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Following World War II, Turkey was keen on being a part of the emerging US-led order. By ceding foreign policy autonomy to Washington, Ankara became one of the United States’ most loyal allies until the mid-1960s. However, the first crisis in Turkish-American relations began in 1964 and culminated in the closure of US bases and facilities in Turkey in 1975. Despite escalating tensions, Turkey remained as a member of the US-led system, limited its challenge to the US to a demand for more autonomy. In this context, this study aims to identify the causes of Turkey’s quest for autonomy within the US-led system from 1964 to 1975 by applying the concepts and arguments of the hierarchy theory, which is relatively new in the field of international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turgut Cansever has established the following relation between the religious principles and the structured environment in order to represent the Islamic thought in the production of space: Even if the earth is a divine reflection shaped around the belief of "tawhid", it is a holistic space in which autonomous beings producing new subjectivities are organized by human hands. This article first tried to grasp these mentioned proposals on the basis of Saussure's duality of langue and parole; it, then tried to evaluate them with the concepts of metaphor and metonymy that are significant in linguistics. First of all, it has been witnessed that these concepts belonging to the structuralist tradition of Saussurean are base for analysis in cultural studies. At this point, it has been concluded that metaphor serves to put forward a tangible image in order to privilege an ideal meaning, thus it becomes a mode of representation that makes power inviolable. On the contrary, it has been said that metonymic connections invite to undermine the social hierarchy by emptying authoritarian meaning. Thus, borrowing the concepts of metaphor, metonym, langue and parole from semiotic this article interest in understanding his ideas between the lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakh folklore shows the features of the social structure of Kazakh society, the role of rulers, and the features of their activities in general. Also in the epics of the Kazakh people, you can find natural living skills, social environment, power structure and dialogue between the people and the authorities. After analyzing the content of the famous epics of the Kazakh people, you can find the way of everyday life of the Kazakhs, their social system, the nature of the relationship of power with the people, as well as individual plots of the power structure. In the course of studying the images of rulers in Kazakh folklore, we analyzed the data of khans and sultans, their personal lives and exploits, as well as a number of individual anatomical features. According to the tradition of Kazakh society, Zhyrau-storytellers, outstanding thinkers, sages, testifying to the ruler's childhood and his experiences, were next to the Khan. Zhyrau was directly involved in the management of the state in the Khan's headquarters, gave advice to the khans and batyrs, all the people and took part in the Khan's Council. At any time, each Zhyrau had its own historical place, political and social significance under each Khan. They were not only masters of the verbal art, but also warriors and commanders who were ready to defend their land and people from the enemy. In addition, they were those who called on the soldiers to protect the country and liberate the people, propagandized patriotism or gave advice to the khans and their advisers, exposed their shortcomings and openly expressed them. Under any Khan or Sultan, there were separate Zhyraus. Among them were both opponents and supporters of the policy of the rulers. But all of them, however, were primarily of interest to the people, and in their poems they sang of the problems and needs of the common people. Unfortunately, all their stories were expressed verbally and passed on to the next generation only by word of mouth. Accordingly, with the passage of time, many of these tales have been forgotten and only a small part has survived to the present day. Therefore, this article considers only those preserved tales of zhyraus, which display images of rulers and problems of power. For this reason, the historical period of the article is extensive. As a methodological basis, we mainly used traditional research methods, including systematization of data, comparative analysis, grouping of opinions and conclusions. In the review of research on the image of rulers in a nomadic society, zhyrau's tales were guided by the principles of objectivity. We also showed the phenomena that influenced the formation of the image of khans in the works of zhyrau, the conditions of their occurrence and interaction, using a specific method of analysis. Methods of historical comparative analysis were used to identify historical data, systematic analysis of scientific data, a detailed understanding of individual opinions and conclusions, and to identify the relationships and differences between domestic and foreign research works. The analysis of sources used methods of presentation, interpretation, forecasting, as well as induction (from the general to separately) research in the collection, systematization, analysis and self-assessment of scientific data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the journal of Terakki (Progress) published by the Progressive Association of Nevşehir. The journal is part of the Karamanli (in Turkish written with Greek letters) periodical literature of the late nineteenth century. Its readership mainly consisted of Turkish speaking Anatolian Orthodox immigrants of Istanbul or other important urban areas of the Empire but also it had customers in the local Anatolian Orthodox communities themselves. Among the Anatolian Orthodox immigrants in the capital of the Empire those from Nevşehir formed an important segment. The journal has an encyclopedic orientation since it provided its readership information on topics concerning education, family life, religion, health, history, geography etc. It defended a conservative modernist perspective in an age that the rhythm of socioeconomic change threatened existing social relations and hierarchies. The journal served as a vehicle for the expression of the ideas of the educated younger generation and the emerging new segment of professionals of the Turkish speaking Anatolian Orthodox immigrants. This new educated elite through their vehicles of expression like the journal Terakki, served a very crucial role in the process of adoption and/or appropriation of the social, cultural and linguistic standards of the Ottoman Greek millet by the Turkish speaking Anatolian Orthodox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To provide pertinent information on the upper class in regards to their general health status, illnesses, typology of illnesses, health care seeking behaviours and factors which determine their (1) moderate-to-very good health status, (2) illness, and (3) health care seeking behaviour in order to make available to policy specialists and public health practitioners information on this group, to be used as a guide in their decision making policies. METHOD: A sample of 2,734 respondents from the wealthiest 20% and second wealthy social hierarchies was extracted from a cross-sectional survey of 6,783 respondents. An administered questionnaire was used to collect the data, which were stored and analyzed using SPSS for Windows 16.0. The questionnaire was modelled on the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study household survey. RESULTS: The majority of the sample stated at least good health status (83.3%), with 0.5% indicating very poor health status, and 15.3% who indicated an illness in the last 4-week period. Four variables emerged as statistically correlated with moderate-to-very good health status of those in the upper class (i.e. second wealthy and wealthiest 20%). The model explained 33.2% of the variance in moderate-to-very good health status, and that the model is a good fit for the data.Three variables emerged as statistically correlated with self-reported illness. The significant variables (i.e. health care-seeking behaviour, good health status, and marital status) accounted for 72.4% of the variability in self-reported illness. Three variables emerged as statistically significant predictors of health care-seekers - Model fit. The statistically significant predictors (i.e. good health status, selfreported illness, marital status) accounted for 76.4% of the variance in health care-seeking behaviour of the upper class. CONCLUSION: Rural residents continue to have lower moderate-to-very good health status when compared to the general population, and the second wealthy and the wealthiest 20% in Jamaica. Although only 4 percent of the upper social hierarchy utilizes the public health care system, there is still a demand for public health services for this group, and it must be taken into account as a part of the general planning for the health care system of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]