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Geographical indications are generally signs indicating that the quality, reputation or other characteristics of a product essentially originate from a specific geographical place. Two different systems have been adopted worldwide for the protection of geographical indications. One of them is the independent (sui generis) protection system accepted by EU and treats geographical indications as a separate intellectual property right. The other system, adopted by the United States, is based on the protection of geographical indications under trademark law. Indeed, a compromise had been found in Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) which outlines the minimum rules for geographical indications and it is stated that countries are free to choose one of the systems. While geographical indications and trademarks have some functional similarities, they have fundamentally differents aspects. Therefore, general regulations of trademark law can be applied to geographical indications in the system which protects these signs under trademark law, but in contrast, for the system that considers geographical indications as a separate intellectual property right, it is seen that they are subject to quite different regulations other than trademarks. In this respect, based on EU and US law, the features and differences of both systems are examined and the advantages and disadvantages of those systems are tried to be revealed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2020 amendment to Act numbered 4054 on the Protection of Competition introduced the possibility of concluding an investigation by the Competition Authority with a commitment. Here, if the undertaking, which is the subject of the examination, proposes to change its behaviors regarding the competition concerns and the Board accepts this, the examination is concluded without a finding of infringement. In this respect, the commitment is essentially related to public sanction policy. However, investigations that result in commitments will inevitably have consequences in terms of private law and especially in terms of liability for damages. This is because the commitment, if any, does not eliminate the unlawful behavior. For this reason, liability for damages may also arise in the event that an examination results in a commitment. However, this situation brings along some problems in terms of private law proceedings. In this context, there are various uncertainties on the issues such as whether an action for damages can be filed upon the commitment decision, the effect of the commitment decision and the documents in the preliminary investigation/investigation file on the burden of proof and the value of evidence. In this study, after outlining the theoretical principles of the commitment, the central issues and solution proposals regarding the effect of the commitment decision on the action for damages are discussed by taking into account the scientific opinions and current judicial practice in European Union competition law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Turkic foreigners policy is located at the significant position in Turkish Migration Policy during the Republic history. It was interpreted within the settlement policy during the construction of the nation state in the first years of the Republic that is center of migration, settlement and population policies. With the increasing foreign population in Türkiye in the 2000’s due to economic, political and geopolitical reasons, the process of harmonization with the European Union acquis has brought about the updating of migration legislation, taking into account international migration law and the European Union acquis. The concept of Turkic foreingners policy existed in the Foreigners and International Protection Law 6458, which became law in 2013, and the immigration legislation developed accordingly, criticized on the grounds that it is an elite immigration policy aimed at a privileged group in terms of international immigration legislation. In this article, in the light of these discussions, the concept of Turkic foreigners policy will be criticized in terms of its place in current legislation and international migration law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fair allocation of scarce medical resources during emergency situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic is a highly challenging task. The pandemic has revealed that age was invoked as a criterion in terms of granting access to medical treatment in some European Union countries such as Italy. This paper analyses whether or not the use of chronological age alone might be justified for any such differential treatment in the event of scarcity. The paper seeks to demonstrate that older persons should not be automatically excluded from receiving access to healthcare which might otherwise amount to direct discrimination under European Union law.

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Uluslararası kamu hukukunun dayanağını açıklamakta kullanılan bio-sosyolojik kuramın Avrupa Birliği (AB) hukukunun yapısının, görevlerinin ve yetkilerinin açıklanmasında işlevsel olup olmadığı hususu bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmuştur. Bu anlamda çalışma, uygulamadan ziyade teorik bilgileri, değerlendirmeleri veya analizleri içermektedir. Her ne kadar AB kendine özgü hukuk yapısına sahip olsa da uluslararası kamu hukuku ile ilişki içerisinde olması kaçınılmazdır. Çalışmada, AB hukukunun bio-sosyolojik kuramdaki unsurlarla benzerlik oluşturup oluşturmadığı hususu inceleme konusu yapılmıştır.

