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Studies carried out in Europe are of great importance in terms of the history of the Book of Dede Korkut studies. The present study is based on the analytical evaluation of studies conducted in Europe on the Book of Dede Korkut and in foreign languages spoken in Europe. For the list of academic studies in this article, previous bibliographic studies, European and USA-centered databases/online catalogs were utilized. The bibliographic list obtained was classified as "translations" and "selected other works". This study, which has a descriptive character in terms of presenting a bibliographic list on the Book of Dede Korkut, can also be accepted as an analytical review in terms of a holistic evaluation of the studies in question. The present study, which aims to bring the studies on the Book of Dede Korkut in foreign languages to the attention of scholars who read and write in Turkish, to determine the general tendencies of the Dede Korkut researches in Europe and to make a general evaluation based on these determinations, has the purpose of contributing to the corpus of the Book of Dede Korkut researches. In addition, in the light of the data and evaluations put forward, it can be considered as another aim of the article to direct new studies on the Book of Dede Korkut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the first Muhājirūn, dispatched to Yathrib to prepare the city for the forthcoming Hijra and the leading figures of Anār, including their chieftains, set aside some places for prayers, the mosques in Medina were built literally after the Prophet Muammad's emigration. The first masjid built in Madina through the Prophet Muammad's full support, including providing the Companions with the things that they needed such as adobes, was the Masjid al-Qubā' and the second afterward was the Masjid al-Nabawī. In ten years after the hijra, reserving places for prayers continued infrequently. After a while, the local mosques, belonging to the area where the tribes live, began to be constructed by the Companions and later generations. There is a strong connection between the Prophet's prayer locations and the constructions of mosques in Medina throughout the decades after his passing. During the lifetime of the Prophet Muammad, when a Companion needed to reserve a place for prayers, he would invite the Prophet and ask him to pray there. From the year that the Prophet passed on, the Companions found themselves searching for the Prophet's prayer locations and during the period of the Umayyad dynasty, this process was turned into a huge construction activity in order to build mosques for Medina with the great efforts of the Medina governor 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Azīz. Most of the mosques in Medina are dated back to this construction process maintained by 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Azīz under the patronage of al-Walīd b. 'Abd al-Malik. Even though the local mosques, belonging to different types of tribes were thin on the ground, they were mentioned in the books of Medina history with enormous numbers. The fact that there were no structures on most of the Prophet's prayer places appears to have been forgotten in the history books related to Medina either intentionally or unintentionally. Ibn Zabāla is the first who wrote about mosques historically. However, Ibn Zabāla's book on the early history of Medina called Akhbār al-Madina is lost. Crucially its narrations are available through later sources like Ibn al-Najjār, al-Matarī, and al-Samhūdī, the greatest of all the historians of Medina. So, it is clear that one of the most famous examples of anachronism related to mosques could possibly be determined through Ibn Zabāla's detailed records of incidents. Since the scholars of the history of Medina aim was to quote all narrations that reached them and because they interpreted the narrations from the view of their context, which means at least two hundred years after the hijra, anachronism is inevitable to some extent. The author of this paper will survey the anachronistic narrations of Ibn Zabāla through those later sources and depending on a comparison of the narrations, try to explain the position of the mosques between the age of Prophecy and the beginning of the Umayyad period. Instead of searching the already built structures in Medina, this article will examine the places like gardens, houses, or war headquarters where the Prophet Muammad is recorded to have prayed. This is because the contemporary books written on mosques in Medina aimed to recognize the ones that are still solid or at least have ancient ruins, but seemed to have ignored or forgotten the Prophet's prayer places on which mosques were built once but no longer exists anymore. Muammad Ilyās 'Abd al-Ghanī's master thesis about the ancient mosques in Medina is one such source. This article intends to make a clear distinction between the places and the later built mosques. Besides, this paper offers an original classification for prayer places as 'Āliya and Sāfila. Sāfila, the lower Medina, extends from Sunh to the north of Masjid al-Nabawī while 'Āliya, the upper Medina, extends from Sunh to the south of Masjid al-Nabawī and after to Qubā'. The division of Medina into Sāfila and 'Āliya started in the Age of Ignorance (Jāhiliyya) and continued in the lifetime of the Prophet Muammad