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Objective: Hepatitis A, which is commonly seen worldwide, continues to be an important public health problem, especially in developing countries. This study is aimed to evaluate person, place and time characteristics of reports on hepatitis A that presented at national public health congresses organized between 1988-2018. Methods: This descriptive study is conducted between March 01 - May 01 2019. Sample size of the study is not calculated and is aimed to reach the entire study group. It is planned that the reports books presented at the 20 congresses, the first of which took place in 1988 and the final one took place in 2018, would be evaluated. However, neither the electronic nor printed copies of the fifth and seventh congresses are available, and could not be included in the study. Study data is collected using a 22-item data collection form. Numerical data are expressed as mean±standard deviation and median (minimum-maximum); categorical data are expressed as frequency distributions and percentages. Results: A total of 31 reports related to hepatitis A were included in the study. Of the 18 congress reports books, 11 had at least one report related to the subject. Years with the largest number of reports were 2012 (n=5) and 2017 (n=5). The highest number of studies were conducted in Central Anatolia region (n=8) and Aegean region (n=6). The median number of authors of the studies was 4.00 (1.00-12.00). Ten of the studies (32.3%) were in the form of oral presentations, 16 were descriptive (51.6%), 11 were cross-sectional (35.5%), and four (12.9%) were other types such as interventional and cohort. Twenty (64.5%) of the studies were conducted on real persons and 11 (35.5%) were based on records. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it is concluded that the number of reports sent to the national public health congresses are insufficient and that many of the reports are of descriptive and cross-sectional type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence and associated factors of exclusive breastfeeding with in the first six months of life among mothers. Material and Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted between January - June 2019 with 108 participants with babies aged between 6 months and 2 years. The data were obtained with a questionnaire form consisting of 3 sections and 24 questions. The infant taking only breast milk and no additional food, water, or other fluids with the exception of medicines and vitamins or mineral drops for the first 6 months was used as the definition of exclusive breastfeeding. In comparison of two independent groups, Student t test was used for normal distributed continuous data. Categorical data were compared with chi-square test. Significance level was determined as p <0.05. Results: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was 33.3%. Education level, age, working status, caesarean delivery, breastfeeding training, early start of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding are the associated factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months. Insufficient breast milk perception is the most common reason for mothers to start supplementary food before 6 months. Conclusion: The exclusive breastfeeding rates in the first 6 months were found to be insufficient. There are many factors affecting only breastfeeding and these factors should be struggled to achieve the desired breastfeeding rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Water-related diseases continue to cause problems of various extent in a big part of the world. With this study, it is aimed to determine the person, place and time characteristics of cholera outbreaks that occurred worldwide in the ten-year period between 2009 and 2018, to conduct epidemiological mapping and to draw attention to cholera which is water-related disease and an important public health problem. Methods: The research is descriptive. The data used in the research are obtained by scanning the data of cholera outbreaks between the years 2009-2018 through World Health Organization (WHO) Emergencies Preparedness Response System, and the socioeconomic status of countries through WHO Non-Communicable Diseases Report, 2014. During screening, a data collection form is used, including information on month, year, name of country, socioeconomic status of country, the number of people affected by the outbreak, the number of deaths due to outbreak, and fatality rate. The form is consisted of a total of seven questions. Data related to the study are collected between May 01 - July 01 2019. During the analysis, frequency distributions and percentages are used to summarize the categorical data, and median (min-max) is used to summarize the numerical data. Results: A total of 42 cholera outbreak news reports were included in WHO Emergencies preparedness response system between 2009 and 2018. When these 42 reports were evaluated, it was determined that there were 25 cholera outbreaks reported to the WHO within the tenyear period under review. The 25 outbreaks mentioned had occurred in 18 different countries. The most frequent years of outbreaks were 2010 (n=6), 2017 (n=6) and 2018 (n=4). January (n=5) and August (n=4) were the two months in which outbreaks occurred most frequently. The median number of people affected by cholera outbreaks were 2508 (3-98424) and the median number of people who lost their lives during outbreaks were 56 (0-4276). The fatality rate (%) of cholera was 0.018 (0.000-0.070). Conclusion: As a result of the research, it is determined that cholera mainly affects the countries of South Africa. Affected countries generally have low socioeconomic levels. Outbreaks are most commonly seen in 2010, 2017 and 2018, most frequently in January. Fatality rates of cholera are calculated as less than 1% for 25 outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In this study, we aimed to discuss our experience and results of non-operati ng room anesthesia. Patients and Methods: Anesthesia records of patients older than 18 years who underwent sedoanalgesia outside the operating room for diagnosis and treatment between May 2017 and December 2017 were retrospectively screened. The records were examined in terms of demographic data, applied procedure, duration of the procedure, sedation grade, medications used, developing minor and major complications, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease story and intensive care need. Relationships between complications with demographic data and categorical var iables were analyzed. Results: Totally 2562 patients underwent sedo-analgesia. 1428 (55.7%) of these cases were female and 1134 (44.3%) of them were male. The average age of patients was 53.08±16.55. 