expansionist policies of European states, had a significant impact on the Ottoman Empire. Western postal administrations conducted operations within Ottoman settlements for an extended period. The Ottoman Empire also came to the fore as a country where European postal administrations competed among themselves. Foreign post offices, initially established on the basis of commercial and social considerations, eventually gained a political dimension. The Ottoman Empire, which adopted a Western-style postal system in 1840, prioritized the development of its domestic postal infrastructure as a matter of institutional policy. However, this initiative was met with resistance from European postal administrations who sought to maintain their presence within Ottoman territory. Despite objections to the perceived lack of structural transformation and operational competence within the Ottoman Postal Administration, the Empire’s participation in the inaugural international postal congress in Bern in 1874 marked a significant turning point. Becoming a founding member of the Universal Postal Union enabled the Ottoman Empire to provide international postal services within two years, fulfilling a critical requirement for membership that had been leveraged by European States. Nonetheless, this did not resolve all of the Empire’s issues related to foreign postal services, which continued to be a source of political, economic, and social contention. Although the European press extensively covered this topic, a comprehensive academic study has yet to be undertaken. In addition, little attention has been given in foreign literature to alternative perspectives on the issue of foreign postal services in the Ottoman Empire. This article aims to point out the gap in the literature by examining the foreign press’s coverage of the Ottoman Empire’s postal system and exploring alternative approaches to this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the reflections of the foreign policies of the Democrat Party (DP), which has a great importance in our political history and the transition to multi-party life, in the Elâzığ press during the period when the DP was in power. Within the scope of the study, important newspapers of the Elâzığ press covering the 1950-1960 periods were scanned. The results obtained from Uluova, Turan and Elâzığ newspapers, which were important print media sources of Elâzığ in that period, were evaluated. The research framework consists of local newspapers published in the province of Elâzığ, news published on the foreign policies of the DP government and the researcher's comments. Within the scope of the study, newspapers published between 1950-1960 were examined and around 1200 news and written documents related to the DP were found. As a result of the study, in which the qualitative case analysis method was adopted, it was seen that the press in Elâzığ closely followed the foreign policy practices of the DP government and gave wide coverage to the developments in foreign policy in its news content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first quarter of the 19th century represents an important period that involved great changes in the political arena regarding the Russian Turks. The 1905 Russian Revolution was the main reason for the revival of an inexperienced reformist generation in this field. The political movements that started right before the Revolution gained momentum with the declaration of the October 17 Manifesto and continued until the October Revolution. Tsar Nicholas II's decision to open the Duma prompted Russian Turks, who had been oppressed for centuries regarding political, religious, and national fields and were accepted as second-class citizens by the administration, to express their need for a constitutional order. Thus, the Jadid intellectuals in the political field directed Russian Turks through the magazines and newspapers they published by taking advantage of the freedom of press. With the alliances Russian Turks formed and the meetings they held, they raised their society's awareness in the political arena, and they prepared with great hope for the Dumas period in Tsarist Russia. However, the closure of the First Duma by the tsar's edict before being able to meet their expectations led to a break in the Russian Turks view of the future of the Duma and constitutional order in Russia. Opinions were expressed in press organs about the First Duma's closure and what constitutional administration meant for the Russian Turks, with the tsar and the government being directly criticized. This study aims to answer how Russian Turks had reacted to the closure of the First Duma through the Idel-Ural periodicals and reveal what the constitutional government meant for Russian Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development and spread of mass media, it has been possible to transmit news content to the masses much more quickly. In addition to the national mainstream media, which provides a public service to large masses, there is also a press .and broadcast branch that conducts local reporting activities aimed at relatively small audiences within a limited area or district. This branch of press and broadcast, known as the local press, is as important as the mainstream media in both setting the agenda and forming public opinion. In this context, the study focuses on the frequency of the appearance of the news related to local tourism and related thematic levels of that news. The universe of this study consists of local newspapers released in Edirne/ Keşan province and the sample size of the study is based on Medya Keşan newspaper, which was first printed on May 17, 1993 in Edirne/Keşan province with its printed issues between January 2006 and December 2012 and digital issues between January 2013 and June 2022. The aim of the study is to determine and evaluate the frequency of the appearance of the tourism keyword in the news headlines and the relational level of this keyword with other concepts and word indexes in printed