and clearly, remain valid for a while after his death. Yet, this article has one important limitation. It analyses only the prayer places in 'Āliya beginning with the ones close to Masjid al-Nabawī and examines them within a historical context. The aim of this article can thus be summarized as criticizing the books written on the history of Medina from anachronic records related to local tribe mosques built in the early Islamic history in Medina. Mainly the article indicates that during the lifetime of the Prophet Muammad, most of the so-called tribe mosques in the 'Āliya area were not already built structures but only places like gardens, houses, or war headquarters where the Prophet Muammad had prayed. Yet, this should not diminish the value of the sources written on Medina, which usually contain valuable narrations and insights. On the contrary, they are foundational to the early history of Islam with their variety of witnesses and detailed records of incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of Islam, from the early period, scholars attached significant importance to recording information, which was also actively encouraged by the administrators and rulers of the time. However, for some ḥadīth scholars, there is a few information in history and ṭabaḳāt books, which state that the muḥaddiths destroyed their own collections. Considering the great efforts they spent throughout their life, it is quite remarkable that some of muḥaddiths destroyed their ḥadīth collections by burying, burning, throwing into the water, wiping, washing, tearing them apart, or willing others to destroy before their death. Interestingly, these muḥaddiths are not insignificant in number, and even some of them are among the prominent muḥaddiths. At this point, it is imperative to investigate which muḥaddiths destroyed their books, the motivations behind this decision, and the consequences for the knowledge of hadīth. In this study, we investigate the reasons and methods of muḥaddiths, lived in 2nd and 3rd AH centuries, who destroyed their b ooks. F urthermore, w e e xamine t heir i mpacts o n hadīth science and thoughts of other muḥaddiths on this issue. Then, we focus on its influence on jarḥ wa’l-ta'dīl as it affects the weakness of the narrator's ḍḥabt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the historiography of İhsan Süreyya Sırma who is Professor of Islamic History and his contributions to Islamic history. Sirma who was born in 1943 in Pervari / Siirt, is the historian of books and articles on history and history of Islam in particular. Sırma's the most important study, which is an important place among today's Islamic historians named "Müslümanların Tarihi", is the five-volume which begins from the first human being and the first Prophet, Adam, to the fall of the Ottoman Empire and deals with the political history of Muslims. Determining the understanding of history within the framework of the studies prepared by İhsan Süreyya Sırma on Islamic history is important in terms of revealing its place in Islamic Historiography. In this study, in the context of Sirma's works, his understanding of history, his perception of history, his way of handling and interpretation, his difference from today's historians and his place among Islamic Historians will be tried to be revealed. In addition, this study is intended to be the basis for more detailed and comprehensive studies on the historiography of İhsan Süreyya Sırma. This study is based on literature review of Sırma's own works and related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to discuss the external history of the Book of Theta (Metaphysics IX) in the context of Ibn Rushd's commentaries on Metaphysics. Ibn Rushd interpreted the Book of Theta in Talkhīs mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah based on its meaning and content. Ibn Rushd did not pursue the original composition of Metaphysics in Talkhīs mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah. However, Ibn Rushd interpreted the Book of Theta in Tafsīr mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah focusing on the expression and based on the original text. Ibn Rushd pursued the original composition of Metaphysics in Tafsīr mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah. Thus, Ibn Rushd took advantage of Astat and Isḥāq b. Hunain's arabic translations of the Book of Theta in this interpretation process. Astat and Isḥāq b. Hunain are experts in the translation of Aristotle's works from Greek into Arabic. When Astat and Isḥāq b. Hunain's translation styles are looked at, it is understood that they adhered to the text word by word. In this respect, those translations supported the literary interpretation of Ibn Rushd. On the other hand, Ibn Rushd was influenced by the Greek commentator/Alexander of Aphrodisias in the interpretation of Theta. