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Districts and Amendments in Certain Laws and Decree Laws" was enacted. With the Law 6360, a new management system has been included in the Turkish Local Management System, and the metropolitan municipality model providing services in provincial territorial borders has been adopted. Whit this law, changing the definition of metropolitan municipality, medium-sized cities have also gained "Metropolitan Municipality" status. Whit the law, 13 new metropolitan municipalities were established in 13 provinces. The implementation of provincial territorial borders on the municipal services adopted for İstanbul and Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipalities with former law 5216 has become effective for all metropolitan municipalities with the law 6360. Thus, in terms of services there are no differences between rural and urban in metropolitan municipalities and service area of metropolitan municipalities has become provincial territorial borders. In this sense, this study mainly aims to analyze the topic of inner security services and organization in the law 6360 comparing with the law 6638 in the point of sharing competence and responsibility, centralization-localization, relations between central and local governments in detail. It is known that a regulation with the law 6638 was made in 2015 to fill the legal and administrative gap come out by the law 6360. The main problem of this study will be the status of organization of gendarmerie in metropolitan municipalities in terms of rural-urban separation for its responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the differences between rural and urban adolescents' health and health behaviors. Material and Method: The data presented in this study were a part of the Turkish data collected for the cross-sectional and international "Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2005/2006 study" which aimed to evaluate adolescents' health and health behavior around Europe and North America. Data were collected from 3884 11 to 13 years of age (1946 males, 1938 females) students who attended 180 classes of 82 primary schools in 23 cities. Statistical analyses were made by using chi square test. Results: Both female and male students who lived in rural areas were more likely to go to bed hungry more often, to feel dizzy more often, to eat fruits less often, to brush teeth less often, to exercise less often and to use computers less often than their peers living in urban areas. Besides, in rural areas, male students were more likely to be violent and female students were more likely to feel unhealthy, to be unsatisfied with their lives and to be injured more often than their urban peers. Both female and male students who lived in urban areas were more likely to eat or drink more energy dense and low nutritional value foods and drinks than their peers living in rural areas. Males who lived in urban areas were more likely to be on a diet, not to be satisfied with their body and to be obese than their peers living in rural areas. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that there are several health inequities between rural and urban female and male adolescents. These differences should be taken into account, when prepering adolescent health promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important problems in Turkey has been the distribution and spread of educational services in both rural and urban areas. Rural areas compared to urban areas have benefited from the educational opportunities and services in a limited way, but sometimes they do not have benefited from them at all. These differences in educational opportunities and service have influenced various social areas and have also played a role in the determination of economic conditions. The goal of this paper is to point out the educational differences in rural/ urban areas and to discuss their causes. The level of education of rural and urban areas will be compared based an data gathered from government statistics. Finally, the relationship between education and employment and the effects of education on employment in rural and urban areas will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]