and digital issues of this local newspaper within a period of 15 years and 6 months. For this purpose, the printed and digital issues of the newspaper were screened and the obtained data were interpreted using frequency analysis and categorical analysis techniques within content analysis. As a result of the study, it was understood that the local press as well as the mainstream media plays an important role in producing news content in both traditional and digital journalism and at the same time it acted as an agenda setter. Further suggestions were made by drawing attention to the need for local press to receive the necessary training and support in producing news content in the field of tourism. It has also been discussed that tourism is not only about rest and entertainment. In addition to this, it was emphasized that by covering areas such as institutions, individuals, activities, environment, enviromental economy and infrastructure, the subject of tourism journalism could be enlarged on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cyprus issue has become one of the main elements of Turkish-Greek relations since the mid-1950s, has been perceived as a "national cause" by the public opinions of both Türkiye and Greece, and has become one of the most important determinants of Turkish foreign policy. At the Summit Conference held at the level of prime ministers in Keşan and Alexandroupolis on 9-10 September 1967, it was aimed to find a peaceful solution to the existing problems between Türkiye and Greece, including the Cyprus issue, through bilateral negotiations. The meetings, which started with the request and invitation of the Greek side, were inconclusive due to the Greece's imposition of enosis as the only possible solution in Cyprus. These meetings had wide repercussions in the Turkish public opinion both before and after; various comments and evaluations were made on the issues discussed at the meetings, the thesis and approaches of the parties and other international actors, and the policy should to be followed against Greece. The public's attitude towards the meetings and their results has become evident in two ways: a positive or critical approach to the meetings. When evaluated in very general terms, while the ruling party and the circles close to it welcomed the meetings and the results obtained, those in the opposition took a critical attitude, although the dose was different. In this study, it has been examined how the Keşan-Alexandroupolis meetings are perceived and evaluated by different segments of the Turkish public (government/opposition parties, press and non-governmental organizations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has brought innovations to the field of journalism, as in every profession. These innovations enable new forms of journalism. The way the profession of journalism is practiced is scrutinized due to the development of audio-visual technology, the existence of social networks, the ethical and legal problems of data flow, the contribution of citizens to the formation of news content or the gradual increase in infollution and the loss of trust in the news. On the other hand, all such cases are related to news or data transfer in which people are involved. At this point, another problem has emerged; the existence of the technology that can produce the news or the content itself. In this context, news sites named Knowherenews.com and TheBipartisanpress.com, which are among the first examples of artificial intelligence journalism still online, are examined in terms of news production and creation processes. Within the scope of the study, descriptive analysis, which is a kind of qualitative data analysis that includes explanation and interpretation according to predetermined categories, is used. In order to make the study more descriptive and explanatory, both news sites are discussed in five different categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propaganda is a method used to persuade the public on any subject. Yale Approach developed by Carl Hovland stands out with the features of message, recipient, and source of the message. For the message to be effective, it must give fear, repeat, express the opposite opinion, and include feelings and facts at the same time. Based on this information, "Can one of the propaganda methods used by the press in the Early Republican period be defined as 'Yale Approach'?" research question arises. By finding the answer to this question, the propaganda techniques used in the Early Republican period press can be understood. For this purpose, the propaganda language used by the Cumhuriyet newspaper, about the 1930 Ağrıdagı Rebellion was analyzed by content analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Cyprus, which has been one of the focal points of many states throughout history, was founded in the 20th century. it has caused serious events between the Turkish and Greek people in the Dec. The Greeks, through the terrorist organization they established, forced the Turks living on the island to leave the island with cruelty and massacre. Greece also secretly supported the atrocities committed on the island, Turkey first made diplomatic attempts to protect its own racists, and when it did not get results, it resorted to military intervention. This intervention, which will go down in history as the Cyprus Peace Operation, has had many reflections both inside and outside. The operation was closely followed by both the local press and the national press and the world press. July August 20, 1974 and August 14, 1974, Turkey, in order to protect the lives, property and honor of the Turkish Cypriots on the island of Cyprus, in this study, we will consider the reflections of the local press of Izmir, the city of liberation, we will consider. We will evaluate the developments from the first day of the Cyprus Peace Operation until the end of the operation within the framework of the Aegean Express, Aegean Telegraph, Democrat Izmir and Yeni Asir newspapers, which enable