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© 2022 IEEE.This study introduces a novel online censoring-least mean square (OC-LMS) based acoustic feedback cancellation (AFC) system to eliminate undesired acoustic feedback that causes instability in hearing aids. The performance of the proposed OC-LMS based AFC system is tested on a sample feedback path measured from a behind-the-ear hearing aid and compared with its conventional LMS based version in terms of mean square deviation, misalignment, and added stable gain metrics. Simulation results shows that the proposed AFC system works at higher performance than its LMS based version with fewer data by censoring noninformative data thanks to its censoring mechanism. The proposed novel system will pave the way for the design of wearable hearing aids that work with both high performance and long battery life.

Spatial modulation (SM) is a simple multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication technique in which a single transmit antenna is active for each symbol period. Quadrature spatial modulation (QSM), on the other hand, is a form of SM in which independent transmit antenna selection is made for the real and imaginary parts of the symbols. In these techniques, the spectral efficiency (SE) can be increased logarithmically by increasing the number of antennas used on the transmitter-side. Besides, in classical SM and QSM schemes, the number of antennas must be the power of two. In this paper, a flexible QSM scheme is proposed, which eliminates the necessity of antenna number and increases SE value linearly with the number of antennas for RF systems. This scheme, called hardware-aware quadrature spatial modulation (HAQSM), uses optimized constellations for the desired SE value. Optimal constellations are obtained using convex optimization under a constraint aimed at keeping the distance between neighboring symbols above the desired value. The bit error rate (BER) performances of the HAQSM scheme were obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the existing schemes in the literature.

Çalışmamızda kliniğimizde Ocak 2008-Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında, Hodgkin lenfoma (HL) tanısı alan hastaların; demografik, histopatolojik, prognostik özelliklerini belirlemeyi ve bu belirteçlerin sağkalım üzerindeki ilişkisini ortaya koymayı amaçladık. Çalışmamızda Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hematoloji Bilim Dalı’nda 2008-2018 yılları arasında, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) 2008 sınıflamasına göre Hodgkin lenfoma tanısı almış olan 130 hastanın verileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 130 hastanın %61.5’i (n=80) erkek, yaş ortalaması 46.5±15.8 (20-89) yıldı. Tanı sırasında hastaların %37.7’si erken evre, %62.3’ü ileri evreydi. En sık tanı evre Ⅱ’de (%34.6) konulmuştu. Hastalardan %93.1’i klasik HL, %6.9’u nodüler lenfosit predominant HL tanısı almıştı. Klasik HL tanılı hastaların %49.6’si nodüler sklerozan HL (NSHL), %15.7’si mikst selüler HL, %7.4 lenfositten zengin HL, %3.3’ü lenfositten fakir HL tanılıydı, %24 ise klasik HL tanılı ancak alt tipi belirtilmemişti. NSHL tüm hastalarda, kadınlarda ve erkeklerde en sık görülen histolojik alt gruptu. Evrelere göre genel sağkalım (OS) ve relapssız sağkalımlara (RFS) bakıldığında evre Ⅰ’de en yüksek, evre Ⅳ’te en düşüktü. Tüm hastalara göre bakıldığında 5 yıllık OS %88.7, 5 yıllık RFS %83.9, 10 yıllık OS %82.2, 10 yıllık RFS %82.4 olarak bulundu. Prognostik faktörlerin değerlendirilmesinde yaş (p=0.001), ekstranodal tutulum (p=0.007), kemik iliği tutulumu (p=0.05), ECOG performans skoru (p, In our study, patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) between January 2008 and December 2018 in our clinic; We aimed to determine demographic, histopathological and prognostic features and to reveal the relationship of these markers on survival. In our study, the data of 130 patients who were diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma in Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine Hematology Department between 2008-2018 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 classification were analyzed retrospectively. 61.5% (n = 80) of the 130 patients included in the study were male, the mean age was 46.5 ± 15.8 (20-89) years. At the time of diagnosis, 37.7% of the patients were in the early stage and 62.3% were in the advanced stage. The most common diagnosis was made in stage (34.6%). 93.1% of the patients were diagnosed with classical HL and 6.9% with nodular lymphocyte predominant HL. Of the patients with classic HL, 49.6% were diagnosed with nodular sclerosing HL (NSHL), 15.7% with mixed cellular HL, 7.4% with lymphocyte-rich HL, 3.3% with lymphocyte-poor HL, 24% with classic HL but no subtype specified. NSHL was the most common histological subgroup in all patients, women, and men. Looking at overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) by stages, it was highest in stage Ⅰ and lowest in stage Ⅳ. Considering all patients, 5-year OS was 88.7%, 5-year RFS was 83.9%, 10-year OS was 82.2%, 10-year RFS was 82.4%. In the evaluation of prognostic factors, age (p = 0.001), extranodal involvement (p = 0.007), bone marrow involvement (p = 0.05), ECOG performance score (p

EVALUATION OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN HYSTEROSCOPIC SURGERYABSTRACTObjective: To assess the intraocular pressure (IOP) alterations before, during, and after hysteroscopy and to compare the measurements of two different hysteroscopy methods.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study included 52 female patients who applied to the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic of a tertiary university hospital between October 2017 and February 2020 and underwent hysteroscopy procedures. The participants were age, body mass index and preoperative IOP matched and separated into 2 groups according to the hysteroscopy method; monopolar probe-glycin 1.5% solution (MG) and bipolar probe-isotonic solution (BI). The IOP measurements were performed preoperatively, intraoperatively, and 12 hours after the procedure by using a portable tonometer. Results: The mean age of the participants was 50.69±7.56 years in the MG and 52.69±6.66 years in the BI groups. The mean preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative IOP measurements of the MG and BI groups were 13.69 ± 2.22, 26.62 ± 3.08, 14.69 ± 2.57 mm-Hg and 13.38 ± 1.81, 20.31 ± 2.05, 13.69 ± 1.59 mm-Hg, respectively. The mean intraoperative IOP values were significantly higher than preoperative and postoperative measurements in both groups. However, there was no significant difference between the mean intraoperative and postoperative values in any of the groups. Conclusion: The IOP peaks occurred during hysteroscopy in both methods and the utilization of monopolar probe and glycine 1.5% solution caused significantly higher fluctuations. Therefore, close monitoring of intraoperative IOP may help to prevent severe ocular complications.Keywords: Glycine; hysteroscopy; intraocular pressure; tonometry, ÖZETAmaç: Histeroskopi öncesinde, esnasında ve sonrasında göz içi basıncı (GİB) değişimlerini değerlendirmek ve iki farklı histeroskopi metodunda ölçümleri karşılaştırmak Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya, Ekim 2017-Şubat 2020 tarihleri arasında bir üçüncü basamak üniversite hastanesinin Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum kliniğine başvuran ve histeroskopi işlemi uygulanan 52 kadın hasta dahil edildi. Katılımcılar yaş, vücut kitle indeksi ve cerrahi öncesi GİB değerlerine göre eşleştirildi ve histeroskopi yöntemine iki eşit gruba ayrıldı; monopolar prob-glisin 1.5% solüsyon (MG) ve bipolar prob- izotonik solüsyon (BI). Cerrahi öncesi, esnasında ve 12 saat sonrasında GİB ölçümleri taşınabilir tonometri cihazı kullanılarak yapıldı.Bulgular: Katılımcıların ortalama yaşı MG grubunda 50.69±7.56 yıl, BI grubunda ise 52.69±6.66 yıldı. Cerrahi öncesinde, esnasında ve sonrasında ortalama GİB ölçümleri MG grubunda sırasıyla 13.69 ± 2.22, 26.62 ± 3.08, 14.69 ± 2.57 mm-Hg ve BI grubunda sırasıyla 13.38 ± 1.81, 20.31 ± 2.05, 13.69 ± 1.59 mm-Hg idi. Her iki grupta da cerrahi esnasında ortalama GİB ölçümleri cerrahi öncesi ve sonrasına kıyasla anlamlı olarak yüksekti. Ancak, cerrahi öncesi ve sonrası değerler arasında her iki grupta da anlamlı fark yoktu. Sonuç: Her iki yöntemde de histeroskopi esnasında GİB pikleri meydana geldi ve monopolar prob ve glisin 1.5% solüsyonu kullanımı belirgin olarak daha yüksek dalgalanmalara neden oldu. Bu nedenle, cerrahi esnasında GİB’nın yakın izlemi ciddi oküler komplikasyonların gelişimini önleyebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Glisin; histeroskopi; göz içi basıncı; tonometri

