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Rice, obtained through the processing of paddy, is one of the most widely consumed food products globally. However, diseases affecting rice plants, particularly those occurring on the rice leaves, pose significant challenges for farmers. The identification of rice plant diseases demands specialized knowledge, making it a complex issue to tackle. Often, due to insufficient understanding, farmers misdiagnose diseases and apply incorrect treatments. Rapid and accurate disease diagnosis plays a pivotal role in enhancing healthy and productive crop cultivation. To address this problem, a deep learning-based model was developed to detect rice plant diseases. The model was trained on a dataset containing four different rice plant diseases and achieved a successful outcome with a loss value of 0.0014. Additionally, four different deep learning algorithms were used to create models through transfer learning with pre-trained ImageNet models, and a comparison of their performance was presented. The most successful model was obtained using the VGG16 transfer learning architecture. Experimental results in this study demonstrate that the proposed transfer learning method can effectively recognize rice leaf diseases, providing a reliable approach for identifying leaf diseases in various plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial fruit spot caused by Acidovorax citrulli is an extremely destructive disease that threatens the production of cucurbit plants. One of the most effective methods in the control of the disease is the use of plants resistant to pathogens. However, no cucurbit cultivars resistant to bacterial fruit spot disease have been developed so far. In this study, 10 commercial melon cultivars and 28 cucurbit genotypes were tested in both seed and seedling stages to determine the sources of resistance to A. citrulli. The study was planned according to completely randomized design (CRD) and was established as three replications with 1 plant in each pot. Among the plants tested for resistance reaction, commercial Altınbaş melon cultivar and Gönen melon genotype were found to be resistant to disease as a result of seed inoculation test, while they were determined as highly sensitive in seedling inoculation test.was determined that the Çorum 10 Dilim melon genotype was the cucurbit plant with the lowest disease severity (22.22%) in the seedling period inoculation. It was determined that the plants evaluated in the study changed their resistance reactions against the disease in different growth periods. The data obtained show that among the tested cucurbit genotypes, there are plants with the potential for disease resistance as a result of both seed and seedling inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectobacterium spp. are ubiquitous bacterial plant pathogens with a wide host range which cause soft rot disease on the invaded plant tissue. This study aimed to isolate the bacterial soft rot disease agents belonging to Pectobacterium spp. on potato tubers delivered for consumption in the local bazaar, grocery and markets in the Center district of Yozgat province and Kaman district of Kırşehir province of Turkey between 2018 and 2019. Local bazaar, market and grocery stores were surveyed and 168 potato tubers were collected. The humidity cell test was performed to investigate the presence of pectinolytic bacteria in asymptomatic and soft rotted potato tubers. Bacterial isolation from 54 different soft rotted tuber slices was performed on Crystal Violet Pectate (CVP) medium. A total of 42 bacterial isolates, that formed pits on CVP medium, were obtained following isolation. Among these, 27 isolates were observed to have shiny, transparent, irregular, crater-shaped colony morphology on Nutrient Agar (NA) plates. All isolates were gram and oxidase negative, catalase-positive, facultative anaerobe, non-fluorescent morphological characteristics and caused soft rot on potato tuber slices. Following PCR analysis, 19 of 54 symptomatic tuber samples were determined as infected by P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (9 isolates), P. atrosepticum (6 isolates) and Pectobacterium spp. (4 isolates). In 8 of 114 asymptomatic tuber samples, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (5 isolates), P. atrosepticum (2 isolates) and P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (1 isolate) were determined as responsible agents of latent infections. The presence of Pectobacterium isolates in the stored potato tubers brought for consumption suggests the pathogen can be transferred to different regions. Potato tubers offered for sale for consumption are thought to be an important inoculum source for the transfer of Pectobacterium isolates to disease-free areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, efficiency of alternative chemicals such as calcium oxide, calcium polysulfide, microgranule sulfur and Reynoutria spp. against Gray mold disease on pepper plants, applied before and after pathogen inoculation, was investigated. As a result of pot trials; calcium oxide was found as the most effective chemical against Botrytis cinerea. Calcium oxide also increased height, fresh weight and stem width of pepper plants. When the amounts of total phenolics in pepper leaves were determined after chemical applications; it was found that there was increase in all applications when compared to control plants. In all applications where no pathogen inoculation was performed, the highest phenolic amounts were determined on leaf samples taken 72 hours after the applications. When chemicals were applied after pathogen inoculation, the highest amounts of phenolics were found on leaf samples taken 24 hours after chemical application with calcium oxide, microgranule sulfur and calcium polysulfide, while on