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The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 both triggered the organization of environmental management in many countries and brought about the formation of an understanding of environmental protection on a national and international scale. Similarly, the Conference has been a starting point in terms of institutionalizing environmental management, creating legislation, and developing environmental policy practice in Turkey. When the institutional structure is examined, a process comes to the fore in which the central government is the main actor in terms of institutional, legal, and representation. Parallel to this, when the environmental protection perspective of the environmental management organization in question is considered, an understanding that prioritizes economic development draws attention. The main argument of this paper is that environmental management has a institutionally centralized, practically developmentalist nature that displays a continuity. In order to illuminate the centralist and developmentalist continuity, this process which started in 1973, is handled over a period of 50 years and changes in the institutional structure of environmental management are discussed. Afterwards, the legal sources that support environmental policies and the institutional structures are discussed, and their positioning on the axis of protection-development is debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stakeholders' views and opinions are important in the process of developing the environmental policy in the businesses. Depending on the developments that have taken place, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) have become one of the important stakeholders of the businesses and have begun to have a say in environmental practices and environmental policies of them. Examining the relationship and interaction between these organizations and the accommodation establishments are important for new start-ups in terms of developing environmental policies. In this study, the effects of environmental nongovernmental organizations on environmental policies of chain hotels were investigated. The data were gathered by implementing a face-to-face questionnaire to the middle and senior managers of 156 chain hotels operating in Turkey. Ordinal logistic regression was used for the analysis of the data and 4 models were designed for this purpose. Findings of the research indicate that the relationship and interaction of chain hotels with ENGOs play an important role on environmental policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]