ÖZET Yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada çok katlı, rijid düğüm noktalı, çelik bir yapının elastik ve plastik karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Üzerinde çalışılan bu taşıyıcı sistem, enine doğrultuda, 10 akstan toplam 19 m, boyuna doğrultuda ise 9 akstan toplam 40 m' dir. Döşeme ise kalınlığı 10 cm seçilen betonarme plaklardan bileşiktir. Yapı ikinci dereceden deprem bölgesindedir. Mimari özelliklerinden dolayı boyuna doğrultuda merdiven ve ıslak hacimlerin bulunduğu alanlarda aks aralığı 2.5m uygun görülmüştür. Bina toplam yüksekliği 37.5 m' dir. Toplam kat adeti 12 olup ilk kat yüksekliği 4.5 m diğer katlar ise 3 m yüksekliğindedir. Tasarlanan yapı bir iş merkezi olarak düşünüldüğü için binada düşey sirkülasyon 10' ar kişilik 4 adet asansör ve 480 cm x 250 cm' lik 2 adet, herhangi bir yangın ve tehlike anında da kullanılabilecek, genel merdivenler ile sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca bina dışarısında kısa doğrultuda mimari ve yangın davranışı açısından 500 cm'x 260 cm' lik 2 adet yangın merdiveni ve bina içerisine denk gelecek şekilde 120 cm x 120 cm' lik 2 adet SAS Odası düşünülmüştür. Islak hacimler ise genel kullanıma açık olarak 200 cm x 250 cm' den 2 adettir. Elastik çözümde taşıyıcı sistem önce düşey yükler etkisi altında incelenmiş, sonra da yatay yükler etkisi altındaki gerekli hesaplamaları yapılarak boyutlandırılmıştır. Enine ve boyuna doğrultudaki kirişlerin, döşeme plağına bağlılıkları nedeni ile, yanal burkulma yapmadıkları kabul edilmiş ve binaya etkiyen yatay yüklerin tamamı bu doğrultularda yerleştirilen düşey kararlılık perdeleri ile taşitılmıştır. Böylece yapının bu doğrultulardaki yatay yükler karşısında stabilitesi korunmuştur. Kafes düzlemindeki düşey stabilite perdelerinin düğüm noktalan mafsallı ( tabandan da temele mafsallı ) olup hesaplanmalarında, yapılan kıyaslamadan sonra rüzgar yükü deprem yükü yanında ihmal edilmiştir. Mimari açıdan dolayı perdeler, yerine göre, K tipi bağ ve Ters K tipi bağ olarak düzenlenmişlerdir. Elastik çözümden elde edilen sonuçlar plastik hesap için bir ön boyut olarak kabul edilmiştir. Düşey yükler altında kiriş kesitleri hem kinematik hem de adım adım yöntemi ile hesaplanmış ve gerekli kontroller ( sehim v.b. ) yapıldıktan sonra gerekli kesit değişikliği uygulanmıştır. Karşılaştırılması yapılan iki çözümde de malzeme olarak : beton sınıfı BS 20, çelik ST 37, kirişler NPI profilleri, kolonlar ARBED HD profilleri seçilmiş, düşey stabilite bağları için de iki adet [ profili kullanılmıştır. iki çözüm yöntemi ile bulunan sonuçlar tablolar halinde verildikten sonra gerekli metraj hesaplan yapılmış ve bu iki çözüm yönteminin maliyet karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. vııı THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ELASTIC DESIGN AND PLASTIC DESIGN SUMMARY In structural engineering practice the designer will have for possible use numerous structural materials, including steel, concrete, wood, and possibly plastics and other metals, such as aluminum and castiron. In general the usage, type of structure, location, or other design parameters will dictate the structural material. Other important design criterias are safety and durability. Safety as a design concept takes precedence over all other design considerations. The safety of any structure depends on the subsequent loadings. Since the structure is always loaded after it is built and not always in the mode or manner used in the design, the selection of design loads is a problem in statics and probability. Structures are designed to carry calculated loads without any partial deformations or any danger of fracture during their lifetime. The factor of economy is getting more important in building industry. Engineers try to find out how to design the most economic and the strongest buildings with the least expenditure. Steel is one of the most important structural material. Properties of particular importance in structural usage are high strength, compared to any other available material, and ductility. Ductility is the ability to deform substantially in either tension or compression before failure. Steel is produced by refining iron ore and scrap metals together with appropriate fluxing agents, coke ( for carbon ), and oxygen in high temperature furnaces to produce large masses of iron called ` pig iron `. The pig iron is further refined to remove excess carbon and other impurities and/or is alloyed with other metals, such as copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, columbium, and vanadium, to produce the desired strength, ductility, welding, and corrosion-resistance characteristics. Some of the most important structural properties of steel are ; modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, coefficient of expansion, yield point and ultimate strength. - Maximum stress of a member which is under effect of different load combinations should be less than or at least equal to the allowable stress obtained from the yield stress. - No instability problem is accepted in a structure or any part of it. - Fatigue problems must be prevented. - Deformations must remain under an acceptable value. IX- Strength of the connections must not be exceeded. When the stresses reach the yield point, some big deformations occur in the structure. So, in the elastic design, allowable stress values are obtained from the yield stresses by using a safety factor. As a result of this, stresses remain under the elastic limits and the steel shows the character of lineer-elastic material. The stress-strain diagram for steel shows that material behavior is nearly linear to the proportional limit, E=a/e, is elastic to the elastic