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The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition, metabolic energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and methane production capacities of tree leaves in the form of ghazel that fall in autumn. In thiss tudy, the leaves of peach, plum, cherry, apricot, apple, blackplum, and pear trees were examined. Drymatter (DM) content varied between 26.79 and 43.43%. The high est dry matter content was determined in peach leaves. The lowest crude ash (CA) content was observed in the pearleaf at 9.09%, while the highest was observed in the apricot leaves at 20.55%. The Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) contents of tree leaves were changed between 28.67 and 44.48%. The lowest NDF content was determined in cherry leaves, while the highest was determined for peach leaves. The highest aciddetergent fiber (ADF) values were observed in pear leaves at 26.07%, while the lowest were obtained from apricot leaves with 21.52%. The lowest crude protein (CP) content was determined for pear leaves with 5.43%, while the highest was determined for plum leaves at 9.27%. Gas production values and net methane production values of tree leaves ranged from 84.53 to 113.86 ml, and 10.52 to 15.63 ml respecti vely. While the percent methane production values of tree leaves ranged between 12.09 and 14.56%, the lowest was observed in pear leaves. OMD contents were changed between 70.31-81.42 %. The highest OMD content was determined in apricot leaves and the lowest in pear leaves. ME values ranged between 7.67-9.13, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary debate, which can be defined as each of the opposite entities or concepts trying to prove its superiority over the other with some claims, examples and evidence, is a genre frequently seen in Sumerian, Akkadian, Egyptian, Aramaic, Syriac, Arab, Persian and Turkish literatures. Among the most original and remarkable examples of this genre, which has a very old history, in Turkish literature are the fruit debates in which fruits try to claim and prove their superiority over each other with the help of identification and intact arts. The lithograph Fevâkihü'l-Kulûb dated 1875-76, which is the subject of this article, is such a debate. Fevâkihü'l-Kulûb, which was written in the form of mef'ûlü mefâilün feûlü and in masnavi verse, by Ahmed Hayret-i Dağistani, one of the important representatives of the minstrel epic genre in the nineteenth century; 24 fruits consisting of plum, strawberry, cherry, cherry, peach, apricot, apple, pear, quince, pomegranate, citrus, orange, lemon, grape, hazelnut, walnut, chestnut, almond, pistachio, mulberry, jujube, fig and date It is a fruit debate in which they engage in a struggle for supremacy in a garden in the spring and the date palm wins at the end of this struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Sea Region, having very different ecological conditions and geographical structures and therefore can grow many fruit species, has a very important place in fruit growing in our country. The Black Sea Region realizes 11.1 % of Turkey's fruit production with 2 573 222 tons, and approximately 4.4 % of our country's pome fruit production about 225 thousand tons of pome fruit production. Pome fruit growing in the region is mainly performed in home gardens, fruit gardens and commercial orchards. Pome fruits with 8.8 % portion have second place after nuts (23.9 %) in fruit growing of the region. Apple (149 275 tons, 66.3 %) and pear (59 931 tons, 26.6 %) are produced as the highest amount among pome fruits in the region. In the region, while apples are produced in terms of both production amount and area with the other apple group (36.3 % and 37.9 %, respectively), the Amasya apple (20.9 %) in terms of production area and the Starking apple (19.7 %) in terms of production amount are followed in this group. The Black Sea Region with 1 912 tons of production supplies 38.5 % of total medlar production of Turkey. When the potential of pome fruit production in the Black Sea Region is evaluated, Amasya (46 004 tons), Samsun (27 874 tons), Kastamonu (21 509 tons) and Tokat (20 450 tons) are the main producer cities. In this study, the current situation and potential of the most produced pome fruit species in the fruit production of the Black Sea Region and Turkey are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research it was aimed to determine the changes in fruit quality during storage in order to determine the effects of 1- Methylcyclorpopene (1-MCP) treatments at different storage temperatures. ‘Deveci’ pear fruits 312.5 ppb and 625 ppb 1-MCP treated with control (0) were stored at 2-3 °C and 0-1 °C for 180 days. Samples were kept for 7 days as shelf life with 20-22 °C temperature 50-60% relative humidity conditions after 60,120 and 180 days’ cold storage in the research. Fruit firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity and total phenolic content were assessed after each cold storage with shelf life period. Moreover, internal breakdown and scald incidence were determined. According to the results, 1-MCP treatments were found significantly effective compared to control fruits. Friut quality parameters were conserved with 1-MCP at 625 ppb dose at the highest level. Besides, the most effective results in the context of preserving the quality were fixed on fruits stored at 0-1 °C temperature. However, scald caused by chilling injury on 1-MCP untreated fruits stored at this temperature. On the other hand, internal breakdown was occurred on fruits treated by 1-MCP at high storage temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, physico-chemical and sensory evaluations of F1 genotypes that were obtained by hybridizations from 'Akça' which is a approvingly consumed early harvest cultivar in our country were made. Furthermore, the susceptibility level of hybrids to fire blight, which is