In the field of medicine, despite theuncertainty about incomplete clinical information and clinical outcomes, it isnecessary to make accurate and logical decisions about the treatment and careof the patient. Medical tests have an important role in terms of medicaldiagnosis, but they also provide indispensable benefits in terms of planning ofcorrect treatment and reduction of treatment costs. Providing reliableinformation about the patient's condition, correctly classifying patients andhealthy units, and providing positive contributions to healthcare staff'scorrect planning for the treatment of the patient constitute the mainobjectives of the medical test. One of the widely used statistical techniquesfor evaluating the performance of the classification rule is the ReceiverOperating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Nowadays, rather than using a singlediagnostic test result to determine the diagnosis of the disease, it ispossible to make more precise diagnosis or classification using more than onetest. Different diagnostic tests in health field studies are sensitive todifferent aspects of the disease. Therefore, a single diagnostic test can notalways be relied upon to assess an individual's health condition. It ispossible to make more accurate and closer classification using more than onediagnostic test. Various models have been proposed for this purpose. Thesemodels are best linear combination method, linear discriminant analysis,quadratic discriminant analysis and logistic discriminant analysis methods. Thepurpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of the logistic regressionmodel as an alternative to the methods used in the combination of diagnostictests in combining diagnostic tests of linear and quadratic discriminantanalysis. The second objective is to compare the performance of combiningdiagnostic tests of logistic, linear and quadratic discriminant analyzes withparametric and nonparametric ROC analyzes of the performance of the best linearcombination method with the minimax procedure. It is to determine which methodperforms well in cases where the assumption of the multivariate normaldistribution is realized and not realized., Tıp alanında, eksik klinikbilgilere ve klinik sonuçlarla ilgili belirsizliğe rağmen, hastanın tedavisi vebakımı ile ilgili doğru ve mantıklı kararlar vermek gerekmektedir. Medikaltestler tıbbi tanı açısından önemli bir role sahip olmanın yanı sıra doğrutedavinin planlanması ile tedavi maliyetlerinin azaltılması yönünden göz ardıedilemeyecek katkılar sağlamaktadırlar. Hastanın durumu hakkında güvenilirbilgi sağlamak, hasta ile sağlıklı birimleri doğru sınıflamak ve hastanıntedavisi için sağlık personelinin doğru planlama yapmasına olumlu katkılarsağlamak medikal testin temel amaçlarını oluşturmaktadır. Sınıflandırmakuralının performansını değerlendirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılanistatistiksel tekniklerden biri, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)eğrisidir. Günümüzde, tek bir tanı testi sonucu kullanılarak hastalığa aittanının belirlenmesi yerine birden fazla test kullanılarak daha kesin bir tanıya da sınıflandırma yapmak mümkündür. Sağlık alanında yapılan çalışmalardafarklı tanı testleri, hastalığın farklı yönlerine duyarlıdır. Dolayısıyla,bireyin sağlık durumunu değerlendirmek için her zaman tek bir tanı testinegüvenilemez. Birden fazla tanı testi kullanılarak gerçeğe daha yakın ve doğrusınıflandırma yapmak mümkündür. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çeşitli modeller önesürülmüştür. Bu modeller, en iyi doğrusal birleştirme yöntemi, doğrusal ayırmaanalizi, karesel ayırma analizi ve lojistik ayırma analizi yöntemleridir. Buçalışmasının amacı, tanı testlerinin birleştirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerealternatif olarak lojistik regresyon modeli ile doğrusal ve karesel ayırmaanalizlerinin tanı testlerinin birleştirilmesinde kullanılabilirliğinigöstermek, lojistik, doğrusal ve karesel ayırma analizlerinin tanı testlerininbirleştirilmesindeki performanslarını, minimax prosedürü ile en iyi doğrusalbirleştirme yönteminin performansını parametrik ve parametrik olmayan ROCanalizleri ile karşılaştırmak, çok değişkenli normal dağılım varsayımınıngerçekleştiği ve gerçekleşmediği durumlarda hangi yöntemin iyi performansgösterdiğini belirlemektir.

*Doğaner, Fulya ( Aksaray, Yazar ), Osteoporoz, toplumda yaygın görünen, kemik mikro mimarisinde bozulma ve düşük kemik kütlesi ile karakterize sistemik bir hastalıktır. Çalışmamızın amacı paraoksonaz (PON1) geninin 584A>G(Gln192Arg) ve 172T>A(Leu55Met) polimorfizmleri ile postmenopozal osteoporoz ile ilişkisinin olup olmadığını saptamaktır. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Anabilim Dalı Kliniği’nde takipli 143 postmenopozal osteoporozu olan ve 102 sağlıklı kadın çalışmaya dahil edildi. Çalışma retrospektif olarak planlandı. Genotipler alel-spesifik DNA primeri ve floresan özellikli DNA probu kullanılarak qPCR cihazında (The Applied Biosystems® StepOne™) belirlendi. PON1 584A>G polimorfizminin genotip ve alel frekanslarında gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p=0.362 ve p=0.318). PON1 172T>A polimorfizminin genotip ve alel frekansları karşılaştırıldığında ise, sağlıklı bireylere göre postmenopozal osteoporozu olanlarda T alelinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunduğu (sırasıyla pA(Leu55Met) gen polimorfizmi ile postmenopozal osteoporoz arasında ilişki olduğu gösterildi., Osteoporosis is a systemic disease which is common in society, characterized by bone micro-architecture deterioration and low bone mass. The aim of our study was to determine whether paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene correlates with 584A>G (Gln192Arg) and 172T>A (Leu55Met) polymorphisms with postmenopausal osteoporosis. A total of 143 postmenopausal osteoporosis and 102 healthy women who were followed up in Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation were included in the study. The study was planned retrospectively. Genotypes were identified on the qPCR (The Applied Biosystems® StepOne ™) using the allele-specific DNA primer and fluorescent-specific DNA probe. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the genotype and allele frequencies of PON1 584A>G polymorphism (p=0.362 and p= 0.318). When the genotype and allele frequencies of PON1 172T>A polymorphism were compared, it was observed that T allele was significantly higher in postmenopausal osteoporosis than healthy subjects (p A (Leu55Met) gene polymorphism was associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis in our study.

WOS: 000454987700003, PubMed ID: 30522421, MOTAKK, as a national external quality control program has been launched to evaluate the molecular detection of viral infections including HBV DNA and HCV RNA in molecular microbiology diagnostic laboratories in Turkey. This program is prepared in compliance with ISO 17043:2010 (Conformity assessment general requirements for proficiency testing) standards, and aims to take the place of external quality control programs from abroad, contributing to standardization and accuracy of molecular diagnostic tests in our country. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2015 and 2016 results of the MOTAKK External Quality Control Program for HBV DNA and HCV RNA viral load. The calls were announced on the web page of MOTAKK (www.motakk.org). The quality control samples were sent to participating laboratories in 2015 and 2016. Main stocks were prepared from patients with chronic hepatitis B and C who had viral load detection with reference methods according to WHO reference materials for viral load studies to improve quality control sera. From these main stocks, samples with different viral loads were prepared from dilutions of plasma with HBV, HCV, HAV, HIV, Parvovirus B19 and CMV negative serologic markers. Quality control samples were sent to the participating laboratories along with the negative samples in the cold chain. The laboratories accomplished the related tests within 2-3 weeks and entered their results on the MOTAKK web page. These results were analysed according to ISO 13528 (Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison) and scoring reports were created by a software developed by MOTAKK and sent to participating labs. Each laboratory evaluated their own results in comparison with the other laboratory results, reassessed the tests via observing the distance from the mean result and the reference values. The number of laboratories participating in the HBV DNA and HCV RNA external quality control program was 70-73 in 2015-2016. Participants were able to comply with the program tools, registering, entering results and receiving the results reports problem. In HBV panel, 72.6-89.1% and 84.7-90.3% of the participant laboratories were in 1 standard deviation (SD) in 2015-2016, respectively. In HCV panel, 70.8-89.1% and 84.7-90.3% of the participant laboratories were in 1 SD in 2015-2016, respectively. A national external quality control program for HBV DNA and HCV RNA in Turkey has been prepared for the first time with this project and implemented successfully. All the data provided in the MOTAKK external quality control program final report, compensate all the data provided by the quality control program final reports from abroad; additionally, the report allows comparison of used technologies and commercial products.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), is oil crop plant belonging to Compositae (Asteraceae) family and is the fourth in the world in terms of the largest consuming edible oil and approximately 60% of the sunflower cultivation areas in the world are in the Black Sea Region countries. Sunflower is growing almost all parts of Turkey due to higher adaptation capability. The amount of vegetable oil produced in Turkey is not enough for our domestic consumption and this existing deficit is increasing due to increasing population year by year. This deficit could be reduced by improving of oil quality and the use of higher oleic acid could decrease the consumption of frying oil. The selection utilizing with classical breeding methods to develop varieties containing high oleic acid is both hard and less precision because it is affected more by biotic and abiotic stress conditions. However, it is possible to obtain faster and more consistent results in plant breeding containing high oleic acid by using biotechnological methods and selections supported by molecular marker selection (MAS). In this study, the screening of 40 F3 individuals and also 55 higher, mid and linoleic acid content type cultivars have been screened by molecular markers and analyzed for fatty aside contents. Six INDEL markers based on the variations of FAD2 gene region that is related to high oleic acid trait and 3 SSR markers that were reported as high oleic linked markers in the literatures were used in this study. All of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for detection of their fatty acid contents and compared to molecular marker results. As a result of this study, 3 markers which can be used for selection of the high oleic trait were detected., Ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.), Compositae (Asteraceae), dünyada yenebilir bitkisel yağ bakımından 4. sırada yer almakta olup, dünyadaki ayçiçeği ekim alanlarının yaklaşık %60’ı Karadeniz Bölgesi ülkelerinde bulunmaktadır. Ayçiçeğinin ülkemizde önemli olmasının nedeni ülkemizin birçok bölgesinde yetiştirilebilir olmasıdır. Ülkemizde üretilen bitkisel yağ, artan nüfusa yetmemekte ve mevcut yağ açığımız yıldan yıla artmaktadır. Bu yağ açığı, verim artışına alternatif olarak yağ kalitesi iyileştirme çalışmalarıyla azaltılabilir. Oleik asit içerikli ayçiçeği yağı üreterek özellikle kızartma sanayinde yağ tüketimini azaltmak mümkündür. Yüksek oleik asit içeren çeşitler geliştirmek için kullanılan klasik ıslah yöntemleri hem zor hem de biyotik ve abiyotik stres koşullarından etkilendiği için doğruluk derecesi düşük olmaktadır. Ancak yüksek oleik asit içeriğine yönelik yapılacak bitki ıslahında, biyoteknolojik yöntemler ile moleküler markör destekli seleksiyon (MAS) kullanılarak daha hızlı ve daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde etmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada; yüksek oleik karakterinin tespiti için F3 kademesindeki 40 bireyin ve 55 adet yüksek oleik, orta oleik ve linoleik tip çeşidin, yağ asidi analizleri ve moleküler markör analizleri yapılmıştır. Oleik asit ile bağlantılı olduğu saptanan FAD2 gen bölgesindeki varyasyona dayalı 6 INDEL markörü ile literatürde yüksek oleik karakteri ile bağlantılı olduğu belirtilen 3 SSR markörü kullanılmıştır. Tüm örneklerin gaz kromotografi (GC) cihazında yağ asitleri içerik analizi yapılmış ve moleküler markör analizleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda yüksek oleik asit karakterini selekte edebilen ve MAS için kullanılabilir 3 adet markör tespit edilmiştir.

