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Copyright of TURKAV Institute of Public Adminsitration Journal of Social Sciences / TÜRKAV Kamu Yönetimi Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of TURKAV Institute of Public Adminsitration Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı is the property of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tahiri Tilligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to the natural resources of the countries, the evaluation of wastes has had a significant impact on the competitiveness of the economy in recent years. Especially the recycling of wastes generated because of industrial production and their use in different sectors both provide economic benefits by reducing the need for primary raw material use and contribute to the prevention of the negative environmental effects of these wastes. In this study, the potential of use of steel slag, which is produced as a by-product in steel production facilities, in different areas, which will contribute to the national economy through recycling, has been evaluated. When the characteristics of the slag formed during the production of steel, which is an important resource of the Turkish economy, are examined, it has been observed that it is suitable for use in many areas. Studies have shown that the slag formed because of steel production can generally be used instead of natural aggregate. It has been evaluated that this material can be used at an acceptable level in many areas such as road construction, cement and concrete production, coastal and port structures, railway construction, fertilizer, and grit production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the optical design and analysis of a road lighting fixture model with COB LED suitable for M1 and M2 lighting class roads was carried out. In the design phase, Cree-XLamp-CXA1830 LED was preferred as the light source. The 3D solid model of the concave-convex spherical lens compatible with the selected COB LED was modeled and simulated by Zemax optical design software and created in SolidWorks 3D design software. The COB LED and lens distance are optimized in LightTools lighting design software using the Monte Carlo ray tracing method (Monte Carlo Ray-Tracing Method). Light distribution curves and photometric data files (IES, LDT) were obtained by performing simulation studies for COB LED modules and fixture models with 20-module COB LEDs through LightTools software. Using the obtained photometric data files, lighting analysis was performed for M1 and M2 class road conditions by means of DIALux lighting calculation and simulation software. The suitability of the luminaire models was evaluated by comparing the road lighting parameters obtained from the DIALux analysis with the road lighting criteria accepted by the International Lighting Organization (CIE). In this study, it has been observed that the designed COB LED luminaire model meets the M1 and M2 class road lighting criteria defined by CIE. In the study, the optical design phase of a original and highly efficient luminaire model with COB LED in accordance with M1 and M2 road lighting class criteria has been successfully completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embankment is a frequently encountered application in road and railway constructions. In this study, reinforced concrete retaining wall, which is one of the traditional engineering structures and constructed to provide fill stabilization, and geosynthetic (geogrid) reinforced retaining structure were analyzed comparatively by considering cost, construction time, duration for service, service life, and aesthetics criteria. The comparisons were carried out on the engineering structures in two different locations on the same highway, which are under responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways (KGM). In the first location, a reinforced concrete retaining wall was designed instead of the existing geosynthetic reinforced wall, while a geosynthetic reinforced wall was designed instead of the existing reinforced concrete retaining wall in the second location. Cost analyses were made in line with KGM items. It was concluded that geosynthetic reinforced earth walls became advantageous in terms of cost, especially in parallel with the increase in height. In addition, it is revealed that geosynthetic reinforced walls are more advantageous when their performance is evaluated in terms of construction time, duration for service, service life and aesthetics criteria. It is thought that the data obtained from results of the study will contribute decision makers to decide the most appropriate engineering structure in terms of both performance and cost at the locations where filling stability problems arise in highway construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt is considered a valuable construction material because of its strong, adhesive, and durable characteristics. Asphalt binder is a viscoelastic material and has a different behavior under different climate condition and traffic loadings and speed. Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures E* is an important factor in pavement design therefore Highway Authority in Turkey has developed a mathematical model for the determination of E* based on research conducted for this purpose. During this study, it was found that this model is not sufficient for the determination of E* under different climate conditions (temperatures) and traffic speeds. An experimental program has been conducted for testing different typical virgin and modifies asphalt binders in Turkey. The results have been analyzed using Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Method MEPDM as the new model will be part of this new design method as recommended by Highway Authority in Turkey. A new approach for the determination of E* in Turkey has been found and recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the usability of gray-black volcanic basalt aggregate, which has been widely used in many areas in our country in recent years where its reserves are common, as base and sub-base material in road construction has been experimentally investigated. In the study, basalt and sedimentary limestone aggregate samples were obtained from the quarries in Isparta, Ankara-Polatlı, Afyonkarahisar-Emirdağ regions. Aggregate samples obtained from three different regions have been classified in different particle sizes according to the TS 3530 EN 933-1 (2012) standard. Aggregates of different particle sizes have been dried in the drying oven for 24 hours and mixed homogeneously according to the gradation curve. Sieve analysis, frost resistance with Na2SO4, impact fragmentation, specific gravity and water absorption tests on aggregates, compact and loose unit weight tests, Micro-Deval tests were performed on aggregate mixtures in laboratory environment. In addition, Proctor test was conducted to identify the relationship between the compressed moisture and density of the aggregate samples formed. The physical and mechanical properties of the samples have been detected with the experiments and their usability as base and subbase material have been compared. The results show that the properties of the basalt material change depending on the region, the freeze-thaw loss of Ankara-Polatlı basalt aggregate is 1%, and the aggregate samples do not exceed the limit values of frost resistance and abrasion value. In addition, it has been found that basalt aggregate is more suitable to be used in flexible pavement construction, while limestone material is more suitable to be used as road base or sub-base material. It has been found that basalt aggregate would make a great contribution in increasing the lifetime of roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The name of Korykos, which was one of the most important cities in the Rough Cilicia, was first mentioned during the time period of Antiochus III. Korykos is listed among the cities captured (223-187 BC) by him in the first phase of the military operations initiated by him to remove the Ptolemaiens from the whole of Anatolia (197 BC). This data indicates that the city was inhabited during the Hellenistic Period. However, the only remnant in the city center dating to this term is a wall braided with the polygonal technique. The fact that so few ruins from the Hellenistic Period have survived in the city is explained by the intense inhabiting of it during the Roman Period, Late Antiquity and the Middle ages. A rich variety of tombs including polygonal stone-walled tombs, tholos tombs, temple planned tombs, vaulted tombs, rock-cut tombs, sarcophagai and chamosorions can be observed in and around the city center of Korykos. The most numerical of these tomb types are the rock-cut tombs. There has been no mention of any rock-cut tomb, dating earlier than the 2nd century AD in the studies carried out so far on these rock-cut tombs. However, the subject of this article which consists of three rock-cut tombs and their finds discovered by big chance during the construction of a highway in 2003 prove that the tombs here date back considerably earlier. These tombs have concretely revealed tradition for the rock-cut tombs, which is very common in the city. Here it is discussed that such tombs do not belong to the 2nd century AD, as some studies have assumed until today, but that the tradition dates back to the 1st century BC. In the Hellenistic Period, in areas outside the city center of Korykos, approximately forty polygonal stone-walled tombs which were placed in a scattered manner are identified, while during the same period no necropolis area is observed at the center. This situation is explained by the existence of the cremation funerary tradition. The presence of a stamnoid pyxis, which was found in Tomb Number II is assumed to be used for cremation purposes and it is a significant finding that demonstrates the cremation funerary tradition in Korykos. Thus, it is extremely evident that the city's rock-cut tombs were used for cremation funerary in the Late Hellenistic Period. However, there is no definite finding or knowledge about the inhumation burial tradition in Korykos during the Hellenistic Period. The finds in these tombs, on the other hand, have been incredibly important data in terms of showing that inhumation burial was practiced in the Korykos rock-cut tombs in the 1st century AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kayseri Volcanic slag (VC) is a natural material containing soil-sized rock fragments, pozzolanic minerals and volcanic ash formed as a result of explosive volcanic activity. Volcanic slag exists as ready aggregate in nature in the form of conical slag hills or as waste from building foundation excavations. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usability of the volcanic slag aggregates, which are naturally abundant in Kayseri, and after stabilization with cement in the construction of road or airport pavements and to encourage the diversification of filling materials in regions where resources are limited. The results have shown that VC is suitable for road fill and subbase layer, but it does not have sufficient strength to be used in road base layers and cannot be used in fill of base layer of highways without soil improvement. In order to investigate the use of VC in the base layer of highways, strength tests were conducted by stabilizing it with 3% and 5% cement. As the best result, with 5% cement mixture by weight, 7 and 28 days UCS strength of 3.1 MPa and 4.97 MPa were obtained, respectively, and CBR strength was obtained at 108.4% and 148.6%, respectively. These values meet the strength requirement specified in the standards for the base layer of the highways. As a result, it has been demonstrated that the geotechnical properties of volcanic slags can be improved by stabilizing them with cement, and can be used as a construction material in base fill, subbase and base layers of flexible paved roads and in all kinds of fillings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, dredged materials, which are obtained from variable dredge operations, is no longer considered as waste, instead the potential reuse areas are studied by researchers. In this study, the impacts of cement or lime treatment on the engineering properties of dredged material, which is obtained by dredging operations into the sea, and the potential reuse of treated dredged materials for road construction were examined. Atterberg limit tests, miniature compaction test and unconfined compression test was performed on raw and cement/lime treated dredged materials. The samples were cured for 1 day,7 and 28 days for unconfined compression test. The test results show that the plastic limit of treated samples increases with addition additives when their plasticity index decreases. The unconfined compression strength of treated dredged material improved with increase in additive content and curing time. It has been determined that cement/lime treatment improves engineering properties of dredged material and it is suitable for different phase of road layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roller compacted concretes are a building material that can be produced using the raw materials used in traditional concrete production, which allows working with dry mix with the production technique, and is preferred for use in road and dam constructions. In this experimental study, the effect of using different aggregates in roller compacted concretes on the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete was investigated. Dolomite, basalt, marble and limestone were used as coarse aggregates in the production of roller compacted concrete. In roller compacted concrete production, concrete mixtures with zero slump value and water/cement ratio of 0.35 were prepared, and these mixtures were compressed in two stages and placed in the mold. The specimens were demolded 24 h after casting and moist-cured. The water-saturated cube specimens, which were kept in lime-saturated water for 90 days, were subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles of 12 hours at +20°C and 12 hours at -20°C. At the end of 25, 50 and 75 cycles, the weight and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of roller compacted concrete specimens were recorded. At the end of 75 cycles, the average compressive strength, standard deviation and coefficient of variation values of the specimens were determined. At the end of 75 freeze-thaw cycles, the compressive strength loss was determined as 12.2% in the samples produced with dolomite aggregate, 13.8% in those produced with basalt, 3.3% in those produced with marble, and 4.6% in those produced with limestone. As a result of the experimental study, it was observed that the aggregate type was effective on the freeze-thaw resistance of the roller compacted concretes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the long-term filtration performance of recycled asphalt pavement material (RAP), one of the types of construction/demolition (C&D) waste, is investigated when used as a filter material in highway drainage systems. Long-term filtration tests (LFT) were carried out in the ASTM D 5101 experimental setup, which was redesigned and manufactured in order to determine the permeability behavior of the drainage system consisting of recycled asphalt and geotextile. With the usage of modified ASTM D 5101 test setup, potential clogging mechanisms that may occur, and the change in grain size distribution of the material with respect to time and flow direction were determined. The long-term filtration test program aims to prove that recycled asphalt material could be used instead of natural filter materials particularly in the construction of highway drainage systems. The recovery of this material by reusing it will, eliminate the storage problem, prevent environmental pollution and make a contribution in terms of sustainable material management (SMM) in geotechnical engineering applications. In the study, the long-term filtration behavior of the drainage system consisting of aggregate and geotextile was investigated in the modified ASTM D 5101 test system. The gradient ratio (GR) and the permeability ratio (KR) were determined in the long-term filtration experiments performed under different hydraulic gradients, which define the clogging performance of the aggregate/geotextile system. Recycled asphalt aggregate and natural aggregate (NA) were used to evaluate the filtration performance of