samples from negative control, pathogen inoculated control, Reynoutria spp. extract and Luna applied plants, highest phenolic amounts were determined after 72 hours. As a result, it can be mentioned that applied chemicals may induce resistance mechanisms of pepper plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the medicinal plants used in the treatment of eye diseases in the Roman Imperial Period are discussed. The plants in question were used as the main material in the medicines prepared as liquid or ointment and they were an important constituent of eye treatment. Since the materials in the medicine do not survive because of decay, our information regarding this point are insufficient. However, the written sources brought to the present by the scientists lived in the Roman Imperial Period provide important information about the plants used in eye treatment. In the list compiled in reference to the information in the sources, it is seen that plants belonging to different families such as mandrake, aloe, quince, hemlock, henbane, primrose, rose, mustard, poppy (opium), spikenard, iris, centaury, flax, lycium, myrtus, myrrh, mint, fennel, saffron, garlic, rue, liquidambar (sweetgum), onion, cinnamon were used in eye medicines. However, it is determined that some plants among them were used more often. These plants, which are further investigated in our study, are mandrake, acacia, hemlock, henbane, primrose, poppy (opium), lycium, myrrh, saffron and rue. The juice, oil or resin extracted from the leaves, branches, roots and fruits of these plants were used in the treatment of eye pain and inflammation. It was found that some plants such as primrose were used for the purpose of enlarging the pupils before surgeries. Moreover, it was determined that some herbs cured the eye diseases in animals The plants in question were mixed with animal or mineral origin materials and the consistency of the medicine was adjusted with breast milk, wine and rainwater. The study reveals that the most important components in the eye medicine were herbal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed-borne pathogenic bacterium, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), causes bacterial canker and wilt disease on tomato plants. Disease raises severe economic losses both on greenhouse or field grown tomatoes worldwide. No effective management strategy is available to avoid the disease. The aims of this study were (1) to detect Cmm on/in seeds of 41 individual seedlots using the methods seedling grow-out assay, pathogen isolation from seed washing water dilutions onto King's Medium B and SCM with the aid of Cmm specific ELISA and BIO-PCR, (2) to determine the efficacy of seed treatments like regional antagonistic bacterium coded K2C, Serenade, ISR 2000, sodium hypochloride, grape and apple vinegars, hot water and lactic acid to reduce/eliminate pathogen inoculum from tomato seeds. Cmm specific ELISA could detected one contaminated seed lot (seed lot 13) from seed washing water and two contaminated seedlots (seedlot 6 and 13) from seed dilutions onto semi selective medium SCM. Seed treatments successfully reduced pathogen inoculum on/in seeds and contaminated seeds from 77 to 100% and from 31 to 100%, respectively. In this study, the seed treatments sodium hypochlorite, grape and apple vinegars, hot water and lactic acid proved to be most efficient. As a result, the study concluded that grape and apple vinegars can be used as seed treatments in conventional and organic farming systems to avoid Cmm contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire Blight caused by Erwinia amylovora is a disease of plants belonging to Rosaceae family of 39 different genera and 128 species. Integrated disease management is preferred by combining different methods in the disease control. Nowadays, studies on alternative methods to control of the disease were intensified. One of these methods is using of essential oils obtained from medical and aromatic plants. In this study, antibacterial activity of 16 different plant essential oil was investigated against to Erwinia amylovora in vitro conditions. Seven essential oils (Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici, Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus vulgaris) inhibited successfully the growth of Erwinia amylovora in vitro conditions. The higher antibacterial efficacy was produced by the six plant essential oil except Cymbopogon citratus, compared to streptomycin. Essential oils from Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici and Mentha arvensis were obtained in 16.44, 15.11 and 12.94 mm inhibition zones, respectively and these essential oils had the highest antibacterial effects. These effective essential oils was found as promising in this disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is not only a valuable spice plant of Mediterranean and Europe but it has used for aroma and medicinal purposes in foods and industries respectively. Fennel production is common in Burdur province and its districts. However, last year and this year, fennel production areas were infected with a fungal disease. Fennel producers have brought samples to our laboratory. For this reason, studies have been conducted to diagnose the disease causing fungus, Koch postulates were conducted and appropriate management methods for the disease were recommended. Microscopic studies have revealed that a fungal pathogen, Cercosporidium punctum is the causal agent of the disease on fennel plants. The symptoms appear as blight on plant tissues. The fungal spores are able to cause epidemics under suitable high temperature and humidity conditions. The Cercosporidium blight disease should be controlled by using disease free seeds, disease-resistant varieties and appropriate cultural management methods. The development