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In this paper, the reflections on the activities of Refet Pasha, who was sent to Istanbul as the representative of the Ankara Government, in the American press were discussed. The study aims to reveal the way of presentation of Refet Pasha's works and his relations with allied representatives to the reader through the American press. For this purpose, news and articles related to the subject were first determined and their classification was made. The news that presented the developments to the reader information, as they are mostly, were evaluated as a priority. Articles found to contain propaganda and false information were excluded from the evaluation. The comparative analysis method was used in the study. Accordingly, the news on the subject in the American press was included in the scope of the evaluation after they were compared with the local sources and especially the information in the local press. It has been understood that the activities of Refet Pasha in Istanbul were carefully followed by the American press and thousands of news and articles on the subject appeared in the relevant press. The possible findings of the study are to reveal the view of the American press on the administration of Refet Pasha in Istanbul and to contribute to the literature on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barış was a magazine published in Istanbul in 1950 by the supporters of the Communist Party of Turkey. Mostly the articles were unsigned. Main aim of the magazine was to support the international peace efforts. Also it aimed to reflect in Turkey the acitivies realized in several countires to free Nazım Hikmet form the prison. After 8 issues the magazine was closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zuhr-Midday was one of the rare and relatively longer lasting English-Turkish billingual publishings. Published during the Entente occupation in Istanbul, the group that had an experience at the Ottoman navy periodicals thought to take the attention of the English to the rights of the Turkish people uner the occupation. And after the censor exposed the cadre had to move to Ankara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the censorship was banned with the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy II on July 23rd, 1908 (July 10, 1324), a serious dynamism began in the press. While publications were being published in Istanbul, which had been the center of the press before, with the freedom brought by the Constitutional Monarchy II, people from all walks of life became eager to publish periodicals, thus journalism spread from the center to the countryside. However, a large part of this activity composed of periodicals published in the form of one or more issues. Unplanned steps and financial difficulties were effective in the short duration of these publications. Newspapers are one of the first sources to be consulted in order to observe the attitudes of various segments of the society who think that they can do whatever they want with the Constitutional Monarchy, towards the Constitutional Monarchy, and to interpret the atmosphere of the period. The material of this study is the catchy articles of Esek, Feylesof, Deccal, Saka, Dertli ile Garip, Coskun Kalender, Lak Lak, Nester, Sakaci. The newspapers used in the study were chosen because they were published in the first ten years when the enthusiasm of the Constitutional Monarchy II was intense, they were short-term, and they included articles about constitutionalism-freedom in their pages. In the selection of the articles, the texts written from different perspectives and related to different fields (literary, political, social) were preferred as much as possible so that these concepts could be viewed from a broad perspective. The articles selected from the newspapers were transferred to new letters and so the Turkish cultural world was informed about these newspapers, and how the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy II resulting in great joy throughout the country and the perception of freedom were reflected in the humor press was examined. In the articles and cartoons selected from the specified humor newspapers, it has been seen that the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy II was handled from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One day after the establishment of the Committee of Inquest on April 18, 1960 and the adoption of the Law of Police Powers, which gave this committee broad powers, on April 27, protests led by university students began in Istanbul and Ankara. Martial law was declared in these two cities by the Democratic Party government and harsh measures were implemented. Within the scope of these measures, the press was also intervened and any news about the protests was prohibited. While the newspapers that did not comply with the prohibitions were sentenced to close down for a while, the relevant copies were confiscated. For this reason, it is almost impossible to come across news about the upheavals in Istanbul and Ankara in the newspapers of the period until the May 27 coup. After the coup, the junta began to accuse the DP government with mind-blowing accusations to explain the legitimacy of the coup to the public. The allegations that a large number of students were murdered feloniously by the government in the Istanbul-Ankara upheavals and their bodies were chopped in feed machines and pulverized were widely covered in the press. The newspapers of the period even launched campaigns to build monuments for students who lost their lives. There are also allegations that plans were made to exterminate the cadets of the Military Academy and that there were buried weapons and military equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incident, became a subject of international law textbooks, took place on August 2, 1927 in the Aegean Sea, off Mytilene, in the form of a collision between the French SS Lotus and the Turkish ship Bozkurt. The next day, the captain of SS Lotus, was arrested due to mutual complaints. At this point, the French authorities had intense objections to the jurisdiction of the Istanbul Court, while the Republic of Turkey proposed to refer the case to The Hague Court of Justice. Thus, the case is transferred to international law. While the Turkish press generally maintained its courtesy at the beginning and continuation of the Hague process, it is difficult to find the same style in some newspapers published in French media. In this study, it is aimed to examine some news published in the French press of the period from a linguistic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were