Aim: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), a complication of diabetes, is a preventable condition that results in limb losses and even death. Withthe training given to diabetic patients, DFU occurrence rate is reduced by 50%. In this study, we aimed to measure the knowledge levelof diabetic patients about foot care and the correct application skills of informed patients. In addition, we aimed to investigate theimportance of education in the development of diabetic foot wound by including the patients with DFU in the study.Material and Methods: Diabetic patients who received diabetes education in the family medicine clinic and who were followed upfor DFU in the general surgery clinic were evaluated. Questionnaires about the level of knowledge about DFU and the level of correctapplication were applied to the patients about the level of knowledge about DAY and the level of correct application. The patients withDFU were compared with nonDFU patients.Results: The rate of DFU was found to be significantly higher in the patients who had low level of education, who had been smoking,who had been diabetic for more than 10 years, who did not go to regular control, who could not regulate blood sugar, who did not meetdaily diet, and who had not received diabetes education. It was found that the answers and daily practices of DFU-developed patients intheir knowledge-level questionnaire were statistically significantly incorrect compared to the other patients.Conclusion: Patients do not have enough knowledge about diabetic foot care. The rate of application of this information in daily life isvery low in people who have been given diabetic foot training. This situation increases the risk of DFU occurrence in diabetic patients, Amaç: Diyabetin komplikasyonlarından birisi olan diyabetik ayak yarası (DAY) uzuv kayıpları ve hatta ölümle sonuçlanan önlenebilirbir tablodur. Diyabetik hastalara verilen eğitimlerle DAY gelişme oranı %50 azaltılabilmektedir. Çalışmada diyabetik hastaların ayakbakımı hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerini ve bilgilendirilmiş hastaların doğru uygulama becerilerini ölçmeyi amaçladık. Ayrıca DAY gelişmişhastaları da çalışmaya dahil ederek diyabetik ayak yarası gelişmesinde eğitimin önemini araştırmayı amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Aile hekimliği polikliniğinde diyabet eğitimi alan ve genel cerrahi kliniğinde DAY nedeniyle takip edilmişdiyabetik hastalar değerlendirildi. Hastalara DAY hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerini ve doğru uygulama düzeylerini ölçen soruları içerenanketler yapıldı. DAY gelişmiş ve gelişmemiş hastalar karşılaştırıldı.Bulgular: Eğitim düzeyi düşük, sigara kullanan, 10 yıldan daha uzun süredir diyabetik olan, düzenli kontrole gitmeyen, kan şekeriregülasyonu sağlanamamış, günlük diyete uymayan, diyabet eğitimi almamış hastalarda DAY gelişme oranının istatistiksel olarakanlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. DAY gelişmiş hastaların bilgi düzeyleri ölçümü anketine verdikleri cevapların ve günlükuygulamalarının da diğer hastalara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yanlış olduğu tespit edildi.Sonuç: Hastalar, diyabetik ayak bakımı ile ilgili yeterli bilgi düzeyine sahip değiller. Diyabetik ayak eğitimi verilmiş kişilerde de bubilgilerin gündelik hayatta uygulama oranı çok düşüktür. Bu durum diyabetik hastalarda tek başına DAY oluşma riskini artırmaktadır

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı eklem uzanımı olmayan distal tibia kırıklarının tedavisinde intramedüller çivi (İMÇ) ve minimal invaziv perkütan plak osteosentez (MİPPO) uygulamaları sonuçlarının karşılaştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2016 ve Nisan 2017 tarihleri arasında eklem uzanımı olmayan distal tibia kırığı nedeniyle İMÇ uygulanan 38 hasta ve MİPPO uygulanan 31 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ortalama takip süresi 20,12±3,93 aydı. Hastalarda; yaş, cinsiyet, taraf, yaralanma mekanizması, açık kırık varlığı, fibula kırığı varlığı, kaynama oranları, enfeksiyon oranları, Olerud-Molander ayak bileği skoru (OMAS) ve dizilim bozuklukları değerlendirilerek gruplar arasında karşılaştırma yapıldı. Bulgular: İMÇ uygulanan grupta; eşlik eden fibula kırığı oranı %18.4 bulunurken, %7.9 fibula kırığına yönelik plak uygulanmıştı. MİPPO uygulanan grupta ise eşlik eden fibula kırığı oranı %58 hastada bulunurken, %54.8 fibula kırığına yönelik plak uygulanmıştı. Cerrahi sonrası 6. ayda kaynama oranı İMÇ uygulanan grupta % 92,1 olarak bulunurken, MİPPO uygulanan grupta % 90,3 olarak bulundu. Takip OMAS skoru İMÇ uygulanan grupta 85±16.56 olarak bulunurken, MİPPO uygulanan grupta 84.19±17.08 olarak bulundu.Sonuç: Çalışmamız; eklem uzanımı olmayan distal tibia kırıklarında, İMÇ ve MİPPO uygulamalarının birbirine belirgin bir üstünlüğünün olmadığını, her iki tekniğin düşük komplikasyon, yüksek kaynama oranları ve iyi fonksiyonel sonuçlar ile başarılı bir şekilde uygulanabileceğini desteklemektedir., Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the results of intramedullary nail (IMN) and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) applications in the treatment of extra-articular distal tibia fractures.Materials and Methods: Thirty eight patients who underwent IMN and 31 patients who underwent MIPPO for extra-articular distal tibia fracture between January 2016 and April 2017 were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 20.12 ± 3.93 months. In patients, a comparison was made between groups by evaluating age, sex, side of injury, injury mechanism, presence of open fracture, presence of fibular fracture, union rates, infection rates, Olerud-Molander ankle score (OMAS) and malunion. Results: In the IMN group; the rate of concomitant fibula fracture was 18.4% and a plate was applied to 7.9% of all group. In the MIPPO group, the rate of concomitant fibula fracture was found in 58% of the patients, and a plate application was performed for 54.8% of all group. At the 6th month after surgery, the rate of union was found to be 92.1% in the IMN group, while it was 90.3% in the MIPPO group. The follow-up OMAS score was 85±16.56 in the IMN group and 84.19±17.08 in the MIPPO group.Conclusion: Our study showed that IMN and MIPPO applications do not have a significant superiority to each other in the treatment of extra-articular distal tibia fractures, and both techniques can be successfully applied with low complications, high union rates and good functional results.

