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In the 19th century, one of the reforms carried out by the Ottoman Empire was in the field of criminal law. In 1840, 1851 and 1858, penal codes were drafted one after the other. Simultaneously with these laws, councils and regular courts were established to hear and adjudicate criminal cases. The fact that the murder cases, which are the subject of this study, are related to both personal and public law has brought about the functioning of the sharia and regular courts at the same time in these cases. The dualist structure of Ottoman criminal law came into play at this stage. The fact that these courts would hear the same cases according to their own procedural laws could lead to different outcomes from the two courts. This study analyzes the cases of women guilty of murder in the sharia and regular courts and examines the consequences of this dualistic structure. One of the problems of the study is whether gender creates an advantage or disadvantage in the punishment of women. The conditions under which the sentences of women sentenced to retribution or capital punishment were pardoned or commuted and what this dualistic structure meant for death row inmates are also among the issues discussed in this study. The main sources of the study are the documents obtained from the Ottoman Archives. In this context, it has been tried to analyze the issue by evaluating the legal literature of the period and current academic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Islamic judicial law, The position of women in the context of witness testimony varies. While the testimony of women in criminal cases was rejected in the nisab division, where the nature of the case was important, their testimony was accepted as valid under certain conditions in civil cases. When they are required to testify in economic transactions, the testimony of two women is requested against one man, and the role of one of the two women is explained as the 'performance of the duty of reminding'. This has led to the entrenched belief in the literature that women are positioned this way in matters of testimony because they are considered relatively weaker in intellectual capabilities compared to men. According to the findings of the science of psychology, women are considered superior to men in matters such as memory and mastery of details. However, their association with 'forgetfulness' in the context of their position in the matter of testimony suggests a problem with the scope of the reasoning of the evidence in Islamic law. The purpose of this study is to make a contribution suggesting that instead of narrowing the ruling solely to women's forgetfulness, it would be more accurate to address the issue within the broader meaning expressed by the text and taking into account the overall effects arising from women's emotions and biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to be present at the trial is the right of the defendant to be present in person before the court during the trial phase of the prosecution and to participate in the proceedings carried out during this phase. The basis of the defendant's right to be present at the trial is based on the right to a fair trial regulated in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This right can also be regarded as a prerequisite for exercising the minimum rights granted to the defendant by Article 6/3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. As a requirement of the right to a fair trial, in criminal proceedings, the defendant must be present in person before the court that will render the verdict, including during the trial in which the witnesses are heard. In the method of rogatory, the defendant or witness is heard by a court other than the sentencing court, and the sentencing court evaluates the minutes of this hearing and reaches a decision. This situation constitutes an exception to the principle of directly in criminal proceedings and the right of the defendant to be present at the trial and poses significant problems in terms of the right to a fair trial. With the widespread use of the Vision and Voice Transmitting Video Conference System in criminal proceedings, the use of the method of rogatory has decreased, but in practice, this method is still in use. In this study, the use of the rogatory method in criminal proceedings has been evaluated in light of recent decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the Turkish Constitutional Court, and the Court of Cassation. This study also raises problems concerning the violation of the defendant's right to be present at the trial through the use of this method and proposes possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Genel olarak ispat yükü, yetkili ve sorumlu mahkemede açılmış olan bir ceza davasında dava konusu suç fiilinin, dava dosyasında belirtilen sanık tarafından işlendiğini gösteren delillerin mahkemeye sunulması sorumluluğu olarak tarif edilebilir. Suçun ispatı, hükmedilecek cezanın tespiti ve bireyselleştirilmesinde doğrudan etkisi olan bu sorumluluğun kime ait olduğunun belirlenmesi son derece önemlidir. İslam hukukuna göre bireyin suçsuzluğu esastır. Bu nedenle suç işlemekle itham edilen bir kişi hakkında soruşturma başlatılabilmesi, güvenlik tedbiri uygulanabilmesi, dava açılabilmesi ve nihayet aleyhinde mahkûmiyet kararı verilebilmesi için, dava konusu suça göre değişmekle birlikte, belli özellik ve miktardaki delillerin ortaya konulması gerekir. Bu delillerle ilgili kanuna uygun şekilde toplama, muhafaza etme, üzerlerinde gerekli incelemeleri yapma ve mahkemede tartışılmasını sağlama şeklinde genel olarak sıralanabilecek çok yönlü sorumluluk dikkate alındığında ceza muhakemesinde ispat yükünün dava taraflarından hangisine ait olduğunun tespiti daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Ayrıca ceza hukuku yaptırımlarının caydırıcılık, önleme ve tazmin şeklinde sıralanabilecek