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it is emphasized that Turkish citizenship is important in two aspects. First, in the context of Turkey's diaspora policy, Turkish citizens living abroad as the subject of Turkish diaspora (citizens, fellow descendants, relative communities, etc.) have many rights with the effect of Turkish citizenship status in Turkey. This is a natural result of the definition of Turk which is associated with Turkish citizenship in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (article 66). Secondly, Turkish citizenship, especially for Turks living in European Union (EU) member states, brings important legal rights in the context of EU law. At this point, the decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which are examined within the scope of the study, also reveal an important legal basis for these rights. The study is structured over three research methods. First, the policies were resolved on Turkey's diaspora policies. This analysis was done on three pillars: (i) review of the literature on diaspora and Turkish diaspora, (ii) the examination of Turkish law, (iii) analysis of the applications and implementations of the relevant institutions of Turkey. Second, the study focused on the legal background of the rights of Turkish citizens set forth by Turkey-EU association law. Thirdly, and lastly, the recent ECJ decisions have been examined due to their interpretation of the current developments and controversial situations arising in the relations of Turkish citizens with EU member states and their binding provisions. As a result of the research, Turkish citizenship has been identified as a legal tool that brings important rights, gains and privileges for Turkish diaspora (Turkish citizens living abroad) in their relations both with the (EU) countries they reside in and their home country, Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mechanization, which enables the transition from traditional means of production to modern means of production, refers to the industrialization that makes mass production with the effect of bringing more profit and the increasing world population meet their needs. In factories, many people are made to work together and for long working hours. For this reason, working accidents also become inevitable. As a result, the increase of working safety in the field of occupational health and safety on behalf of reducing working risks especially in Germany has developed. Turkey also in this direction under the influence of European Union harmonization law to speed has gained in the scope of work to speed the membership accession process. It is aimed to reveal the results of the legal regulations in the context of preventing work accidents. This descriptive study generally in Turkey and Istanbul in particular the work accidents occurred between 2007 and 2018 as a result of temporary incapacity period, statistical data to be including income and fatal occupational accidents connected to workers or rights holders were examined. Thus, the effects of the Occupational Health and Safety Law (OHS), enacted in 2012, number 6331, on the prevention of occupational accidents were questioned. Finally, from the statistics obtained using secondary data, it is understood that there is no reduction in occupational accidents. It has been concluded that workplace inspection and control should be more frequent with the legal regulation in preventing work accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Çalismalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Calismalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the beginning of 1990s, a new regulatory architecture emerged in the European Union and this new architecture served to expand the classical executive capacity of the European Commission, giving rise to two important organisational models: networks and agencies. Within a more dominant model, European agencies are now fully operational in divergent sectors such as health, environment, financial services, aviation and energy. In relation to the workload caused by the extensive scope of EU activities, agencies are dealing with a good amount of complex issues and therefore they function to implement EU policies, to some extent, with gradually increased powers. The institutional change that the Union has undergone along with the agencies' extensive powers of rule-making and decision-making, has also opened Pandora's box, relating to independence, review and accountability. The Court of Justice decision of 22 January 2014, Case C-270/12, UK v. Parliament and Council (Grand Chamber) on legislative conferral of intervention powers to European Securities Markets Authority (ESMA) is widely accepted as a more flexible approach to the Meroni doctrine which lays out the limits of the delegation of powers to agencies. This study aims to clarify to what extent the new "European administrative space" is compatible with general EU principles, focusing on administrative procedural safeguards, such as openness, good administration, transparency and access to documents, within different stages of the procedures conducted by relatively newly established European Supervisory Authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digitalisation is permanently transforming trade and competition in markets. Consequently, common methods of exchange of goods and services are disrupted, paving the way to new models of sales and new products and services. All legal norms applied in free markets are being