the people of Izmir to closely follow the military operation taking place in Cyprus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geography of Crimea has been a region that cannot be shared throughout history, thanks to the advantages offered by its strategic location. Crimean Tatars are one of the ancient nations of this geography. The Crimean Khanate, which was established in the north of the Black Sea after the collapse of the Altınorda State, was occupied by the Russian Tsardom in 1783. Crimea, which has been under the pressure of the Russian tsars since this date, was occupied by the Germans during the First World War. The German occupation, which took place between 21.04.1918 and 16.11.1918, was a hope for the Crimean Tatars to gain their independence. However, the efforts of the Crimean Tatars were inconclusive after the defeat of the Germans and their allies. Crimean Tatars, who were under the pressure and persecution of Soviet Russia between 1923-1940, were hopeful when the Germans re-entered Crimea in 1941. Between 1941 and 1944, they experienced the German occupation, and in this period, they took action again in order to get rid of the pressure of Soviet Russia and gain their independence. In this context, although there are reactions in the Republic of Turkey, there have been many news on the "German Occupation in Crimea" in the Turkish press. Although these news are generally about the course of the war, it is seen that the Turkish press is also divided into two as pro-German and pro-Soviet. Apart from the advantages of the strategic location of Crimea, the attitude of Turkey, which is known to have spiritual ties with the Crimean Tatars, against this invasion is important. This study was written in order to examine the course of the news about the German occupation in the Crimea in the newspapers of the period. In this context, newspapers named Vakit, Tasvir-i Efkâr, Akşam, Ulus, Tan, Today, Cumhuriyet, Türk Sözü, Haber, Son Telegraf, Son Posta were examined. The reflections of the German-Soviet war in Crimea on the Turkish press and how the independence of Crimea was viewed by the Turkish press were tried to be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first attempts at a constructed language to create a common and universal language, in particular Volapük (1879) and Esperanto (1887) in the last quarter of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, had wide repercussions in the world press. The Ottoman press was also not indifferent to this popular topic, with articles and books being written on the subject such as books about Volapük and Esperanto that were translated into Ottoman Turkish during the years when they were in demand all over the world. The purpose of this article is to introduce the works that occurred in the Ottoman press regarding these constructed languages, most of which have not been translated into modern Turkish, and to describe the approach Ottoman intellectuals took toward these languages that they described as lisân-ı umûmî [the language of public life]. For this purpose, the study focuses on six books from the Ottoman press and five articles from the journal Servet-i Fünûn that were published between 1893-1917 on constructed languages. Upon examining these works, the Ottoman intellectuals are seen to have had positive views about constructed languages, to have claimed them to be easily and quickly learned and to belong to any nation, to have introduced them as the key to peace, and to have described them as neutral, which offered a solution to the problems caused by the lack of those able to speak a foreign language in a world that was getting smaller and smaller alongside the technological developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological structures that progress day by day have brought both the development of new models and the making of different articulations to the existing ones. At this point, it is important to examine the approaches to the Metaverse phenomenon, which can be considered as new. The news that holds a mirror to the society also gives clues about the period in which it is lived and reflects the views of individuals. At this point, the study aimed to examine the Metaverse phenomenon through content analysis method through national and international news platforms. The study is important in terms of examining the course of the metaverse phenomenon and analyzing regional differences. The results show that Metaverse has been discussed as a new phenomenon in the international press, mainly under the title of technology. In the national press, it has been shown that this issue is considered as an investment opportunity for individuals, especially in the economic framework. This difference between the regions draws the framework of the approaches of the people of the region to which the news belongs and brings the technological developments under different categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts between Arab regimes and peoples, conceptualized as a “spring” phenomenon, started with the demand for change in the name of freedoms and economic prosperity. The Arab Spring showed its most devastating effects in revolutionary-republican countries. It continued for a short time in Tunisia and Egypt, and was shaped according to internal power dynamics. The long-lasting spring in Libya and Syria has drawn regional and global powers into the process. While the people-regime conflicts’ security and humanitarian dimensions pulled Turkey into the process, it opened a new door for Iran’s sectarian expansionism. Thus, the question that comes to mind is how these foreign policy initiatives of Turkey and Iran, which were involved in the spring process for different reasons, were perceived in the Arab press. In this article, multiple methods are used as content analysis (CA) and discourse analysis (DA) have been applied on the data extracted from the samples of Arab newspapers. As analysis units, columns have been chosen over framed news from the newspapers. Mainly nationalist and Islamist columnists have covered Turkish-Iranian foreign policy initiatives regarding the Arab Spring. The nationalist discourse is expressed as ‘neither the Turkish Sultan nor the Iranian Mullah.’ The tone of Islamist columnists on the issue is much lower. While conditionally accepting the Turkish model of political Islam, Islamists have suggested that a Sunni alliance must stop Iran’s sectarian expansionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the frames in which the Arab - Israeli normalization is presented to the public in the Middle Eastern press. The main purpose of the study is to determine the similarities and differences of the regional powers framing methods of the normalization attempt, and to discover if there is a casual relationship between framing methods and the countries foreign policies. In this direction, the study adopts the "framing" approach as the conceptual basis. For this research, data collection technique and discourse analysis were chosen as qualitative methods in order to analyze the data. The scope of the research consists of news from the media of four regional powers; Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Egypt from August 13, 2020, the day when the joint declaration was signed, to September 15, 2020, the day when the Abraham Accords were signed. The main argument of the study is that the Arab-Israeli normalization is presented in the Middle Eastern media in a reconstructed way, and the regional powers foreign policy determines the way in which the news are framed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new world order that emerged after the First World War put the future of the Ottoman Empire at risk. Following the Mondros Armistice Agreement, many regions of the country were occupied by the members of the Entente States. Local press in Trabzon was formed in the second half of the 19th century. During the period from the beginning of the National Struggle to the publication of Istikbal Newspaper, there were various newspapers published by non-Muslims in Trabzon as well as anti-National Struggle newspapers owned by Turkish people. İstikbal Newspaper, which was first published in 1918 by Faik Ahmet Barutçu, became influential in the region with its pro-National Independence publication policy. The newspaper objected to those who tried to show the establishment of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) as an act against the Ottoman administration. In this regard, the newspaper put forward legitimate reasons such as the occupation of Istanbul, the center of caliphate and reign, Ottoman administrators who were stripped of power to rule, and the dire need for the nation to be self-governing. Criticizing the wrong policies of the Damat Ferit Pasha Government, Istikbal Newspaper highlighted that the Turkish nation would not rebel against the caliph and the sultan. The newspaper that stated the formation of the new Assembly in Ankara was essential, also addressed the ceremonies to be performed on April 23, 1923. In addition to the articles describing religious sensitivities on the opening day of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, information was provided on the election of deputies to attend the Turkish Grand National Assembly as well. At a time when the press was gaining importance as a propaganda tool, İstikbal Newspaper contributed to the country's unity and solidarity as well as to the success in the regional and national struggle through its publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Turkish TV series are watched by millions of people in more than a hundred and fifty countries. Turkish TV series have achieved great success in the last ten years. Today, Turkey ranks second in TV drama export after the USA. For the first time in history, Turkish-made media productions have reached millions of audiences from all over the world. The fact that Turkish TV series have gained a great reputation has raised the question of how the Turkish TV Series affect the image of Turkey brand. In order to answer this question, it was investigated how the Turkish series are described in the international press. Twenty-one mentions of Turkish TV series on the news were examined with the qualitative and quantitative content analysis. As a result of the study, it was concluded that %76.19 of the mentions emphasized that Turkish TV Series are watched with great admiration and interest; %47.6 of the mentions stressed that Turkish TV series have gained a large scale of export profits; %23.80 of the mentions highlighted that Turkish TV series are found to be qualified in terms of technique of shooting the series, acting, costume, and script; and %23.80 of the mentions marked that Turkish TV series have stimulated the social movements on women's rights in the Middle- East since they include secular values in a Muslim country. It was deduced that Turkish TV series that were presented in the international press affect the image of Turkey in a positive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the invention of writing around BC 3000 and the invention of the printing in 1450s, developments occurred in culture, art, science and communication fields and the human beings started to communicate and interact with each other. The immigration phenomenon, which can date back as far as the human history also developed and continued to increase with the globalization and the developments in communication tools. These two important facts developed and increased parallel with each other and they became the most important subjects of the world in recent times. The refugee and asylum-seeker movements form the world agenda nowadays and it continues to be in the agenda due to press and media organisations following the subject closely and creating a public opinion. The growing refugee crisis gained speed and continued to increase especially with the protests and civil wars called "The Arab Spring", happening in the Arabic peninsula, and became the most emphasized topic by