published by the French people in French. The activities of some of these newspapers published in Istanbul and Izmir conflicted with the interests of the empire and led to political crisis between the empire and foreign representative offices. In addition, the Ottoman rulers realized the effect of press on society and politics thanks to these newspapers, and they based their newspaper publishing practices on this understanding. As a matter of fact, with the publication of Takvim-i Vekayi (Calendar of Cases) which is acknowledged as the starting point of the empire's press history, the Ottoman government tried to form public opinion in its own favor both in the country and in Europe. The press in the Ottoman Empire started with the publication of an official gazette, however the opposition about the direction of the country was made through newspapers, and the opponent attitudes of the first journalists determined the content of newspapers. Providing the public with useful information was among the primary goals of those who published newspapers from the beginning. Therefore, addressing people through a language which they would easily understand was a guiding principle which almost all journalists insisted on. The first Ottoman newspapers also reflected the style of the period. For instance, it was observed that the praise to the Ottoman sultan, one of the characteristic discourse features of the period, was seen in newspapers, however the intensity of such discourse decreased as the opposing attitude of the newspaper became sharper. In this article in which the prefaces of Takvim-i Vekayi, Ceride-i Havadis (Journal of News), Tercuman-ı Ahval (Interpreter of Situations) and Ibret (Object Lesson) were evaluated, the contents of the prefaces were introduced first, and then they were analyzed under the titles of 'Preface Authors', 'Evaluation of Contents' and 'Language and Styles'. In conclusion, it was found that all the features of the Ottoman press in its early stage were reflected also on the prefaces of the newspapers and it was deduced that journalists had the awareness of their purpose why they would embark on journalistic journey and what they would do throughout this journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgaria, which started its publication life in Istanbul in 1859, is the second Bulgarian newspaper to be published in the imperial capital. Dragan Tsankov (1828-1911), known for his charismatic personality and adopted Catholicism after leaving Orthodoxy in 1855, publishes the four-year-old newspaper with a total of 179 issues, with the financial support provided by France. According to the newspaper, the only way of salvation for the Bulgarian people is through unification with the Catholic church. It is believed that this unification will facilitate the solution of the struggle for the independent Bulgarian church in particular and the process of national awakening in general, and will also make Bulgarians a member of Western civilization. For this reason, it is seen that the pages of the newspaper mostly include articles criticizing the status quoism of the Greek Patriarchate of Fener and the indifference of Orthodox Russia to the Bulgarian church issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ottoman Greek publishers, journalists and cartoonists assumed a founding role in the satirical magazines that from 1870 onwards were published in İstanbul and Smyrna. This article gives basic knowledge about the satirical newspapers and magazines that were published in İstanbul and İzmir starting from their first appearance in Ottoman lands until 1922. These published materials played a vital function not only in their particular field but also in general political journalism and had a determining function in the development of press, in the enrichment of its content and reaching a wider readership. But the satirical press just like the rest of the periodical press remained in between the political ebbs and flows of the period and most of the satirical periodical press were short lived due to banning and censorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chitalishte magazine is the publication organ of the Istanbul Bulgarian Reading Dormitory, which was established in April 1866, starting to be published every two weeks since November 1870. The fact that the magazine, which has reached a five-year-old, is managed by different chief authors every year is reflected in the content. However, the imperial element does not change the understanding that the future and social development of the Bulgarians is without enlightenment and education. Original, translated and adapted articles written at the intersection of popularity and scientificity arouse interest in science in the Bulgarian society, and make a great contribution to the spread of literature, culture and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Bulgarian periodical publishing begins with Konstantin Fotinov's Lyuboslovie magazine published in Izmir in 1842; the magazine reaches 25 issues and three years. In 1846, when the aforementioned magazine ended its publication life, chemistry student Ivan Bogorov published the first Bulgarian newspaper in Leipzig, Germany; the newspaper named Bulgarski orel stands after three issues. In the Age of Awakening, the upper limit of which is the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878, the Ottoman element Bulgarians publish about 100 newspapers and magazines in their own language. While 1/3 of these periodicals start their publishing life in the Ottoman capital, most newspapers and magazines are published in Romania. In the said period, it is seen that Bulgarian periodicals appeared in countries such as Serbia, Austria-Hungary and Russia. In general terms, while the Bulgarian press in Istanbul follows an evolutionist and enlightenment line, it is understood that some newspapers especially published in Romania are screaming for revolution. The study includes information about the first Bulgarian magazine, the first Bulgarian newspaper, the first Bulgarian children's magazine, the first Bulgarian women's magazine, and the Bulgarian newspapers and magazines published in Romania, Serbia, Russia, Istanbul and Bulgarian lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new world order that emerged after the First World War put the future of the Ottoman Empire at risk. Following the Mondros Armistice Agreement, many regions of the country were occupied by the members of the Entente States. Local press in Trabzon was formed in the second half of the 19th century. During the period from the beginning of the National Struggle to the publication of Istikbal Newspaper, there were various