Amaç- Mevcut çalışmanın amacı tüketicilerinyeni nesil akıllı telefon seçimlerinde etkili olan fayda ve haz temellikriterlerin ağırlıklandırılması ve seçim noktasında alternatiflerinsıralanmasıdır. Literatür taraması ve akademisyen görüşlerine başvurularaktoplamda 4 ana kriter ve 14 alt kriter belirlenmiş ve Türkiye Pazar payı enyüksek olan 4 marka çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir.Yöntem- Analiz içinbütünleşik AHP-VIKOR yöntemi uygulanmıştır. AHP anketiyle toplanan verilerneticesinde bütün ana ve alt kriterlere ait öncelikler belirlenmiştir. Ardındanbu öncelikler kullanılarak VIKOR yöntemi ile markalar sıralanmış ve öne çıkankriterler belirlenmiştir.Bulgular- Ana kriterlerdenÜrün Özellikleri tüketiciler için en önemli kriter olmaktadır. Alt kriterlerincelendiğinde ise Uygunluk, Markanın Etkisi, Kullanım Faydası, Keyif Alma veYazılım ve Donanım Özellikleri alt kriterleri öncelikli olmaktadır.Sonuç- Mevcutçalışma beslendiği modeller çerçevesinde akıllı telefon tercihinde ürün özellikleridışında diğer kriterleri de kapsamında tutarak bu alanda özgün bir bakış açısısunmaktadır., Purpose- The purpose ofthe current study is to weight utilitarian and hedonic criterias affecting thecustomer’s new generation smartphone selection and to array alternatives at theselection point. By appealing litrerature review and academician opinions, 4main criterias and 14 subcriterias are specified and 4 brand that have thehighest market share in Turkey are evaluated as alternatives at the study.Methodology- An integratedAHP-VIKOR approach is used for the analysis. With the data collected by the AHPquestionnaire, priorities belonged to all main and subcriterias are specified.Then by using these priorities, Brands are sorted with VIKOR method and criteriasbecoming prominent at the decision point are specified.Findings- From maincriterias, Product Aspects seems to be the most important criteria for thecustomers. When looked over subcriterias, Convenience, Brand Effect, UsageBenefit, Enjoyment, Hardware and Software Properties subcriterias are prominentat the customer’s decision point.Conclusion- Within the frameof contributory models, current study presents a perspective which is genuinein the field by taking both functional and other criterias affecting smartphoneselection in the scope.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bağımlı değişkenin sınırlı bir değer aralığında gözlemlendiğiregresyon modelinde kullanılan parametre tahmin yöntemlerini karşılaştırmaktır. Bu model Tobit model ya da sansürlüregresyon modeli olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Tobit modelde rasgele hatanın 0ortalama ve σ2varyans ilenormal dağılım gösterdiği varsayılmaktadır. Bu varsayıma göre simülasyonçalışması yapılmıştır. Simülasyon çalışmasının amacı, hangi yönteminparametreleri tahmin etmede en iyi olduğunu belirlemektir. Kullanılan parametretahmin yöntemleri; Probit en büyük olabilirlik yöntemi, Tobit en büyük olabilirlikyöntemi ve Heckman iki aşamalı tahmin yöntemidir. Olabilirlik fonksiyonları,parametrelerin doğrusal bir fonksiyonu olmadıkları için bu modellerin açıkçözümleri elde edilememektedir. Bu nedenle, bu tür modellerin parametretahminleri için farklı optimizasyon teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, NewtonRaphson (NR), Quasi Newton (QN), Conjugate Gradient (CG), Double Dogleg (DD),Nelder Mead Simplex (NM), Newton Raphson Ridging (NRR) ve Trust Region (TR)optimizasyon teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalar iki temel ölçütkullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bu ölçütler, parametre tahminleri ve hata karelerortalamaları, yakınsama oranlarına göre optimizasyon tekniklerininperformansları olarak belirlenmiştir. Tobit en büyükolabilirlik yöntemi için örneklem büyüklüğü 50 iken, optimizasyon tekniklerinintümü ile başlangıç parametre değerlerine oldukça yakın ortalama değerlerineulaşılmıştır. Hata kareler ortalama değerleri de diğer yöntemlere göre oldukçaküçük bulunmuştur. Tobit en büyük olabilirlik yöntemi, diğertahmin yöntemine göre örneklem büyüklüğü çok küçük olduğunda bile parametreleritahmin etmede en iyi yöntemdir. Optimizasyon tekniklerinin yakınsama oranlarıincelendiğinde, en iyi performans gösteren optimizasyon tekniği QuasiNewton’dur., Thepurpose of this study is to compare the parameter estimation methods used inthe regression model where the dependent variable is observed in a limitedrange of values. This model is called Tobit model or censored regression model.It is assumed that the random error has a normal distribution with 0 mean and σ2 variance in the Tobitmodel. According to this assumption, simulation study has been done. The aim ofthe simulation study is to determine which method is best to estimate theparameters. These estimation methods included Probit Maximum Likelihood, TobitMaximum Likelihood and Heckman’s Two-Step. It can not be obtained clearsolutions of these models since the likelihood functions are not a linearfunction of the parameters. For this reason, different optimization techniqueshave been developed for parameter estimation of such models. In this study, itis used Newton Raphson (NR), Quasi Newton (QN), Conjugate Gradient (CG), DoubleDogleg (DD), Nelder Mead Simplex (NM), Newton Raphson Ridging (NRR) and TrustRegion (TR) optimization techniques. Comparisons were made using two basiccriteria. These criteria were determined as parameter estimates and mean squareerror, performances of optimization techniques according to convergence rates. Inthe Tobit maximum likelihood estimation method, all of the optimizationtechniques have reached mean values very close to the initial parameter valueswhen the sample size has 50. The values of mean square error were found to bequite small compared to other methods.Tobit maximum likelihood is the bestmethod to estimate parameters even when the sample size is very small comparedto other estimation methods. The best performing optimization technique isQuasi Newton when the convergence rates of the optimization techniques areexamined.

Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) in people with essential thrombocytosis (ET). Methods: A total of 30 patients with ET patient group and 30 volunteers with no known disease control group (C group) were included in this study after the approval of ethics committee and written informed consent was obtained. Patients with a history of major thrombosis were excluded. IMA levels and independent variables were investigated and effects on thrombosis susceptibility were also studied. in addition to that; comorbid disease state, drug use and used drugs group were questioned in patient group and effects of them on IMA levels were studied. Results: in our study, when ET patient group and C group were compared, the mean serum IMA levels in ET patient group and C group was detected as 0,6726 (0,527- 0,776) Absorbans Unite (ABSU) and 0,4342 (0,346-0,612) ABSU respectively and in ET patient group was significantly higher than C group (p, Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, ET olan kişilerde IMA düzeylerini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma için etik kurul onayı ve yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam alındıktan sonra ET hastalığı olan 30 kişi ve bilinen herhangi bir hastalığı olmayan 30 gönüllü çalışmaya dahil edildi. Majör tromboz öyküsü olan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Çalışmada IMA düzeyleri ile bağımsız değişkenler ve tromboz duyarlılığı arasındaki ilişki değerlendirildi. Ayrıca, hasta grubunda komorbidite, ilaç kullanımı ve kullanılan ilaç grubu sorgulanarak bunların IMA düzeylerine etkisi incelendi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda ET hasta grubu ve C grubu karşılaştırıldığında, ET hasta grubu ve C grubunda ortalama serum IMA düzeyleri sırasıyla 0,6726 (0,527-0,776) ABSU ve 0,4342 (0,346-0,612) ABSU olarak saptandı ve ET hasta grubunda C grubundan anlamlı derecede yüksekti (p

MOTAKK, as a national external quality control program has been launched to evaluate the molecular detection of viral infections including HBV DNA and HCV RNA in molecular microbiology diagnostic laboratories in Turkey. This program is prepared in compliance with ISO 17043:2010 (Conformity assessment general requirements for proficiency testing) standards, and aims to take the place of external quality control programs from abroad, contributing to standardization and accuracy of molecular diagnostic tests in our country. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2015 and 2016 results of the MOTAKK External Quality Control Program for HBV DNA and HCV RNA viral load. The calls were announced on the web page of MOTAKK (www.motakk.org). The quality control samples were sent to participating laboratories in 2015 and 2016. Main stocks were prepared from patients with chronic hepatitis B and C who had viral load detection with reference methods according to WHO reference materials for viral load studies to improve quality control sera. From these main stocks, samples with different viral loads were prepared from dilutions of plasma with HBV, HCV, HAV, HIV, Parvovirus B19 and CMV negative serologic markers. Quality control samples were sent to the participating laboratories along with the negative samples in the cold chain. The laboratories accomplished the related tests within 2-3 weeks and entered their results on the MOTAKK web page. These results were analysed according to ISO 13528 (Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison) and scoring reports were created by a software developed by MOTAKK and sent to participating labs. Each laboratory evaluated their own results in comparison with the other laboratory results, reassessed the tests via observing the distance from the mean result and the reference values. The number of laboratories participating in the HBV DNA and HCV RNA external quality control program was 70-73 in 2015-2016. Participants were able to comply with the program tools, registering, entering results and receiving the results reports problem. In HBV panel, 72.6-89.1% and 84.7-90.3% of the participant laboratories were in 1 standard deviation (SD) in 2015-2016, respectively. In HCV panel, 70.8-89.1% and 84.7-90.3% of the participant laboratories were in 1 SD in 2015-2016, respectively. A national external quality control program for HBV DNA and HCV RNA in Turkey has been prepared for the first time with this project and implemented successfully. All the data provided in the MOTAKK external quality control program final report, compensate all the data provided by the quality control program final reports from abroad; additionally, the report allows comparison of used technologies and commercial products.