268 (10.5%) of the cases were ASA I, 1683 (65.7%) were ASA II, 598 (23.3%) were ASA III and 13 (0.5%) were ASA IV. 519 (20.3%) patients were minimally sedated, 1541 (60.1%) were moderate sedated and 502 (19.6%) deep sedated. The longest procedure time in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was 28.7 ± 16.3 min, and the shortest procedure time in endoscopy was 10.3 ± 3.1 min. The most commonly performed procedure was colonoscopy with 31%. The most commonly used drug combination was midazolam + propofol + fentanyl applied to 1231 patients (48%). 148 (5.76%) patients had minor complication, and 10 (0.37%) patients had major complication. A total of 15 (0.58%) patients underwent intensive care after the procedure. Desaturation was statistically significantly higher in patients with ASA III and above, in procedures take longer than 15 minutes, in patients older than 65 years, and in the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The intensive care need after the procedure was also significantly higher in these patient groups. Conclusion: The incidence of non-operating room anesthesia is increasing steadily. The risks associated with these practices are similar to the anesthesia in the operating room. In order to increase patient safety and reduce complications, it is important to carry out a thorough evaluation before the procedure, to provide proper monitored anesthesia care in appropriate physical conditions, and to establish healthy communication between the teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate the patch test results of patients with occupational contact dermatitis. Matherial and Methods: Between 2015-2016, the patch test results of 51 patients admitted to the Istanbul Occupational Diseases Hospital with a primary skin complaint and diagnosed as occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) were obtained retrospectively from their files. As a patch test, T.R.U.E. (Thin layer-Rapid-Use-Epicutaneus) test was used, readings were performed according to the criteria determined by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) at 48th and 72th hours. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 program was used for statistical analysis. Categorical data between groups were compared with Pearson ChiSquare test. The statistical significance limit was set at p<0.05. Results: 42 (82.4%) of our patients were male and 9 (17.6%) were female. Of the 51 patients, 22 (43.1%) had a positive reaction to at least one allergen in the patch test, whereas the test was negative in 29 (56.9%) patients. The most common allergens found in patch test were potassium dichromate (31.8%), nickel sulfate (27.2%) and carbamix (18.1%). Most of the employees were metal (27.5%), textile (15.7%), automotive (9.8%), printing (9.8%) and cleaning (7.8%). Conclusion: We found that there was a significant patch test positivity in patients with OCD depending on the profession. We believe that it is important to make initiatives to raise awareness of the physicians, workers and the community. The patch test is important in the differentiation of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, but due to false positive or negative reactions, follow-up of the patients with clinical signs of diagnosis of OCD is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In our research, it was aimed to make a definition of the person, place and time characteristics of women homicides in 2017 and to draw attention to the violence against women. Methods: This research is a descriptive study. The data are collected between 1 January and 31 March 2018. A total of 402 women deaths were listed on the two internet sites, which record the murders of women and are available at http://kadincinayetleri.org/and http://anitsayac.com/?year=2017. Suspicious deaths, suicides and accidental deaths with bullet have been excluded. 317 women who lost their lives in 284 homicides were considered femicide. These events are scanned from seven newspapers and three news sites accessible via the internet to news archives. During the research, a 30-item data record form is used. SPSS package program is used in the computer environment for data entry and analysis. During the analysis, the numbers and percentages are used for summarizing categorical data and the median (Min-Max) is used for summarizing numeric data. Since the research was done through internet sites where the whole open access of the public is available and not in direct contact with human, no ethical or official permission has been obtained. Results: The median age of the women was 35 (Min: 1 Max: 88) and that of the males was 36 (Min: 7 Max: 90). 8,2% of the women and 3% of the men were from foreign nationals. 59,9% of the women (n=154) and 67% of the men (n=120) were married. At the time of the murder, 7 women were pregnant. 317 women killed by 284 men. 59,3% of the women were killed by a partner/former parter and 26,9% were killed by a family member such as father or brother. Cause of 79 homicides was a sudden discussion. In 52,2% of cases were used a firearm as a death tool. 2,5% of women who murder (n=8) had been raped. 65,1% of homicides occurred at home. 27,8% of the murders were in the spring and 27,1% were in the winter. The Marmara Region was the first in the murders with 27.1% (n=86). Conclusion: Violence against women and women homicides that are a major public health problem is continued to be an important problem both in our country and all around the world. Similar research should be done to raise awareness about women homicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Categorical time series data with random time dependent covariates often arise when the variable categories are assigned as categorical. There are several other models that have been proposed in the literature for the analysis of categorical time series. For example, Markov chain models, integer autoregressive processes, discrete ARMA models can be utilized for modeling of categorical time series. In general, the choice of model depends on the measurement of study variables: nominal, ordinal and interval. However, regression theory is successful approach for categorical time series which is based on generalized linear models and partial likelihood inference. One of the models for ordinal time series in regression theory is proportional odds model. In this study, proportional odds model approach to ordinal categorical time series is investigated based on a real air pollution data set and the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the primitive Pythagorean triples. Right triangles with integer sides a, b and c must satisfy the Pythagorean theorem . If the greatest common divisor of a, b, c is 1, then a, b and c is called a primitive Pythagorean triple. An essential ingredient of the proof that the tree of Pythagorean triples contains each triple exactly once is the fact that each Pythagorean triple can be constructed from a pair of integers.