konuluş hedeflerinin gerçekleşebilmesi için dava konusu ile ilgili maddi gerçeği ortaya çıkaracak delillerin eksiksiz ve zamanında sunulması gerekir. Ancak siber saldırılar, bazı kimyasal ve biyolojik maddelerin suç aleti olarak kullanılması, ses ve görüntü kayıtlarının silinmesi veya değiştirilmesi gibi yeni suç işleme ve delil karartma yöntemleri, mevcut delillere ulaşılması noktasında adli tıp ve siber suçlarla mücadele uzmanlarının kullandığı türden bireyin gücünü aşan araçların kullanılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Yine, bilimsel gelişmelere paralel olarak ortaya çıkan yeni tür delillerin elde edilebilmesi ve yok edilmeye çalışılan delillerin tespiti için geliştirilen değişik yöntemlerin kullanılabilmesi de mağdurun şahsi sorumluluk alanı içinde tanımlanması mümkün görünmeyen ek bir külfet anlamı taşımaktadır. Sayılan hususlar dikkate alındığında İslam ceza muhakemesi hukukunda özellikle toplumun genelini ilgilendiren suçlar için ispat yükünün kime veya hangi tarafa ait olduğunun açıklanması noktasında bireysel sorumluluğu merkeze alan beyanların bugünün meselelerine çözüm üretmedeki yeterliliğinin gözden geçirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu maksatla kaynaklar tarandığında ispat yükü ile ilgili olarak bireysel sorumluluğu merkeze alan düşüncenin genel olarak bir ayet ve bir hadis ile temellendirilmeye çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Söz konusu ayet zina ithamının ispatına dairdir. Ayetin devamında, işlendiği iddia edilen suçun ispat edilememesi hâlinde başka bir suçun (kazf) işlenmiş olacağının açıkça ifade edilmesi, bu ayetin ceza muhakemesi hukukunun geneli için temel bir kural belirlenmesi noktasındaki uygunluğunu tartışılır hâle getirmektedir. İslam hukuku kaynaklarının ilgili bölümlerinde meşhur bir rivayet olduğu ifade edilerek yer verilen hadis ise delil sunmanın davacının yemin etmenin ise davalının sorumluluğu olduğunu bildirmesi yönüyle ilk bakışta mevcut düşüncenin sağlam bir delili gibi görünmektedir. Ancak dava türü ve muhakeme usulü ayrımı yapılmadan kullanılan bu hadis ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alındığında ulaşılan sonuçlar dikkat çekicidir. Yine, davacı ifadesi söz konusu rivayette belirlilik takısı ile yer almasına rağmen kapsamının sadece şahsi davacı ile sınırlıymış gibi kullanılması da konu hakkındaki belirsizliğe neden olan bir başka durum olarak görünmektedir. Bununla birlikte kaynaklarda ispat vasıtalarından yemin konusu ele alınırken hangi durumlarda yemin teklif edilebileceği ve yeminden kaçınmanın ne tür davalarla ilgili hukuki sonuç doğuracağı hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmektedir. Bu bölümlerde hukuk davası ile ceza davası ve ceza davaları arasında da şahsi ceza davası ve kamu davası ayrımı yapılmasının İslam ceza muhakemesi hukukunda ispat yükünün ait olduğu tarafın tespiti konusunda ipuçları sunduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak delil, ispat ve ispat yükü kavramları ele alınacaktır. Ardından konu bağlamında aktarılan ayet ve hadis değerlendirilecektir. Sonrasında ise konu hakkındaki belirsizliğin giderilmesine yardımcı olacak birtakım bağlamlarla İslam ceza muhakemesi hukukunda ispat yükünün kime veya hangi tarafa ait olduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.

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Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The burden of proof can be defined as the responsibility of presenting evidence to court showing that the criminal act in question was committed by the accused specified in the case file, in a criminal case brought before the competent and responsible court. It is extremely important to determine who bears this responsibility, which has a direct effect on the proof of the crime, the determination of the punishment to be imposed, and its individualization. According to Islamic law, the presumption of innocence is essential. Therefore, in order to initiate an investigation against a person accused of committing a crime, certain characteristics and amounts of evidence must be presented to apply security measures, file a lawsuit, and finally be sentenced, depending on the crime in question. Considering the multi-faceted responsibility that can be listed as collecting and preserving these evidences in accordance with the relevant law, making the necessary examinations on them, and ensuring that they are discussed in the court, it becomes more important to determine which party of the lawsuit has the burden of proof (onus probandi) in criminal procedures. Furthermore, the evidences which elicit material fact related to the subject must be presented on time and completely in order to realize the aims of criminal law’s sanctions which can be listed as deterrence, prevention, and restitution. However, sometimes, some forensic and cyber security specialists may be required to get pieces of evidence of committed crimes counter forensics ways like cyber-attack, using some chemical and biological materials as an offensive weapon, deletion or alteration of voice and imagery records. Additionally, acquiring new kinds of evidence that emerged in parallel with scientific developments and using different methods developed for the detection of evidence that is tried to be destroyed also mean an additional burden that does not seem possible to be defined within the personal responsibility area of the victim. Considering the above-mentioned issues, the adequacy of the statements that center on individual responsibility in determining who or which party bears the burden of proof in Islamic criminal procedure law, especially for crimes that concern the general public, in finding solutions to today’s issues should be reviewed. When the sources are scanned for this purpose, it will be seen that the idea that centers on individual responsibility regarding the burden of proof is generally based on a verse from the Qurʾan and a hadith. This verse is about