Bu araştırmanın amacı,öğretmenlerin örgütsel güç mesafesi konusundaki algılarını belirlemedekullanılabilecek bir veri toplama aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın çalışmagrubu, ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise öğretmenlerinden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapıgeçerliğinin belirlenmesi için açımlayıcı (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı (DFA) faktöranalizi yapılmıştır. AFA sonucunda, Gücü Kabullenme, Gücü Araçsal Kullanma,Gücü Meşrulaştırma ve Güce Razı Olma olmak üzere 20 maddeli ve dört faktörlübir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır. Dört faktörün birlikte açıkladığı toplam varyansoranı %56.58’dir. Bu yapı DFA ile doğrulanmıştır. DFA ile hesaplanan uyumiyiliği indeksleri şöyledir: χ2/sd=2.29, GFI=.90, AGFI=.86, RMSEA=.07,RMR=.07, SRMR=.07, CFI=.95, NFI=.92, NNFI=.95. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa içtutarlılık katsayıları Gücü Kabullenme faktörü için .79, Gücü Araçsal Kullanmafaktörü için .77, Gücü Meşrulaştırma faktörü için .74 ve Güce Razı Olma faktörüiçin .80 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, öğretmenlerin örgütsel güçmesafesi konusundaki algılarını belirlemede kullanılabilecek geçerli vegüvenilir bir veri toplama aracı geliştirilmiştir., The purpose of thisstudy is to develop a data collection instrument to be utilized in order todetermine the organizational power distance perceptions of teachers. The studygroup of the research consists of elementary, lower, and upper secondary schoolteachers. Explanatory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses wereconducted to assess the structural validity of the scale. The results of EFA demonstratedthat the scale was comprised of 20 items and four factors, namely, Acceptanceof Power, Instrumental Use of Power, Justification of Power, and Acquiescenceof Power. The ratio of the total variance explained by the scale is 56.58%.This structure was confirmed with CFA. CFA revealed a χ2/df ratio of2.29. Other goodness of fit indexes computed by CFA were: GFI=.90, AGFI=.86,RMSEA=.07, RMR=.07, SRMR=.07, CFI=.95, NFI=.92, NNFI=.95. Cronbach’s Alphainternal consistency coefficients were computed as .79 for Acceptance of Power,.77 for Instrumental Use of Power, .74 for Justification of Power, and .80 forAcquiescence of Power. As a result, a valid and reliable data collectioninstrument was developed that could be utilized to determine the power distanceperceptions of teachers.

The food sector as a labor-intensive sector, is directly related to the processing of agricultural products, the industrial raw material input, the employment contribution and the balanced diet requirement of the people. Because of these it has a strategic importance all over the World in terms of sociological and economic aspects. The changing process accelerated particularly in 90s, has led institutions to integrated programs in increasingly globalized conditions and multinational joint workspaces have become widespread. In parallel with technological developments, intensive and complicated information communication has increased the need for standardization. Many of the regulations, standards and practice developed in the field of document management are the results of the synergy created by the international collaborations. This, on the one hand, has led to an increase in service quality and standardization, as well as guidance for institutions that have difficulty establishing service policies. Within the scope of this study, food safety has been discussed and four key objectives of the Green Document on the General Principles of Food Law in the European Union, the first step towards the amendment of European food legislation, have been mentioned. Later on, European Union was able to manage the crises experienced, and the transition from the green document to the White document and the establishment of high food safety standards were discussed. Kayseri Sugar Factory, one of the important agri-food enterprise of Turkey and Kayseri, is chosen to evaluate relations between quality and food safety certifications and firm performance. For this purpose a case study approach is used to analyse effect of quality assurance documents and some food safety certifications on the business performance such as sales, number of customers etc. Between 2010 and 2014, the quality and food safety policies of the Kayseri sugar factory have been mentioned and the quality documents and the requirements of these documents have been reviewed. After receiving these documents by Kayseri Sugar Factory, the effects of the documents on the business performance are analysed and interpreted numerically. At the end of this study, It is seen that after receiving these documents some improvements in sales and increasement in number of institutional big customers are observed.

AMAÇ: Endüstriyel alanda yoğun bir şekilde kullanılan, önemliçevre kirleticilerden biri olan kadmiyum (Cd), günlük hayattakimaruziyetimiz nedeniyle yaşamsal bir takım tehditlere sebepolabilmektedir. Uzun bir yarılanma ömrüne sahip olan Cd, solunum,üriner, kardiovasküler, gastrointestinal, sinir sistemi ve kemiklerdedirekt veya dolaylı olarak toksisiteye neden olmaktadır.Vücutta biriken Cd’un osteoporoz, anemi, eozinofili, anozmive kronik rinit gibi birçok hastalığa neden olduğu bilinmektedir.Çalışmamızda, flavonoid içeriği oldukça yüksek, ağır metal şelatlayıcıözelliğe sahip ve antioksidan tannik asidin (TA) Cd toksikasyonundankorunmadaki rolünü araştırmak amaçlandı.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bu amaçla, 28 adet 200-300 gramağırlığında sağlıklı 3-4 aylık Spraque-Dawley soyu erkek sıçanlarkullanıldı. Deney hayvanlarına ön tedavi amaçlı intraperitonal(i.p) enjeksiyon ile 5 gün boyunca TA 50mg/kg/gün olarakuygulandıktan sonra, intragastrik (i.g) enjeksiyon tek doz 35mg/kg CdCl2 uygulandı.BULGULAR: CdCl2 uygulaması ile azalan hemolizat, karaciğerve böbrek süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) değerlerini TA’nın artırdığıgözlendi. Benzer şekilde artan hemolizat ve karaciğer malondialdehit(MDA) değerlerini TA’nın azalttığı belirlendi. Karaciğer,böbrek, akciğer, testis ve dalakta CdCl2 uygulaması ile artanbirikimi azaltma yönünde, TA etkili olmazken, kalpteki birikimiazaltma yönünde TA’nın etkili olduğu analiz edildi. CdCl2 uygulamasıile artan demir birikimini azaltma yönünde böbrek, dalakve kalpte TA etkili olmazken, karaciğer, akciğer ve testiste etkiliolduğu tespit edildi.SONUÇ: Günlük diyette kullanılan yiyecek ve içeceklerin, toksikajanlara maruz kalma sonucu gelişebilecek bazı hastalıklarıerken dönemde önlenmesiyle, bireylerin yaşam kalitesi yükselebilecektir.Çalışmamızda günlük yaşantımızda tüketilenTA içeren yiyeceklerin, çeşitli şekillerde maruz kaldığımız ağırmetallerden korunma üzerine olan etkileri gözlemlendi. Eldeedilen sonuçlara göre farklı dokularda farklı sonuçlara ulaşılabileceğibelirlenirken, genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, Cd’unzararlı etkilerine ya da en azından bazı dokulardaki birikiminiazaltma yönünde TA’nın etkili olabileceği sonucuna ulaşıldı., OBJECTIVE: Cadmium (Cd), one of the major environmentalpollutants used intensively in the industrial field and could causesa variety of vital threats due to our exposure in our dailylives. Having a long half-life, Cd causes direct or indirect toxicityto respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, nervoussystem and bones. It is known that Cd that accumulates in thebody causes many diseases such as osteoporosis, anemia, eosinophilia,anosmia and chronic rhinitis. In our study, we aimedto investigate the role of tannic acid (TA), an antioxidant substancewith a high content of flavonoids and heavy metal chelatingagents, in order to investigate its role in protecting fromCd toxicity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, it was used 28Spraque-Dawley, 200-300 gr, 3-4 monthly male rats. For pre-treatment,TA (50 mg/kg/day) was administered by intraperitoneal(i.p) injection to the experimental groups for 5 days. And thena single dose CdCl2 (35 mg/kg) was was administered by intragastric(i.g).RESULTS: It was observed that superoxide dismutase (SOD)values decreased in hemolysate, liver and kidney by CdCl2 administration;but increased with TA. Malondialdehyde (MDA)values increased with CdCl2 administration whereas decreasedwith TA the hemolysate and liver. TA was found to be effectivein decreasing heart accumulation, while TA was not effectivein reducing accumulation with CdCl2 administration in liver,kidney, lung, testis and spleen. TA is not effective in reducingincreased iron accumulation with CdCl2 administration in thekidney, spleen and heart, but in liver, lung and testis it couldbe effective.CONCLUSIONS: Food and drinks used in the daily diet mayincrease the quality of life of individuals by early prevention ofcertain diseases that may result in exposure to toxic agents. Inour study, it has been shown that TA, which is consumed in ourdaily lives, may be effective in protecting substances from heavymetal toxicity. According to the results obtained, differentresults could be reached in different tissues; but when assessedin general, the harmful effects of Cd, or at least the result thatTA have been achieved to reduce the accumulation of some tissues.