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Ibn Rushd's interpretation methods based on utterance are similar. In this respect, Ibn Rushd's Commentary of Theta reveals his Aristotelian approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the general lines of military historiography are mentioned briefly. Popular, professional and academic types of military historiography have been described, which vary according to their purpose and content. In the foundation of the study is İhsan Hün, who had been an officer in the Ottoman period, participated in the Turkish war of independence and continued to be an officer in the Republic Period, had a military history book and a military history writing conception. İhsan Hün gave one of the first examples of military historiography in the Republican Era. This book has been examined and it has been shown how Istanbul's conquest is handled. It is seen that the work constitutes a good example of "professional military historiography". Thus, İhsan Hün and his understanding of history were tried to be introduced to readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hildegard of Bingen, one of the most important women of the Middle Ages, was a writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, and German Benedictine abbess. Hildegard was born into a noble family as the youngest of ten children in Bermersheim, Germany, in 1098. She was 15 years old when she began wearing the Benedictine habit and pursuing a religious life. Hildegard was educated at the Benedictine cloister of Disibodenberg. In Hildegard's time, the monasteries were providing a high quality education as, a constituent part of Benedictine life. She wrote theological, botanical and medicinal texts, as well as, letters, liturgical songs, and poems. Hildegard known as "Sybil of the Rhine", produced her major works on theology and her visions. She used the curative powers of natural objects for healing, and wrote treatises about medicinal uses of trees, stones, animals and plants. Hildegard also wrote two texts on the natural sciences: Physica and Causae et Curae. The nine books of Physica describe about 500 herbs, plants, animal, precious stones, and metals. Hildegard of Bingen describes the characteristic of four-footed land animals and reptiles in the 7th and 8th books of Physica, respectively. Physica is the first book in which a woman discusses plants, trees, animals and herbs in relation to their medicinal properties. It is also the earliest book on natural history written in German. On 7 October 2012, Hildegard of Bingen was canonized and named a Doctor of the Church by Pope Benedict XVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahmed Midhat Efendi (1829-1912) is one of the 19th century intellectuals of the Ottoman Empire. He is a well-educated prolific writer and journalist in various newspapers. This study examines his work Kâinat from the perspective of geography. The work comprises a total of 16 volumes, the first one being the introduction and the rest focusing on the countries in the European continent. Ahmed Midhat starts with the creation of the world and man in the first volume. He then compares this story with the narratives in the books of the monotheistic religions and attempts to reconcile them. Again in this volume, he writes that he wants to write a history book that includes the 5 continents in the world, shaping the historiography according to the principles of space. In other words, he breaks down the world into the continents first and then countries, stating that he will write a separate history for each country, and thus a history book covering the whole world will emerge. This study by Ahmed Mithad is significant for certain details on the formation of the world and the emphasis it puts on the importance of the knowledge of geography for writing history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historiography of the History of Science in Turkey has gained momentum in recent years; by the efforts of many researchers and translators both in the academic circles and outside, no small amount of literature has been accumulated. The purpose of this study is to list an inventory of translations and the genuine books related to the history of science published in our country since 23 April 1923 and to evaluate the works within the main lines. With this work, the value of the said literature will come to light and the sufficient and insufficient aspects of it can be evaluated-creating an awareness to improve said insufficient aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with bibliography of Russian books published under the Tsarist Russia. It determines the fact that Russian scholars belonging to the Academy of Russian Sciences had produced valuable studies regarding the Balkans. The availability of them about the aforementioned region stems from the fact that destinies of both Russia and the Balkans are closely linked with each other. No doubt that this is of great importance for Turkish historiography as well. In this respect, this research aims to contribute to those researchers regarding those Russian sources which have largely been omitted in studies about the Balkans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly the most basic element is information in the development of civilization. In this context it is obvious the importance of the book as a information source. The book showed different levels of development early ages up to this day. The emergence and development of the book shaped various cultural, political, economic, and geographic factors. Today, the book been in existence in both print and electronic formats and continues to be the main information source. To know the history of the book will shed light on future assessments. In this context, the aim of this study to present an overview the formation and development of the printed book in the historical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]