the proof of the accusation of adultery. Since it is clearly stated in the continuation of the verse that if the alleged crime cannot be proven, another crime (qazf) will be committed, it is debatable that this verse is a basic rule for the general criminal procedure law. The hadith, which is a famous narration in the relevant parts of Islamic law sources, seems to be a solid evidence of the current thought at first glance since it states that it is the responsibility of the plaintiff to present evidence and the responsibility of the defendant to take an oath. However, when this hadith, which is used without making any distinction between the type of case and the procedure of judgment, is examined in detail, the results are remarkable. In addition, while the claimant’s expression is included in the narration with the definitive article, the use of its scope as if it is limited to the personal claimant is another point that causes uncertainty on the subject. In addition, while the subject of the oath, which is one of the means of proof, is discussed in the sources, detailed information is presented about the situations in which the oath can be offered and the legal consequences for what kind of cases to avoid taking the oath. It can be said that the distinction between civil and criminal cases, personal criminal cases, and public cases in these sections provide clues in determining the party to which the burden of proof belongs in Islamic criminal procedure law. In this study, firstly, the concepts of evidence, proof, and burden of proof will be discussed. Then, the verse and hadith mentioned on this subject will be evaluated. Afterward, it will be determined who or which party has the burden of proof in Islamic criminal procedure law, with some contexts that will help to eliminate the uncertainty about the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Tanzimat Firman, signs of new regulations in the field of law were given. The first movement in this area started with the preparation of the Criminal Code in 1840. The deficiencies of this first law of the Tanzimat period were tried to be complemented by the penal codes that were prepared and put into effect in 1851 and 1858. The Tanzimat period is also a period in which important changes occurred in the central and provincial organizations. Muhassıl councils had been established in the provinces within the scope of reforms in the financial field. After the Muhassıl system is terminated, these councils continued their existence as a state, sanjak and county councils. It was been also given to this council the power to hear criminal cases, that is, to enforce the penal code. The cases were sent to Majlis-i Vala, which was also the supreme court of appeal and was authorized as the final decision authority. There are many records regarding these cases in the Majlis-i Vala Notebooks. In this study, the crimes and penalties that occurred in the Skopje Sanjak and reflected in the Majlis-i Vala Notebooks will be determined, thus, concrete pieces of evidence that the Penal Code of 1858 was implemented will be put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Unfortunately, violence against women is always on the agenda of Turkey. Violence against women is debated as it cannot prevail. These debates frequently assert that regulations to protect women are inadequate and this is the main reason for failure to prevent violence against women. In the Code of Criminal Procedure, some rights have been granted to women who are victims of violence during the investigation and prosecution of the crime. In this context, indemnification of the loss caused by the crime through physical examination and taking samples from the body. Several questions come to mind such as: Considering women who are victims of sexual crimes or other violent crimes, are there special regulations for women in the Code of Criminal Procedure? When it comes to physical examination, are there any special arrangements for the examination of the woman? Is the statement of the woman enough to take into account when there is no other evidence? In this study, these questions are tried to be answered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yıldırım Beyazıt Law Review (YBLR) is the property of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Law School and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main purpose in criminal procedure is to reveal the perpetrator of an illegal act. In other words, the purpose of criminal procedure is to reach the truth through evidence. However, searching and uncovering the material truth is not an absolute goal in the Islamic criminal procedure. Disclosure of crimes that violate civil rights is particularly undesirable. In addition, in order for the accused to be punished, the crime must be proven without suspicion. Confession, which is one of the basic means of proof, means that the person informs the crime he has committed or accepts the accusation against him. Confession obtained without any pressure or coercion takes the first place among the means of proof. The legality of applying pressure and violence to the accused in order to have a confession for the alleged crime or to obtain material evidence and the proof value of the confession obtained in this way are a matter of debate among scholars. According to the majority of jurists, it is not permissible to apply pressure and violence to the accused who has not been involved in crime before and who is well known in the society, and the confession obtained in this way cannot be used as evidence in the proceedings. If the accused has a criminal record for crimes such as murder, theft and extortion, and there is a strong presumption that he/she may have committed the alleged crime, some jurists have accepted it permissible to force the accused to confess through pressure and violence. As a matter of fact, it is stated that imprisonment or pressure can be used as a