Amaç: Appendikste oluşan kistadenoma appendektomi ameliyatlarının %0.6'sında tespit edilen nadir bir patolojik durumdur. Bu yayının amacı, apendiks kistadenomuna bağlı gelişen ve cerrahi ile başarılı bir şekilde tedavi edilen, nadir görülen ileal volvulus olgusunu sunmaktır. Olgu: Yetmiş altı yaşındaki kadın hasta acil servisimize şiddetli sağ kadran ağrısı ile kabul edildi. Yapılan abdominal bilgisayarlı tomografide (Abdominal BT) ve abdominal direkt grafide bağırsak segmentlerinde yaygın dilatasyon ve periluminal sıvı koleksiyonları izlendi. Yapılan cerrahi operasyonda ince bağırsak bölgesinde volvulus ve appendiks bölgesinde 2 cm'lik kitle lezyonu nedeni ile apendektomi uygulandı. Volvüle olarak izlenen ileal segment parsiyel olarak uç-uca anastamoz yapılarak rezeke edildi. Alınan kitle histopatolojik olarak müsinöz kistadenoma ile uyumlu olarak geldi. Hastamız genel durumu düzeldikten sonra bir haftalık yatış periodu sonrası taburcu edildi. Sonuç: Appendiks lümeninde müsinöz neoplazi ile oluşan obstrüksüyon gastrointestinal sistemin değişik yerlerinden volvulus ile komplike olabilir. Vakamız ileal volvulus ile komplike olan ileri derecede nadir vaka presentasyonu özelliğini göstermektedir Objective: Appendiceal cystadenoma (AC) is a rare pathology diagnosed in 0.6% of all appendectomy operations. The purpose of the report was to present a rare case of ileal volvulus due to appendiceal cystadenoma, which was successfully treated with surgery. Case: A woman aged 76 years was admitted to our emergency service with severe right lower quadrant pain. Abdominal tomography and X-ray showed features of generalized dilatation of bowel segments with periluminal fluid collections. Intraoperatively, we found bowel volvulus and a 2 cm mass at the appendiceal borders and an appendectomy was performed. The volvulated ileal segment was resected and restored with end-to-end anastomosis. Histopathologic examination of the mass revealed mucinous cystadenoma. Our patient was discharged from hospital at postoperative one week with complete clinical recovery.Conclusion: Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a mucinous neoplasia can cause appendicitis followed by secondary volvulus in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Our case was further complicated by ileal volvulus, which led to an extremely rare presentation

WOS: 000371499500006, PubMed ID: 27058329, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common virus found all around the world, usually causes asymptomatic infections in immunocompetent hosts, however it may lead to serious complications in immunodeficient patients and in the fetus. CMV is divided into four genotypes according to the polymorphisms in UL55 gene that encodes for envelope glycoprotein B. Nucleotide polymorphisms of CMV gB gene can affect the cell tropism of the virus and host immune response and believed to have important changes in the pathogenesis of CMV. The aim of this study was to determine the gB genotypes of CMV isolates from different patient groups selected from different regions of Turkey. A total of 136 clinical specimens from patients (66 female, 70 male; age range: 0-65 years, mean age: 24.03 +/- 17.17) who were diagnosed to have CMV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or antigenemia tests, between 2001-2014, in the medical school hospitals of Akdeniz, Ege, Istanbul Cerrahpasa and Erciyes Universities (located at Mediterranean, Aegean, northwest and central Anatolia regions, respectively), were included in the study. The patient group consisted of 80 renal transplant (RT) recipients, 35 stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients, 13 newborns, seven heart transplant (HT) recipients and one pregnant woman. CMV gB genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) method, and DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed for the randomly selected 15 isolates with different genotypes. Among 136 (135 plasma, 1 amnion fluid) samples, the most frequent genotype was gB1 (n=44, 32.4%), followed by gB2 (n=39, 28.6%), gB3 (n=36, 26.5%) and gB4 (n=8, 5.9%); however nine (6.6%) samples could not be genotyped. When analysis were interpreted according to the patient groups, it was determined that the genotypes in RT recipients were gB1 32.3%, gB2 28.7%, gB3 26.5% and gB4 5.9%; in SCT recipients gB1 34.3%, gB2 28.6%, gB3 22.9% and gB4 5.7%; in HT recipients gB3 57.1%, gB1 14.3% and gB2 14.3%; in newborns gB1 38.4%, gB3 30.8%, gB2 15.4% and gB4 7.7%, and gB2 genotype in the pregnant woman. As our study was a descriptive study to determine the genotypes of CMV gB, the relationship between the genotypes and the variants such as viral load, symptomatic disease and prognosis were not analyzed. As a result, the isolation of different gB genotypes in various case groups from four distinctive provinces, underlines the diversity of CMV gB genotypes in Turkey.

OZET: Akciger kanseri, akciger dokusundaki hucrelerin kontrolsuz olarak cogalmasi ile meydana gelir ve kanser kaynakli olumlerin en yaygin nedenidir. En onemli nedenleri uzun sureli sigara dumani maruziyeti, genetik faktorler, radon gazi ve asbest maruziyetidir. miRNA’lar kendi nukleotid dizilerinin tamamlayicisi olan hedef mRNA’lara baglanip translasyonel baskilama veya mRNA yikimi ile transkripsiyon sonrasi gen ekspresyonunun duzenlenmesini gerceklestirirler. Cesitli calismalarda malignant tumorlerin gelisimi ve ilerlemesi ile miRNA ekspresyon duzensizliklerinin iliskili oldugu, miRNA'larin onkogen veya tumor supresor (baskilayici) olarak hareket edebilecegi belirtilmistir. Ayrica tumor baskilayici genlerin downregulasyonu ve CpG dinukleotidlerindeki promotor hipermetilasyonu tumorogenezis icin onemli bir mekanizmadir. Bir diger epigenetik duzenleme olan miRNA’larin, genlerin promotor bolgelerindeki anormal metilasyon ve histon modifikasyonlari gibi epigenetik mekanizmalari duzenleyebilecegi bildirilmistir. Bu amacla biz de guncel veri tabanlari ile DNMT3b ve MBD1’i hedefleyen 2 miRNA genine ait iki SNP belirleyerek bu SNP’lerin akciger kanseri ile iliskisini arastirmayi amacladik. Gerec ve Yontem: Calismamiza 90 saglikli kontrol birey ve 90 akciger kanseri hastasi dahil edildi (onay no: 2012/45). EDTA’li tuplere alinan kan orneklerinden DNA izole edildi ve bu DNA’lar Sequenom MassARRAY sistemi ile genotiplendirildi. Hastalarin genetik varyasyon tipleri ve demografik ozellikleri uygun istatistiksel yontemler ile degerlendirildi. Bulgular: DNMT3b’yi hedefleyen miR339 geni rs72631831 varyanti tum bireyler icin atasal GG genotipine, MBD1’i hedefleyen miR15b geni rs146020563 varyanti icin tum bireyler atasal AA genotipine sahip olarak belirlendi. Sonuc: Arastirmamizda rs72631831 ve rs146020563 varyasyonlari ile akciger kanseri arasinda iliski bulunamamistir ancak arastirmamiz DNA metilasyon mekanizmasini hedefleyen miRNA gen varyantlarinin da fonksiyonel karakterizasyonunun yapildigi ilk calisma olmasi nedeniyle onemlidir. ANAHTAR KELIMELER: Akciger Kanseri, DNA metilasyonu, DNA Metiltransferaz-3b, Metil Baglayan Protein-1, miRNA, SNP. SUMMARY: Aim: Lung cancer (LC) is a disease that develops by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung and the most common cause of cancer-related death. Most significant risk factors for LC are tobacco smoke, genetic factors, radon gas and asbestos.miRNAs bind target mRNAs which are complementary to their sequences and post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through translational repression or mRNA degradation. Several observations link dysregulation of miRNA expression to the development and progression of tumors and miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The hypermethylation of CpG-dinucleotides in the promoter of genes and downregulation of tumor suppressors are important for tumorogenesis. It has been reported that being a type of epigenetic modifier, miRNAs, may regulate epigenetic mechanism including abnormal methylation of the promoter regions or histone modifications.For this purpose, we determined the SNPs on two miRNA genes targeting DNMT3b and MBD1 with current databases and aimed to investigate the association of these SNPs with lung cancer. Material and methods: Accordingly, 90-controls and 90-patients were included in our study (approval no: 2012/45 ). DNAs were isolated from blood samples and these DNA samples were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY System. The demographic characteristics of patients and types of genetic variation were evaluated by appropriate statistical methods. Results: It was determined that all individuals have the ancestral GG and AA genotype for rs72631831 variant of miR339 targeting DNMT3b and rs146020563 variant of miR15b targeting MBD1, respectively . Conclusion: We found no association between rs72631831 and rs146020563 variation with lung cancer, however our research is important due to being the first study to indicate the functional characterization of gene variants of miRNA genes targeting DNA methylation. KEY WORDS: Lung cancer, DNA methylation, DNA methyltranferas-3b, Methyl Binding Protein-1, miRNA, SNP.

