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The difference between the fuqaha may be due to the text (nass) as well as the linguistic reasons that enable the text to be understood. The context, scope, indication, and usage of linguistic expressions have formed the basis for disagreements of the fuqaha. One of the important issues in the mental separation of the jurists is the talk of hurūf al-maʿānī (prepositions). Prepositions were considered differently by each mujtahid within their system and decided accordingly. The subject of ḥurūf al-maʿānī (prepositions) has taken place widely in his works and the conflicts arising from these prepositions have been pointed out in the works. One of the leading figures of the Ḥanafī sect is Imam Zufar. It is stated that he has the level of absolute ijtihad in the Ḥanafī school. This situation necessitates accepting that it has a unique judgment mechanism. This acceptance is valid in every field of fiqh. Therefore, its methodological disagreements can be seen in the subject of prepositions. For example, the issue of aim and what the purpose includes (gaye-mugayya) is one of the first examples of this issue that comes to mind. In addition, the legal disputes clearly show this situation. In this article, the disagreements of al-ImāmZufar, one of the imams of the Ḥanafī sect, originating from hurūf al-maʿānī are discussed and the points where he differs from other imams are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zaydī-Muʿtazilī interaction, which dates back to the early periods, increased when The Būyid vizier al-Ṣāḥib b. ʿAbbād invited Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār to Rayy and many Caspian Zaydī scholars studied with Qāḍī. Ibn Sharwīn, who is mentioned among the students of Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār and accepted as one of the Zaydī- Muʿtazilī scholars, is one of these names. The works of Ibn Sharwīn, who had writings in the field of kalām and fiqh, did not remain within the borders of the Caspian and reached the Zaydīs of Yemen; one of these works is Ḥaqāʾiq al-ashyāʾ. Considering that, unlike other theological schools, there are not many works on the definitions of theological concepts in Muʿtazilī literature and -as far as is known- did not reach today, this treatise helps to understand better especially the terms in Zaydī- Muʿtazilī theology and the effects of Bahshamiyya on Zaydī thought. This work, edited and translated based on the only extant manuscript only manuscript found in Yemen and a previous publication, on the one hand, is important in understanding the point of view of Zaydī- Muʿtazilī thought on the disciplines of theology, jurisprudence, debate, history of Islamic sects, on the other hand, it is a helpful resource for understanding the terms used in the theory of aḥwāl, which is still an intricate issue. Ibn Sharwīn in his Ḥaqāʾiq al-ashyāʾ; explains over 150 terms in relation to cosmology such as substance, accident, line, surface, space; to ontology such as existing, non-existence, originated (muḥdath); to epistemology such as knowledge, creed, ignorance, doubt, skepticism, obligatory and acquired knowledge; to methodology such as evidence, madlūl, debate, and disputation; to fiqh such as sunnah, farḍ, mandūb, cause, command-prohibition, general-particular (ʿumūm-ḫuṣūṣ); to the history of sects such as ʿadliyya, compulsionists (mujbira) and qadarī; to divinity such as the oneness of God (tawhīd); to justice such as promise and threat (al-waʿd wa-l-waʿīd), good and evil, necessary and acquired, grace, compensation, repentance, major and minor sins; to the theory of al-aḥwāl such as attribute of the essence, determinant (muḳtaḍī), entail (muḳtaḍā), muṣaḥḥiḥ, cause. Describing ḥadd that corresponds to "definition" and ḥaḳīḳat that he used together with it as collectively exhaustive, mutually exclusive, Ibn Sharwīn defines knowledge, power, living (ḥayy), speech (kalām), speaker (mutakallim), permanent (bāqī) etc. in a way that is true for both God and human beings. While making these definitions, he draws on poems, linguistic usages and verses and divides the nouns into three parts at the end of his work, namely linguistic, religious and conventional (sharʿī and waḍʿī); in particular, he gives detailed information about metaphors and parts of truth. Another striking aspect of the work is the explanation of the meanings of the imperative mood which is included in the subjects of the Methodology of Fiqh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Language functions can be defined as humane purpose of language usage and the act occurring from language usage. Teaching a foreign language that aims to prepare the students to form communication in the target language focuses on language functions from 1970s to today. Language funtions that was specifically developed in the scope of teaching English as a foreign language have formed a basis for Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. In the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, it is stated that language functions that are based on real life communicational situations ought to be taught but rather predetermined language structures. Accordingly, an education based on language functions has been adopted in the programmes reformed on teaching Turkish as a foreign language. However, there is no language functions framework that can be used as a source for teaching Turkish as a foreign language, is developed by scientific methods and includes the structure, usage and cultural elements. The purpose of this study is to develop a programme on teaching Turkish as a foreign language, to prepare course material and to prepare a language functions framework that suits cultural elements, structure, functioning and usage of Turkish in order to be used in the assessment and evaluation studies. Literature review and document analysis methods has been used nn the qualitative model and situational patterned study. Subsequent to literature review, oral and written document analysis and expert consultation, "Language Functions Framework for Teaching Turkish As a Foreign Language" has been formed. In the scope of "information inquiry and explanation", "attides/emotions inquiry and explanation", "persuasion", "socialization", "prevention and retrieval of communication errors" and "structuring the discourse" functions, 46 functions and142 subfunctions has been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education is the property of Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Written language is used for unity and communication ease. The written language must be the same everywhere as it has a feature which unites and eliminates the differences in dialects. However, it is possible to observe some deviations in the written language of the societies that are bilingual or multilingual as they reflect the language variations in both spoken and written forms of the language. This study aims to study the written language of the Macedonian Turks who live in a multilingual setting as it is different from the written from of Modern Turkish. It also aims at highlighting the importance of language interaction as a factor in making lexical errors. The present study which has three parts contains sample sentences with semantically ill-formed, misspelled and misused words in the written language of the Macedonian Turks together with the corrected forms. We believe that we can raise awareness in noticing language errors, understanding the reasons behind, and correcting these errors in the written language as it is highly important for the individual, society and language. By doing so, we can prevent language deterioration and alienation in these settings, and we can contribute to the correct usage of the language and improve language awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Via Latgalica is the property of Rezekne Institution of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dominance of Western grammar apprehension on Turkish grammar is a widely known truth. Given judgements in this tradition, even mostly show coherence with general linguistics, in custom some contradictory situations for Turkish arising is a matter needed to be asserted. In this study, a data being thought to be like that will be approached. Although it takes personal mark, debates about -sA conditional suffix's being evaluated as gerund are not about to seem to have finished for today. View of that this suffix takes personal mark and structures of gerund doesn't take "personal mark" will be explicated in the light of former issues in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diyalektolog - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Diyalektolog and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The grammatical/syntactic structure of a language is the main criterion that distinguishes it from other languages. One of the criteria is the case category. Although there is the concept of case in most of the languages, their numbers, functions and structures are different. When the grammatical studies carried out in Old Turkish are examined, it has been seen that the case suffixes used in works belonging to different periods of Turkish vary in number and structure. In these studies the number of case suffixes is at least five and at most twenty. It has been determined that nominative, accusative, dative, locative and ablative suffixes are the common categories shown as the cases of the noun. The limitation case which is the subject of our study is not reviewed in the case category by most of our linguists. In this study, the idea of evaluating the suffixes+aaça, +geçe, +oaça, +keçe, dative + degin, deginçe, degünçe, tegi, degrü, tegrü, tigrü, tegüre language unities and preposition of çaalia/çaalio by being used in limitation function in case category is emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dinbilimleri Journal is the property of Dinbilimleri Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)