the media and the press agencies of many countries. In this study, six days' news coverage on the topic of refugees in The Guardian in England and the Hürriyet newspaper in Turkey were analysed and compared. The study will try to explain and focus on the similarities and differences between these news contents, from what perspective the refugee problems are looked at and how they are reported in the news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the War of Independence the press played a great role in diverting and creating a public opinion. During the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal Pasha prioritised the presence of the press and media, and performed great efforts to ensure its presence aside the Kuvâ-yı Milliye (National Forces). He followed pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and varıous cities of Anatolia very closely, and saw them as a means to inform the public of the struggle that was taking place. Pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and Anatolia became a crucial part in gaining the support of national and international actors, as well as playing a great role in fulfilling its duty by correctly informing the public. One of the most important examples of the Anatolian press during the National Struggle Period was the Dertli newspaper in Bolu. The newspaper was published in the provincial printing house, and it informed and enlightened the public on the War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the provincial spokesmanship. The newspaper was published between 1919 and 1925. The Publisher of the newspaper was known as Deputy of Bolu to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, İlyaszade Şükrü Bey. The editor-in-chief of the weekly newspaper was Ali Saib Bey. The newspaper published news on the War of Independence, the early stages of the Republic, as well as news on politics, business and culture in Bolu and its surrounding provinces. The Dertli Newspaper is one of the outstanding examples of the Anatolian press, which has been kept up to the present day with its full collection. In this study, all the issues of the Dertli newspaper in the Hakki Tarik Us Collection will be reviewed, and the articles and news in the newspaper will be examined, and the data on staff, publication principles and policy of the newspaper will be evaluated. The study will be conducted using a qualitative research method based on document review and the contribution of the news and articles related to the War of Independence, and its contribution to the National Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abidin Dâver had been active as a journalist for almost a half century. The starting point of this article is defined as the examination of Abidin Dâver's literary life with respect to his written works inthe history of maritime and the naval history. Born in 1886, Abidin Dâver (d.1954) had been amongst the journalists, passionate with the sea, and dedicated his life to the ships and the naval history as well as the understanding of foreign cultures within the framework of travels abroad. His long literary life had reflected a high gusto. Known as the "civil or little admiral" along with some other titles referring to his high interests on the military affairs, Abidin Dâver had also been amongst the founders of the Galatasaray Sports Club. Aside from his works such as the Oppressed Prince Zizim (1909,) The Ship (1932), The Sea (1932), Turkish Maritime (1947), Barbaros Hayreddin Pacha (1954), he had also written a novel entitled as "The Novel of the Lieutenant". The study had applied to the periodicals such as Her Hafta (Every Week), Hollywood Dünyası (Hollwood World), Av ve Deniz (Hunt and the Sea), Deniz Mecmuası (The Sea Journal), Deniz Nakliyatı T.A.O. Bülteni (The Sea Transport Bulletin), the publication of the Chamber of Turkish Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Gemi Mecmuası (the Ship Journal). and the daily Cumhuriyet (Republic) and Ikdam newspaper as well as the digitalized archives of Taha Toros and Salt Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahmet Oktay is an author, who is remarkable with his poems in the Turkish literature, as well as his critiques on poetry, novel and who is also known with his studies, reviews on popular culture, social change and Turkis press. Oktay works in several newspapers and in TRT; in the meantime he witnesses the development process of Turkish press; he makes also evaluations with regard to the past and future of this process. In this study, the reflected dimensions of political polarisation in the Turkish society during 1960s on Turkish press will be tried to be examined, by looking at Ahmet Oktay's book Toplumsal Degijme ve Basin. This period, which witnessed many conflicts of Tur­kish political life will be tried to be revealed through Ahmet Oktay's critical research and his critical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After entering World War I, the Ottoman Empire, which proclaimed Jihad al- Akbar, wanted to incite the Muslims of Caucasus, Turkestan, Iran, Afghanistan and India against the Russians and the British. Iran's geography which was de facto controlled by the British and Russians since 1907, seen as the bridgehead of this great plan. Therefore, in the framework of a comprehensive program that includes activities of espionage and gangs, efforts were made for this country to join the war as an ally of the Ottomans. The press had an important role in the propaganda section of these efforts. The newspapers in line with the government's directives were trying to provoke and convince the Iranian government to enter the war against the Russians and the British. They were mentioning that the Turkish troops who entered the northern Iran were not occupiers, but saviors against the Russians. They were encouraging the Shiites who were the majority of Iran's population which were also including three millions of Turks, to rebel alongside the Sunni Kurds by means of publishing fatwas given by Jafari