tool to have a confession in cases where a person known for theft does not accept the accusation even though there are strong presumptions that he/she has committed the same crime. The main grounds of those with this opinion are that the defendants do not admit the crime without pressure and violence. Some jurists, including Ghazali, objected to treat those who had not committed a crime before as guilty with prejudice and force them to confess. According to them, there is the possibility that the accused is guilty as well as not committing the alleged crime. In order not to expose an innocent person to oppression and violence, it should be preferred not to subject someone to violence even if he/she has a criminal record. In addition to the verses prohibiting torture, the value that Islam gives to people necessitates this. On the other hand, there are rumours stating that nobody has the authority to punish due to suspicion unless the crime is proven by objective evidence. In the criminal procedure of Islam, besides the means of proof such as witness and confession, material evidence is also used. If the stolen property is found with the accused or in his/her house, it can be used to prove the crime of theft. The murder weapon, on the other hand, can be used as material evidence in retribution cases. The general opinion of the jurists is that it is not permissible to try to obtain material evidence by applying pressure and violence to the accused. However, there are jurists who accepts that pressure can be used to learn the location of the stolen property and, if any, their accomplices in cases of theft. If the accused confesses the crime with pressure and violence, and reveals the stolen property, the actual punishment of the crime will be applied. However, this punishment is not based on a confession obtained by pressure, but on material evidence revealing the theft. It is possible to find a similar understanding in Ottoman law books. This gap, which was opened by some jurists and Ottoman law books, was expanded in the following periods and sometimes people who did not have a criminal record were exposed to unfair oppression and torture. Since the 19th century, it has been decreed in various documents that torture will not be tolerated, confessions obtained as a result of pressure and violence were declared invalid by the court, and an understanding of establishing a system in which detection of the crime and the punishment of the criminals are put on a legal basis has been adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation is a judicial task carried out in revealing the material fact as a criminal procedure and is information-oriented. The effectiveness of the investigation is crucial to the success of criminal justice and the prevention of human rights violations. However, in today's society, the diversification, complexity and increase in crime rates can harm the effective conduction of investigation. For this reason, methods that support this process are needed in order to conduct investigations effectively and quickly. In this context, one of the supportive methods is thought to be artificial intelligence (AI) applications in information management (IM) as well. In the present study, it is aimed to discuss how AI can be used in criminal investigation process and to put forward to importance of AI in effectiveness of criminal investigation with compiling method with literatüre review. The main factors are as follows: increasing crime rates, increases in the number of investigations, complications of crimes, difficulties and disruptions in IM due to the increase in the density of information, time constraints. On the other hand, the functions of AI applications for IM, information integration and decision making processes are important factors. In terms of crime investigation, AI can contribute to IM, information discovery and decision-making processes of investigators and the legal infrastructures of these elements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study has been prepared with the aim of analyzing the challenges and boundaries of the international criminal court, which is shaped within the interaction of international law and international relations disciplines, with a theoretical approach and concepts. This international criminal institution has been developed in a significant and disproportionate manner in the latest years yet has failed to deliver full justice in practice. This process, which has evolved through the gradual development of international norms (the life cycle of norms) and various international criminal proceedings, gave rise to many controversial theories and concepts and managed to find place in the academic literature of both disciplines. Lack of a coercion mechanism in international law which will make itself legally binding for all states and the belief in the unshakable nature of state sovereignty have also made the prosecution of perpetrators of war crimes, crimes against humanity and most importantly, genocide a difficult process. This situation has led to the failure of ensuring states' full compliance with international norms, especially with regard to human rights. In this context, the main purpose of this study is making sense of international criminal court within the framework of states' approach to international legal norms. For this purpose, the compliance of states with international legal norms will be analyzed by nourishing from the discussions within the academic literature and by drawing on one of the main theories of the discipline of international relations, constructivism. Relying upon this analysis, an alternative approach will be advocated for the prevention of the crimes under the jurisdiction of international criminal courts, through utilizing the concepts of 'new sovereignty', 'transnational legal process' and aforementioned 'the life cycle of norms'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)