challenged as a result of this innovative process. In this context, competition law enforcement has also been subject to new debates. One of the most important outcomes of digitalisation is Big Data. As part of digitalisation, individuals are rapidly and constantly generating data. When these data are collected in masses, they give birth to what is known as Big Data. Today, Big Data has become an object of competition in itself as algorithms obtained through utilisation of Big Data give undertakings a significant competitive advantage in the market. Rules governing the Internal Market of the European Union are also being amended or reformed in order to respond to the requirements of the digital era. This article discusses the potential effects of Big Data on European Union competition law enforcement. The aim of the article is to examine and identify the challenges that may be posed by Big Data and its use in European Union competition law. It is argued that in data markets where Big Data is utilised the current measures and tests employed in European Union competition law enforcement may be insufficient or inapt. Subsequently, new policies that may be more effective in such markets are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'European Withdrawal' decision in the United Kingdom referandum result led to many uncertainties in the European Union Law. This paper by taking into account the dynamics of the European Union Law aims to point out the potential problems of this process. The scope of the discussion will be only on the 'Common Trade Policy' and the 'Brusells I Recast Regulation' on recognition and enforcement of foreign court decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Journal of Politics, Economics & Management / Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Research Journal of Politics, Economics & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Avrupa Birliği’ne katılımın usulü ve koşulları Avrupa Birliği’nin temel metinlerinde ve AB kurumlarının çeşitli belgelerinde düzenlenmektedir. Söz konusu usul ve koşullar diğer aday ülkeler gibi Türkiye’ye de 1999 yılında Helsinki Zirvesi’nde adaylık statüsünün kabulünden itibaren uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye’nin de dahil olduğu son genişleme evresi ya da dalgası bakımından uygulanan temel esaslar, özellikle katılım müzakerelerinin tabi olduğu koşullar ile bunların Türkiye’nin katılım müzakerelerinin oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede özellikle üzerinde durulacak konu ise katılım müzakerelerinin yürütülme esaslarının düzenlendiği Türkiye için Müzakere Çerçeve Belgesinde yer alan “uzun geçiş dönemleri, özel düzenlemeler, derogasyonlar ve daimi korunma önlemlerine başvuru imkanı” gibi hususların AB hukukunun temel ilke ve esasları çerçevesinde ne ölçüde mümkün, adil ve uygulanabilir olduğudur

Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliğinin kurumsal yapısı nda ve hukuki mekanizmalar ı ndaReform (Lizbon) Antla şması ile öngörülen yeniliklere k ısaca yer verilmektedir. Buçerçevede, Refirm Antla şmasmın kurumsal yapı ve hukuki mekanizmalar ı için getirilentemel reformları n Anayasal Antla şma ile öngörülenleri önemli ölçüde karşı ladığı, bunakarşı lık söz konusu metne k ıyasla farklı unsurların, Avrupa Birliğinin siyasibütiinleşmenin ve ana.vasallaşman ın simgesel yönlerini benimsemeye henüz haz ı rolmadığını gösterdiği ortaya konmaktadır. Bundan başka, söz konusu reformlar ınuygulamas ın ı n, bu reformları n Birliği daha demokratik ve etkili bir işleyişekavuşturarak vatandaşları ile arası ndaki uzaklık! kapatmaya yeterli olupolamayacağının tayininde temel unsur olacağına da işaret edilmektedir.

Copyright of Review of International Law & Politics / Uluslararasi Hukuk ve Politika is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genetically modified food and feed products have continued to be a current issue in Turkey as well as throughout the world. The issue has always seen as newsworthy by the media since it arouses the curiosity of the consumers and attracts the attention of the people and makes them follow this topic continuously. The attractiveness of the issue puts the discussions which take place in media and effect the consumers deeply, into the center of the speculations regarding foodstuff. In recent years, a progression in terms of GMO legislation has been observed in Turkey. Pursuant to the legislation prepared according to EU legislation, there is an increase in the frequency of the inspections of food and feed. However there has been some problems in the inspection system. By this study, the in-force legislative arrangements are analysed, and it is concluded that there is no gene approved for use as food, whereas the the products that are imported as feed can be used as food. In the context of inspections and controls the frequency of the import controls should be increased and the traceability system should be strengthened and the effectiveness of the laboratory analyses should be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of International Law & Politics / Uluslararasi Hukuk ve Politika is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of International Law & Politics / Uluslararasi Hukuk ve Politika is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of International Law & Politics / Uluslararasi Hukuk ve Politika is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of International Law & Politics / Uluslararasi Hukuk ve Politika is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)