of the disease should be suppressed with cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the growing season of 2007, surveys carried on in eight important plum-producer counties (Central Country, Ýncirliova, Köþk, Nazilli, Buharkent, Çine, and Bozdoðan) of Aydýn Province revealed that plum rust was found in most of the orchards ( 88%). The highest mean disease severity (82.3 lesions per leaf) was found in Ýncirliova County. Of two plum varieties commonly grown in the Province, 'Papaz' was found to be heavily infected and exhibited severe premature defoliation; however 'Bekiroðlu' showed less disease severity and lower leaf fall In 2008, monitoring changes of rust severity throughout the season revealed that the severity was low from mid-May to early-June and sharply increased in late-June, July and August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New fungicides are needed in terms of both environmental and commercial day by day. In particular, antifungal compounds of microbial origin have drawn attention considerably over the past years. As a result of this, a number of antifungal compounds have been discovered from various microbial sources. When comparing these microbial compounds with traditional fungicides, these compounds could be highly effective against various plant diseases. With the development of test technic focusing on specific target of fungal metabolism made it possible exploring of new antifungal agents selective to non-target organisms. Specificity of microbial fungicides has been a higly preferred feature particularly environment where fungicide resistance occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The susceptibility of 10 faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars to Ascochyta fabae, the causal agent of faba bean antracnose, were evaluated by artificial inoculations under controlled conditions. Significant differences in disease severity were found among cultivars. Filiz 99, Eresen 87, Sevilla, Verde and Seher exhibited less disease severity comparing to the other cultivars. The high disease severities were detected on the cultivars of Karel and Tanyeri. The cultivars, Lara, Tarzan and Yörükali displayed less disease severity comparing to Karel and Tanyeri however, their responds can also be characterized as susceptible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, production of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by Rhizobium strains which are isolated from the soil sample obtained from different regions of Elazig province using Plant Infection Method was studied. Rhizobium strains were grown in Yeast Extract Mannitol medium at 28 °C for 48 hours. After incubation period cultures were cenrifugated and biomass which are obtained were dried. After dry cell weight had been measured, PHB were obtained by ultrasonication. PHB is converted to crotonic acid by using sulfiric acid. The amount of the last substance is measured by using UV spectrophotometer at 235 nm. Dry cell weight of R. phaseoli CIAT 899 is measured as 0,2016 g/l. The measurement of dry cell weight of R. phaseoli isolates is between 0,0982-0,2424 g/l. Dry cell weight of R. leguminosarum Le 735 is measured as 0,2834 g/l. The measurement of dry cell weight of R. leguminosarum isolates is between 0,2544-0,4424 g/l. Amount of PHB produced by R. phaseoli CIAT 899 according to dry cell weight was 23,03%. The amount of PHB produced by R. phaseoli isolates was 17,23%- 26,04%. Amount of PHB produced by R. leguminosarum Le 735 according to dry cell weight was 18,91%. The amount of PHB produced by R. leguminosarum isolates was 8,69%-14,65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately a century ago, many biologists noticed the existence of non-pathogenic fungi in the roots of several plants. In 1885, the relationship between plant roots and some soil fungi was referred as "mycorrhizae". Mycorrhizae can be found almost everywhere and 90% of higher plant species co-exist with mycorrhizae. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are the most common mycorrhizal type. Mycorrhizal fungi form a bridge between the roots and the soil, gathering nutrients from the soil and giving them to the roots. Mycorrhizae also benefit plants by changing mycorrhizosphere, enhancing the structure of the soil, morphological and physiological changes in roots and competition of nutrition. In addition, plants that show mycorrhizae formation become more resistant against pathogens and nematodes thereby possessing tremendous advantage in protecting the plants against these agents which hardly controlled by other ways. However, it was suggested that Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AMF) plants might become susceptible to some obligate pathogens due to their better development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, effect of the Trichoderma harzianum Kuen 1585 biopreparation was tested in-vivo against V. dahliae causing Verticillium wilt and R. solani causing damping-off in cotton. We also tested biological preparation for its impact on cotton seedling development in-vivo. Two highly virulent V. dahliae isolates (5/3 and 20/2) were used by injecting stems of the cotton plants (cv. Acala SJ-2) at 4-6 true leaf stage. Cotton plants growing from T. harzianum treated seeds (20 g/kg) showed the average disease severity of 82.68% for 5/3 and 81.08 % for 20/2 while plants from untreated seeds have the disease severity of 88.07% and 79.34%, respectively. Seed treatment with T. harzianum (20 g/kg) and tolclofos-methyl+thiram (3g/kg) resulted in 30% and 60% seedling survival whereas non-treated seed was 25% in soil infested with R. solani (AG4) inoculum. However, when plant dry weight is taken into account T. harzianum treatment alone increased dry weight by 32% over controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]