ulama to support Jihad al-Akbar. These publications, which are the main source for historical studies of the period, unfortunately have not seen the interest they deserved until now, and generally kept in the background in comparison with archival documents and other sources. This study, which has tried to analyze the jihad policies of the Ottoman Empire towards Iran through the Ottoman press in the light of other sources of the period, aims to fill the gap to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the global terrorist news published in newspapers based on five research questions. The main findings of the survey were obtained from news related with religion published in Hürriyet, Posta, Sözcü, Sabah, Habertürk and Milliyet newspapers between May 5th, 2015 and August 5th. When we look at the results of the work in terms of the data, it is understood that the terrorist activities, especially in the global sense, have religious references. It is understood that these religious references have emerged mostly in the context of violence, aggression and terror. It was determined that the news published in violence and terrorism corresponded mostly to terrorist attacks carried out in different regions of the world, individual participation in terrorist organizations and regional or general operations against terrorist organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginning of XIX and XX centuries is accepted as a significant process in formation of Cossack written literature in its literature history. Initially, the activities to carry the works belonging to Turkic-Islamic literature to people in Cossack Turkish attracts the attention that literate folk poets attained the facility of printing press from the beginning of XIX century. In parallel with this situation, the foundation of modern Cossack literature are laid with the works that intellectuals graduating from madrassas giving education with Usul-ü Cedit (Modern Method) put forward in Cossack-Russian schools. During this process, it is possible to see the effect of Ottoman press on both parties. We see that some works in the form of folk tales and menakıpname published in Istanbul spread throughout the region over Kazan and that they were rewritten in Cossack Turkish. On the other hand, the second group was in the effort of supporting the enlightening period and education reforms started by them with works printed in Istanbul about different fields. In this study, the process of emerging from Cossack written literature was given setting relations with works written in Ottoman Turkish and tangible data about this relation by listing some of Ottoman books present in two great libraries of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general terms the Second World War years constitute one of the intervals in which the government exercise pressure over the press in Turkey. The most crucial medium that the government utilised in order to exercise the pressure over the press in the interval concerned is the closure penalties due to its heaviness. Should the literature is reviewed in this respect, it is seen in various publications that some efforts were made for listing the closure penalties for the press organs by the government during the war years and owing to these lists, the extent of the governmental pressures on the press in the interval abovementioned were tried to be presented. The purpose of this study is to transcend those efforts aforementioned and to present a more comprehensive and detailed list, thus to contribute to the presentation of the extent of the pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We cannot see a newspaper published in the Otoman Empire until the end of of 18th Century. İn the first quarter of the 19th century newspapers in French started to be published by the foreigners in the Otoman Empire. The first official newspaper in the Ottoman Empire, Takvim-i Vekayi started to be published towards the end of 1831. In the 1850s only in İstanbul 23 newspapers were being published but no newspaper on commerce was available. Newspapers of that period dealt with education, literature, politics and various news but did not cover issues about industry, land and sea trade. So a newspaper was needed in order for trade to prosper. It was thought that when the newspaper started to be published, trade would flourish and consequently the welfare of the public will increase. Some works were carried out and after a short while the first commercial newspaper , Ceride-i Ticaret, was started to be published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sportsmanship, a profession in today's world, has its amateurism and professionalism lines intertwined. Sportsmen legally seen as amateurs in many sports fields are known to earn more than the professionals accepted to be in the high earning range. The study investigates the concept of amateurism in sports in the context of the decision taken for wrestlers and athlete whose amateur status was not approved by the Turkish National Olympics Committee since the above mentioned sportsmen had accepted presents in 1948 London Olympics after they earned medals. The study reviewed the news and comments published in newspapers Aksam, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet and Vatan in the period of 1948 London and 1952 Helsinki Olympics. According to the results, papers published that sportsmen were often given warnings about not to damaging the amateurism rule while they were presented with awards. The decision taken by the Turkish National Olympics Committee prior to 1952 Helsinki Olympics were criticized harshly in the news and comments published in those newspapers. The decision taken by the Turkish National Olympics Committee prior to 1952 Helsinki Olympics was discussed considerably during and after the games. It can be argues that this decision has lost its rationale by the changes in the concept of amateurism in Olympics in the 50 years that passed by. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]