the most devastating disease of pome fruit species was detected. Among the pomological characteristics, fruit width, fruit length, shape index, fruit weight and fruit flesh hardness were varied between 35.84 - 59.19 mm, 42.59 - 71.80 mm, 0.90 - 1.85, 25.53 - 101.40 g, 3.38 - 6.87 kg.cm², respectively. Soluble solid content, pH, titreable acidity, Vitamin C and antioxidant activity values were determined in the range of %10,93 - 16,77, 3,15 - 4,52, % 0.16 - 0.64, 2.00 - 5,33 mg.L-1 ve %23.37 - 81,20. As a result of weighted rating method, formed by the parameters which bring the commercial value of the genotypes to the forefront, four genotypes have the potential to be registered as early pear cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of foliar micro element application on Chojuro cultivar in Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in producer orchard that established in 3 x 4 m spacing in Uşak ecological condition in 2018. In the experiment, it was investigated the using foliar microelement (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) fertilization method with different application frequency effects on the plant growth, fruit yield and quality characteristics of Chojuro cultivar. As a result, the leaf area and shoots length and diameter in plants increased with a rising foliar application numbers. The application of foliar fertilizer yielded dark-colored fruits.3 times applications were increased leaf Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu content by 33%, 61%, 189% and 80%, respectively. However, the foliar nutrient application did not cause any significant differences in fruit yield. Especially 3 times applications were increased fruit weight by 28%. The total soluble solids (TSS) rised from 12.8% to 14.3% with the increased foliar application, but the fruit firmness was significantly reduced. For the Asian pear cultivation, which is fairly new in the Turkey, application of foliar fertilization method in micronutrient deficiencies could be applied to obtain quality products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in 2017 and 2018 with the aim of characterize some apple and pear varieties in terms of phytochemical characteristics. As a result of the study, when the average values of cultivars belong to species were examined, it was found that the properties of titreable acidity (TA), Vitamin C, total phenol and antioxidant activity (AOA) were higher in apple, while soluble solid content (SSC) and pH values were higher in pear. In apples, TA, Vitamin C, total phenol, AOA, SSC and pH values were determined in the range of %1.35 - % 0.34, 5.63 - 2.41 mg/100 mL, 494.8 - 158.68 mg/L, %78.23 - %55.94, %12.93 - %10.65, 3.73 - 3.00 respectively. In pears, these values varied between %0.5 - 0.13, 5.77 - 1.52 mg/100 mL, 334.76 - 103.49 mg/L, %78.43 - %11.93, %15.78 - %11.78, 4.87 - 3.47. It was detected that, total phenolic content, vitamin C and antioxidant activity was increased corresponding to increasing of the acidity in both species. In addition, as a consequence of the corelation analysis, antioxidant acitivity increased by rising of total phenolics and vitamin C content. It was found that 'Jersey Mac' was superior than the other apple cultivars in terms of investigated features, and early harvested cultivars had better phytochemical features, generally. 'Limon', 'Santa Maria', 'Conference' and 'Moonglow' cultivars were came into prominence among pear varieties. It was thought that, the data obtained from the study can lead the selection of parents in breeding programes and consumer preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out between 2014 and 2015 to determine the effects of varieties and rootstocks with different characteristics in the production of pear nursery on seedling development. Deveci and Santa Maria pear varieties, and Quince C, Fox 9, OHxF 40, Fox 11, OHxF87, OHxF97, OHxF69, OHxF 333 and BA 29 rootstocks were used in this study. Two pear varieties and nine different pear rootstocks were budded by T bud method in 10 September 2014.After 18 months from the budding, rootstock diameter (mm), seedling diameter (mm), seedling length (cm), shoot number (number), average shoot length (cm), average shoot diameter (mm) and rootstock’s offshoot were investigated. The shortest seedlings were obtained from the Fox 11 (104.01 cm) and Deveci (126.83 cm). The smallest rootstock diameter was found as Fox 9 (15.54 mm) and the varieties as Santa Maria (17.83 mm).It has been found that variety x rootstock interaction is effective on seedling diameter and number of shoots. And Santa Maria/Fox 11 were obtained with a minimum number of seedlings (11.71 mm) and number of shoots (3.28).It is important to determine and evaluate the development vigor of the pear rootstocks used in the study, and it is thought that the study will shed light on the scientific nature of the work to be done thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different promalin doses and heading treatments on lateral branching in four pear cultivars. Doses of 0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm of promalin was applied in early July and heading treatment was examined 80 cm above the soil level in early July. Promalin treatments had positive effect on both lateral branching and growing characteristics. Whereas, heading treatment statistically did not increase the nursery tree growing and lateral branching based on control treatment. It was found that the highest percentage of branching was 84.37% from Morettini cultivar with 1000 ppm promalin treatment. It was also found that the treatment with 750 ppm promalin produced the highest shoot length as 23.40 cm. While the highest nursery tree was obtained from Akça cultivar with 750 ppm promalin treatment (135.19 cm), the lowest nursery tree was obtained from Morettini cultivar with 1000 ppm promalin treatment (93.26 cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]