newspapers published by non-Muslims in Trabzon as well as anti-National Struggle newspapers owned by Turkish people. İstikbal Newspaper, which was first published in 1918 by Faik Ahmet Barutçu, became influential in the region with its pro-National Independence publication policy. The newspaper objected to those who tried to show the establishment of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) as an act against the Ottoman administration. In this regard, the newspaper put forward legitimate reasons such as the occupation of Istanbul, the center of caliphate and reign, Ottoman administrators who were stripped of power to rule, and the dire need for the nation to be self-governing. Criticizing the wrong policies of the Damat Ferit Pasha Government, Istikbal Newspaper highlighted that the Turkish nation would not rebel against the caliph and the sultan. The newspaper that stated the formation of the new Assembly in Ankara was essential, also addressed the ceremonies to be performed on April 23, 1923. In addition to the articles describing religious sensitivities on the opening day of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, information was provided on the election of deputies to attend the Turkish Grand National Assembly as well. At a time when the press was gaining importance as a propaganda tool, İstikbal Newspaper contributed to the country's unity and solidarity as well as to the success in the regional and national struggle through its publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first official newspaper of the Ottoman Empire based in Istanbul is Takvim-i Vekayi. The main purpose of the newspaper was to popularize the state laws and reforms. This newspaper was subsequently followed by semi-official and private publications. Tuna Provincial Reform Law of 1864, provided the reflection of the media life to the Ottoman country. The Reform included the establishment of a printing house in each province and the issue of the newspapers of the province. Diyarbakir's first official provincial newspaper is Diyarbekir Newspaper, which started its publication in 1869. During the post-Constitutional period when Committee of Union and Progress began to strengthen, private newspapers started to be published. One of them is Dicle, which was published between 1911-1915. Dicle Newspaper was published with the support of the Diyarbakir branch of the CUP. The newspaper published articles on internal and external political, social, economic, intellectual and literary issues throughout its 4 years of publication. In this study, the publishing phase of Dicle, its writer staff, its publication policy and its importance for Diyarbakır were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Osmanlı Seririyat Mecmuası/Revue Médicale Ottomane published between 1910-1914 and presents a detailed "list of contents". Among the medical journals printed in Ottoman Turkish, Osmanlı Seririyat Mecmuası was a significant clinical journal with its editorial board, content and the medical literature it followed. The publication of the journal was interrupted for one year during the First Balkan War. The journal published the most recent treatments of the time, clinical observations, and medical news, and its editorial board comprised the faculty members of the Darülfünun School of Medicine in Istanbul. The Journal should be considered a part of the project of the transformation of the Cemiyet-i Tıbbiye-i Osmaniye into an "Ottoman Medical Academy". Its publication was terminated due to World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the War of Independence the press played a great role in diverting and creating a public opinion. During the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal Pasha prioritised the presence of the press and media, and performed great efforts to ensure its presence aside the Kuvâ-yı Milliye (National Forces). He followed pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and varıous cities of Anatolia very closely, and saw them as a means to inform the public of the struggle that was taking place. Pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and Anatolia became a crucial part in gaining the support of national and international actors, as well as playing a great role in fulfilling its duty by correctly informing the public. One of the most important examples of the Anatolian press during the National Struggle Period was the Dertli newspaper in Bolu. The newspaper was published in the provincial printing house, and it informed and enlightened the public on the War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the provincial spokesmanship. The newspaper was published between 1919 and 1925. The Publisher of the newspaper was known as Deputy of Bolu to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, İlyaszade Şükrü Bey. The editor-in-chief of the weekly newspaper was Ali Saib Bey. The newspaper published news on the War of Independence, the early stages of the Republic, as well as news on politics, business and culture in Bolu and its surrounding provinces. The Dertli Newspaper is one of the outstanding examples of the Anatolian press, which has been kept up to the present day with its full collection. In this study, all the issues of the Dertli newspaper in the Hakki Tarik Us Collection will be reviewed, and the articles and news in the newspaper will be examined, and the data on staff, publication principles and policy of the newspaper will be evaluated. The study will be conducted using a qualitative research method based on document review and the contribution of the news and articles related to the War of Independence, and its contribution to the National Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We cannot see a newspaper published in the Otoman Empire until the end of of 18th Century. İn the first quarter of the 19th century newspapers in French started to be published by the foreigners in the Otoman Empire. The first official newspaper in the Ottoman Empire, Takvim-i Vekayi started to be published towards the end of 1831. In the 1850s only in İstanbul 23 newspapers were being published but no newspaper on commerce was available. Newspapers of that period dealt with education, literature, politics and various news but did not cover issues about industry, land and sea trade. So a newspaper was needed in order for trade to prosper. It was thought that when the newspaper started to be published, trade would flourish and consequently the welfare of the public will increase. Some works were carried out and after a short while the first commercial newspaper , Ceride-i Ticaret, was started to be published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]