Aim: Colorectal cancer, the most widely seen type of cancer of the gastrointestinal system, is also the fourth most common cause of death among cancer diseases. Early diagnosis of this type of cancer is important for prognosis and it is reported that the use of inflammatory cytokines in circulation might be useful as a prognostic biomarker. For this purpose, in this study, association of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-174 G/C and interleukin-18 (IL-18) -607 C/A polymorphisms and plasma levels with colorectal cancer was investigated. Method: This study was consist of 96 patients with colorectal cancer and 96 healthy individuals as control group. The polymorphisms of the patients and healthy volunteers groups were investigated by Real-Time PCR. The plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-18 were determined by ELISA method. Results: Upon comparison of the genotype rates of IL-6 G/C (rs1800795) and IL-18 C/A (rs1946518) polymorphisms, a statistically significant difference was found between the patient and the control groups (p, Amaç: Gastrointestinal sistemin en sık görülen kanser türlerinden olan kolorektal kanser, kansere bağlı ölüm nedenleri arasında dördüncü sırada bulunmaktadır. Bu kanser türünde erken teşhis, tedavinin prognozu açısından önemlidir ve dolaşımdaki inflamatuvar sitokinlerin prognostik amaçla biyomarker olarak kullanılabileceği bildirilmektedir. Bu amaçla, interlökin-6 (IL-6) -174 G/C ve interlökin-18 (IL-18) -607 C/A polimorfizmleri ve plazma düzeylerinin kolorektal kanser ile ilişkisi araştırıldı. Yöntem: Çalışma kolorektal kanserli 96 hasta ve kontrol grubu 96 sağlıklı bireyden oluşmaktadır. Hasta ve kontrol gruplarının polimorfizmleri Real-Time PZR kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. IL-6 ve IL-18’in plazma düzeyleri ise ELISA yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: IL-6 G/C (rs1800795) ve IL-18 C/A (rs1946518) polimorfizmlerine ait genotip sıklıkları karşılaştırıldığında kolorektal kanser hastaları ile kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır (p < 0.001). Plazma düzeyleri açısından ise IL-6 kolorektal kanserli hastalarda anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (p < 0.001). Ancak, IL-18 plazma düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p < 0.966). IL-6 ve IL-18 genotiplerinin kombine etkisiyle KRK gelişme olasılığını saptamak için, her iki genin hasta ve kontrol gruplarındaki genotip kombinasyonları ile KRK oluşumu arasındaki ilişki kıyaslanmıştır. GC ve CA (p < 0,0001) ile CC ve CA (p < 0.023) genotip kombinasyonlarında her iki genin heterozigot olduğu durumlarda KRK gelişimi açısından risk oluşturabileceği saptanmıştır. Sonuç: İnterlökin-6 ve interlökin-18’in kolorektal kanser gelişiminde rolü olabilir. Ayrıca bu sitokinlerin plazma düzeyleri erken tanı için kullanılabilir.

BELDUZ, Ali Osman/0000-0003-2240-7568; WOS: 000341523900005 The xylA gene encoding xylose isomerase from Anoxybacillus gonensis G2(T) has been cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli. Xylose isomerase was purified 10.98-fold by heat-shock and sequential column chromatography techniques to homogeneity, and the biochemical properties of the enzyme were characterized. the optimum temperature of the enzyme was 85 degrees C and maximum activity was observed at a pH of 6.5. Its Km and Vmax values were calculated as 25 +/- 2 mM and 0.12958 +/- 0.002 mu mol/min/mg protein, respectively. the effects of various metal ions on the xylose isomerase were examined. Divalent cations Co2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ were essential for xylose isomerase activity; however, bivalent metal ions (Ca2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+) showed inhibitory effects. This is the first report of characterization of the xylose isomerase of Anoxybacillus spp. According to results obtained from this study, xylose isomerase is a promising candidate for industrial applications in production of xylulose and ribose. Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation [2003.111.04.6]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [104T472, TBAG-AY/395 (104T380)] This study was financially supported by the Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation (Grant no. 2003.111.04.6) and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Grant no. 104T472 and TBAG-AY/395 (104T380)).

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is a rare renal neoplasm of childhood. While CCSK is more common in children, it is extremely rare in adults. In CCSK, a tumor thrombus is sometimes formed in the inferior vena cava. Herein, we describe a rare case of an 18-year-old female with CCSK with vascular tumor thrombus extending to the inferior vena cava that was managed successfully by excision of the renal mass and vena caval thrombus, and pulmonary metastasectomy using cardiopulmonary bypass without cardiac arrest., Böbreğin clear hücreli sarkomu (BCHS) çocukluk çağının nadir bir renal tümörüdür. Çocuklarda daha yaygın görülürken, yetişkinlerde oldukça nadir görülür. BCHS\'da tümör trombüsü bazen inferior vena kavaya ilerleyebilir. Burada biz inferior vena kavaya yayılan vasküler tumor trombüslü 18 yaşındaki BCHS\'lu nadir vakada kardiyopulmoner bypass altında ve kardiyak arrest yapılmaksızın renal kitlenin, vasküler tümör trombüsünün ve pulmoner metastazın başarılı olarak çıkarılmasını tanımladık.

This study simulates and analyzes the practical performance of a 2 kW stand-alone PV power system located in Gökçeada/Turkey. System performance was calculated both by simulation and real life measurements. Although the total system efficiency and the performance ratio is simulated 5 % and 41 %, these values are calculated averagely during the real-life monitoring period as 4 % and % 32.4 respectively. The results were reported using the international evaluation parameters. The main reasons of the difference between the simulated and practical calculated values are the partial shadow effects and the limited energy generation due to the low load demand., Bu çalışmada, Gökçeada/Türkiye'de yerleşik ve şebekeden bağımsız 2 kW anma gücündeki bir fotovoltaik (FV) güç sisteminin benzetim ve uygulamalı başarım analizi yapılmaktadır. Sistemin başarımı, hem benzetim hem de gerçek zamanlı ölçüm değerleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Benzetim çalışmasından hesaplanan % 5 sistem verimi ve % 41 gerçekleme oranı parametreleri, gerçek çalışma koşullarında izleme dönemi ortalaması olarak sırasıyla % 4 ve % 32,4 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bu çalışmada, uluslararası değerlendirme parametreleri dikkate alınmıştır. Benzetim ve gerçek zamanlı başarım değerleri arasındaki farkın temel gerekçesi kısmi gölge etkileri ve belli dönemlerde düşük yük talebinin üstünde üretilen enerjinin sınırlanması olarak gözlenmiştir.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible impact of specific endothelin-A (ETA) receptor blockage by BQ-123 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) induced apoptosis in rats. To produce MI/R, a branch of the descending left coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion. Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups equally: (1) sham-operated group, (2) MI/R group, (3) MI/R+BQ-123-treated group, and (4) MI/R+ET-1+BQ-123-treated group. TUNEL staining, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities were determined immunohistologically. MI/R group revealed extensive TUNEL positive cardiomyocytes especially in the free wall of the left ventricule, interventicular septum, and apex zone. Intensity of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes reduced as a result of BQ-123 treatment compared to the sham group in the same sections. Result of the caspase activity was found to correlate with TUNEL evaluation. BQ-123 administrations to MI/R group with or without ET-1 caused significant decrease both in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) generation. Also, BQ-123 leads to augmentation of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione contents. We propose that selective ETA antagonism by BQ-123 has a worthwhile effect on apoptotic cell death following MI/R, and that scavenging of free radicals by selective ETA antagonist is part of this beneficial effect.

WOS: 000323646000002 Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) is the most important disease that causes economically important losses on greenhouse-grown tomato in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Solarization (S), Metham Sodium (MS), compost (KOM), Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (BS) and Trichoderma harzianum (TH-T and TH-G) applications on integrated disease management of FORL, alone and in their combinations. S+MS application reduced the viability of the pathogen inoculum at 5, 15, 25, and 35 cm soil depth while application of solarization, alone did not reach the lethal temperature for the pathogen at 35 cm soil depth. The least disease incidence (21.3%) was observed in BS application in the first year of two-year greenhouse experiment in soil without S+MS application while it was determined in TH-T application with the disease incidence of 20% in the second year. Among biological agents, the best results in disease control of FORL were obtained with applications of BS and TH-T in both experiments

21st Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) --APR 24-26, 2013 -- CYPRUS, Çolak, M. Alper (Arel Author), Bölükbaş, Deniz (Arel Author) --- WOS: 000325005300275, As one of the renewable energy sources, wind energy has received great attention in Turkey as in the rest of the world in the last decade. Despite of this trend, there is an increasing number of assessment reports stating the impact of wind farms on the performance degradation of electromagnetic propagation systems. In this paper, wind turbines' effects on radar detection performance are investigated using radar data which we constructed using a real terrain scenario and two-dimensional propagation analysis employing different numerical electromagnetic techniques.