limit Ey, and exhibits a plastic flow ( inelastic ) type of behavior to the onset of strain hardening e5t- Plastic behavior can be described as that strain due to the ductility of the steel and occurs at a constant stress above the elastic limit. After some amount of plastic strain, the steel tends to strain-harden, and an increase in load accompained by additional strains is possible. This region of the stress-strain curve represents an additional reserve strength capacity of steel beyond the elastic limit. The slope of the curve after the onset of strain hardening gives the strain hardening modulus ( sometimes called a tangent modulus ). Widespread use of digital computers with the great ease of solving structural frames using the elastic methods, and particularly the stiffness method of problem formulation, brought these methods into favor, so that at present much less use is made of the plastic design concept. However, plastic design is a very rapid method for many beams and for many one-story rigid frames and often results in somewhat more economical members. The factor of safety used ( called load factor ) for plastic design, is obtained by using the average shape factor f defined for a typical rectangular shape. In elastic design with compact section the value of F = - - = 1.52 The value of plastic 0.66 moment Mp=fMy, where the shape factor =1.12. Now using the same value of working stress fb for either design method, we have : My _Mp _flAy 1.525 ~ I/S ~ F,S Canceling the section modulus S, we obtain Fi=1.7. This value of F is used in plastic design as a load factor by which the working or design loads are multiplied to obtain the ` ultimate ` loads. Should a plastic hinge develop at a point along a beam or column, a very large deflection would result. This deflection however, has no meaning, since it would result in a structure collapse. No structure is designed for this event, so the deflection under the actual working load is that deflection of interest. The working load for plastic design is obtained by applying the load factor of 1.7 to the ` ultimate ` loads wu, Pu, Mu and so on. This factor ensures that the deflections under actual working load conditions will be elastic values. Since plastic deflections result in a structure collapse only elastic deflections are significant, so for this reasondeflections are always computed using elastic analytical procedures for both general methods of design. There are several advantages in using plastic design for continuous beams. 1. The rapidity of obtaining design moments. 2. There is some economy of steel 3. Gives some idea of collapse mode and strength of the structure. In plastic design it is necessary to determine the location of the plastic hinges that form at locations where Mp develops. It is necessary that enough hinges form to develop a collapse mechanism. Thus a simple beam requires one hinge, a propped cantilever two hinges, a beam fixed on both ends three hinges. There are two methods of analysis commonly used to determine the value of Mp when the collapse mechanism has been determined. These two methods are the equilibrium method ( also called statics method ) and the virtual work method. This study's aim, which has been prepared as a master program thesis, is the comparison between the elastic and plastic design of a rigid jointed multistory steel building. The structure was chosen in the second earthquake region and the ground was hard clay. In this comparison, steel 37 and concrete BS 20 were used as structure construction materials. For the beams NPI sections were chosen and for the columns ARBED HD sections were approved because their sizes were too big. In transverse direction the system is 19 m. which consists of 3 spanned rigid frames. In the longitudinal direction the system is 40 m. and consists of continous beams. Each beam span is 5 m. The floor has reinforced concrete plates which has 10 cm. thickness. The height of the building is 37,50 m. which has 12 stories and the first story is 4,5 m. high and the remaining stories are 3 m. high. For architectural properties, in the longitudinal direction where stairs and wet areas are designed, beam span is chosen 2,50 m. In this building the vertical carrying is done by four elevators which are 10 people capacity and by two stairs which has 480 cm. x 250 cm. dimensions. These stairs can also be used as a fire escape for the fire hazard. Furthermore out of the building, in the transverse direction, two fire escapes are designed with their SAS rooms. These fire escapes are 500 cm. x 260 cm. dimension. Prior to the calculation of the section effects by a computer program which is prepared for the vertical loads, the sections were approximately chosen from the preliminary calculations. In elastic solution, first of all the structure has been studied under vertical loads and thereafter necessary calculations were made under horizontal loads which were carried by bracing system. For the beams, which were placed in the lateral and the longitudinal directions, the lateral buckling was neglected because of the connections to the floor plates. XIThe bracing systems were chosen inverted K bracing system on the longitudinal front because of the windows positions. On the lateral front and inside of the building K bracing systems were used not to prevent the use of fire escapes doors. K bracing systems were designed as jointed to the foundations. For the calculation of the bracing system sections, wind loads were neglected near the earthquake loads. The earthquake coefficient C was calculated as : C=C0 x K x S : Co : the earthquake area coefficient K : the structure type coefficient I : the importance coefficient