In this study, a new control theory has been proposed to regulate DC bus voltage of shunt active power filters used to solve the power quality problems caused by nonlinear loads in power systems. DC bus voltage of the filter must be controlled to supply the power losses of filter from the grid, providing that more effective filtering and reactive power compensation are obtained. The DC bus capacitor voltage of filter to measure voltage sensor in the algorithm developed has not been used unlike previous studies. Instead of this, DC bus voltage has been regulated by considering difference between reference compensation current and real compensation current of the filter at fundamental frequency. Experimental and simulation studies performed have indicated the simple structure, effectiveness of the proposed control theory and the low cost unlike others studies.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze acute clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic results and long-term event-free survival of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) in the treatment of hemodynamically significant mitral stenosis (MS). STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed 577 patients (454 females, 123 males; mean age 38±11 years) who underwent PMBV for moderate or severe MS. Acute procedural success was defined as the achievement of mitral valve area (MVA) >1.5 cm2 and absence of grade 3-4 mitral regurgitation. In addition, 489 patients were interrogated by phone calls for event-free survival (death, redo PMBV, mitral valve replacement) after at least one year (mean 54 months) of the procedure. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 547 patients (94.8%) and unsuccessful in 30 patients (5.2%). Among baseline echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters, MVA was significantly lower (p=0.0001) and moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation was significantly more common (p=0.031) in patients with failure. The mean Wilkins scores were similar in the two groups (p>0.05). Failure was related to suboptimal valve opening (MVA

In this study, the equality of frequencies and phase angles for the parallel connection of generators have been achieved using microcontroller. The study firstly provides the equality of frequencies and then the equality of phase angles. Waveforms of alternating voltages are converted into square wave using the zero crossing circuit after conditioned by the AC/AC signal sensing circuit. These signals are matched in order to arrange the DC motor's velocity with changing it's duty ratio until alternator signal is equal to the reference signal by the PIC16F877 microcontroller and the program written in C programming language. When the utility and generator signals are equal to each other, the equality of frequencies is provided. After that the duty ratio is increased in stages until the angular difference decreases to 0 and the equality of phase angles is also provided.

In this study, computer based central electricity parameter observation and tracking system of energy distribution system at Electrical Education of Gazi University and its security risks have been examined. Determining of security risk due to system vulnerabilities and possibility of unauthorized data access are investigated in respect of information security. In addition, some system security risks are found when unauthorized accesses of Modbus protocol are tested. To avoid detected risks, a firewall is installed to provide secure platform for the system from different open source projects. Finally, some recommendations are outlined to reduce information security risks at energy system.

In this study, a system has been designed for right phase order and phase collapse during the parallel connection of alternators. The system measures the phase angle to determine the right phase order and evaluate the parameters in 16F877 microcontroller by using a program written in C programming language. Three phase system is examined by an alarm circuit used at the output of the system developed. If a phase collapse occurs, the visual and auditory data is given to the operator. The main purposes of this study are to use the operations before and after the parallel connection of alternators for engineering education and for industrial products.

Human metaphase chromosomes were exposed to different concentrations (10-8-10-2 M) of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA methyl inhibitor, in order to determine the in vivo effect of the agent on chromosome packaging. It has been found that the agent was substituted with cystosine in the newly synthesised DNA strand and it distrupted the chromosome condensation. GTG and C banding techniques revealed that the agent caused demethylation in DNA regions that were substituted with cytosine. In the DNA regions that hypomethylation was evident, chromosomes could not complete their normal condensations and remained in under or decondensated form. On the other hand the agent caused significant alterations in chromosome structure associated with different dosages and duration. Despite its effect on decondensation, the agent also caused the deconfiguration (24 hours), segmantation, increased juxtacentomeric-telomeric associations, gaps, fragility, chromatid and isochromatid breaks and pulverisation in the chromosome structure. According to the present findings, it could be suggested that the DNA methylation is an important mechanism in chromosome packaging and organisation. Alterations that are established in methylation patterns may cause significant structural abnormalities in human chromosomes.

In this study, the speed and torque of a wound rotor induction motor (WRIM) have been controlled by adjusting the rotor resistance using a microcontroller. PI controller has been chosen for the speed control due to its simple structure and higher response time. Realized system has been tested on a 1,5 kW WRIM in a laboratory. Experimental results show that implemented system has been faster, more stable and very sensitive in speed control when compared to classical systems.

Traditional computer-aided tutoring systems provide an educational material that includes static pages for students, but they do not consider the differences among students. So computer-aided education systems might not be alternative for traditional education in the classroom as well as obtain acceptable profit in point of the instructional quality in education. In this paper, Adaptive Educational Hypermedia System (AEHS) has been observed because of having different architecture and design approach, and making superior the instructional efficiency on the computer aided tutoring systems. General architecture of AEHS is also presented. Building up the student model that is a central component of the AEHS, and determining the knowledge level of user about the domain are explained with an application. Moreover the superiorities of AEHS according to computer-aided tutoring systems are presented and the existing studies about the AEHS are evaluated.

In this paper a microcontroller based experimental unit for parallel connection of alternators for education purposes has been designed and implemented. This experimental set designed detects the incorrect phase order firstly, which is one of the conditions of parallel connection, and corrects it automatically. The other three conditions of parallel connection, the equality of voltages, frequencies and phase angles of two alternators are then obtained by the experimental set. All these measurements are processed numerically by 16F877 microprocessor and the parallel connection is achieved automatically. As a consequence, students can see the faults of parallel connection which occurred during the application in the laboratory studies. Since all the processes of parallel connection of two alternators are visualised, students can find solutions for the faults and prevent them. In addition, this experimental unit developed can be used as an alarm circuit for industrial purposes at the conditions of phase disconnections.

In this study, a microcontroller based DC/DC boost converter has been designed and implemented for solar energy systems. The switching signals required to operate the system are generated by the microcontroller. Similarly, the current and the voltage values at the input terminal of the converter are measured by the microcontroller, and then the power of the system is calculated. In the system developed, "maximum power point tracking" (MPPT) application is also developed to keep the output power as the maximum level continuously. On-off times of the switching signals of the converter are modulated in accordance with the variations on the input voltage level and then the output current is automatically adjusted to obtain the maximum output power. The application results have shown that the ripple factor on the DC voltage at the output of the converter corresponds with the limits of the IEC61204 standards. Furthermore, it has been experimentally observed that the system using MPPT application operates as 36% more efficient than the classical operation and efficiency of the boost converter has been determined as 92%.

Yarı iletken malzemeler modern güç elektroniği cihazların temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bunlar, açık-kapalı anahtarların matrissel bir formundaki güç elektroniği konvertörlerinde kullanılır, ve ac'den dc'ye (doğrultucu), dc'den dc'ye (kıyıcı), dc'den ac'ye (inverter) ve ac'den ac'ye (ac kontrolcü, siklokonverter, matris konverter) enerji dönüşümüne yardım ederler. Anahtarlama modlu enerji dönüşümü yüksek bir verimlilik sağlamaktadır, fakat anahtarların non-lineer bir özelliğe sahip olmalarından dolayı yük ve kaynak tarafında harmonik üretmeleri onların bir dezavantajıdır. Güç anahtarlama elemanlı cihazlar tarafında üretilen harmonikler şehir elektrik şebekesine doğru akarlar ve ciddi enerji kalite problemlerine sebep olurlar. Güç anahtarlarının çoğu farklı çalışma karakteristiklerine sahiptir; bu yüzden onlar farklı mertebe ve farklı genlikli harmonikler üretirler. Harmonikler, harmonik analizi yardımıyla tespit edilebilir. Harmonik analiz sonuçlan geleneksel olarak sadece bir çalışma durumundaki harmoniklerin özelliklerini gösterir. Eğer, farklı çalışma durumundaki harmonik analiz sonuçları aynı grafik alanında gösterilecek olursa, bazı karışıklıklar oluşabilir. Bu çalışmada, oluşan kanşıklığı engellemek için, harmonik analiz sonuçlanm göstermek amacıyla yeni bir yöntem tanıtılmıştır. Sunulan bu yöntem, harmonikleri 3B ortamda göstermektedir., Power semiconductor devices constitute the base of modern power electronics apparatus. They are used in power electronics converters in the form of a matrix of on-off switches, and help to convert power from ac-to-dc (rectifier), dc-to-dc (chopper), dc-to-ac (inverter), and ac-to-ac (ac controller, cycloconverter, matrix converter). The switching mode power conversion gives high efficiency; but the disadvantage is that harmonics are generated at both the supply and load sides due to the nonlinearty of switches. The harmonic currents generated by the power electronics related-equipment flow through the utility system and cause various power quality problems. Most of the power switches have different operating conditions; thus, they generate different order and different amplitude harmonics. Harmonics can be determined by harmonic analysis. Harmonic analysis result conventionally shows all harmonics' features just for one operating condition. If harmonic analysis results at different operating conditions are displayed in same graphic, some confusion may occur. In this study, to prevent this confusion, a new method to represent harmonic analysis results is introduced. The proposed method shows harmonics in 3D space.