aggregates. A non-woven geotextile material with a pore opening to represent the worst conditions in terms of clogging was selected considering its hydraulic and physical properties. The results of the long term filtration tests indicate that the performance of the recycled asphalt material is comparable to the natural aggregate. Additionally with controlled bitumen content, it can be used as an aggregate material in highway drainage systems in terms of filtration properties, thus contributing to sustainable material management. Therefore, with the re-use of RAP as a filter material in highway drainage systems a contribution to the protection of environment could be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, Marshall stability tests carried out in Niğde-Adana highway construction site were used. The results of the experiments performed on the core sample were modelled by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). In Marshall stability test performed on the specimen of asphalt concrete mixture; the Marshall stability values, which are determined by the percentage of bitumen according to the weight of aggregate, the percentage by weight of the bitumen in the mixture, the volume specific gravity and the void values, were estimated by using the ANN method. When the prediction model obtained as a result of the training was inspected with the previously separated experimental results, it was determined that there was a good relationship between the Marshall stability values estimated by the ANN model and the experimentally obtained values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mosaic Research is the property of Uludag University, Mosaic Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Defense Sciences / Savunma Bilmleri Dergisi is the property of Turkish Military Academy Defense Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Erzurum is one of the cities, whose modernization and economic development is aimed in the first years of the Republican period and urban development plan has been made in parallel with this aim. The Lambert plan as the first urban development plan of Erzurum was made by the French Planner J. H. Lambert in 1939 and formed the core of the city. The plan has not been revealed up to this date and its structural configuration has not been discussed yet. The plan had formed the development of urban area in Erzurum between 1939 and 1957. In this study, Lambert Plan and its report as the first planning experience of Erzurum has been explored and examined. Also, effects of Lambert plan on urban order of central area in the city and the level of implementation have been examined. The present state of urban areas has been questioned in the context of this plan, and urban developments that do not comply with the plan have been revealed. In the scope of the study, while the effects of the plan on today's settlement characteristics of Erzurum were examined, on the other hand, the level of consistency of this plan to the principles and procedures of the Law of Buildings and Roads in 1933 was discussed. Firstly, the characteristics of the pre-planning period were explained in order to evaluate the general conditions in Erzurum affecting Lambert's decisions. The Lambert plan was then analyzed within the urban land uses (transportation, commercial areas, housing, green areas, conservation areas, new regions and industrial districts) in terms of both the 1933 Building and Roads Law and today's spatial organization. All these points indicate that the Lambert Plan is very important in terms of spatial planning history of the city of Erzurum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an experimental research was conducted on the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) obtained by pulverized of broken concrete samples which were used for determining the strength of concrete. Concrete samples were crushed in the laboratory and reduced to the required dimensions for the experiments. The clayey soil provided in the vicinity was chosen as the sub-base material to be used in road and embankment construction. RCA prepared by sieving 425-micron (No: 40) were mixed with sub-base soil at 5%, 10% and 15% thereby samples were prepared in different mixing ratios. Some geotechnical experiments were performed on the mixtures prepared to determine the effect of RCA on the water-density relationship and mechanical properties of clayey soil such as Proctor, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). According to the results of the experimental study, RCA improves the mechanical properties of low plasticity clayey soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient modulus is an important design parameter for highway pavement structures because it represents the structural strength of pavement layers. The resilient modulus depends on the factors such as applied stress, loading time, water content, dry density and gradation. This paper demonstrates the applicability of regression methodology for estimating the (Mr) Resilient modulus of pavement layers using the results of dynamic triaxial tests. Aggregate samples were collected from several different quarries of central Anatolia. All of the aggregate sources were igneous rock (basalt, and trachy-basalt). Initial work content of triaxial tests to obtain the resilient modulus of cylindrical aggregate samples. Than new mathematical model proposed by using the results of dynamic triaxial tests. In the regression model; aggregate physical properties, aggregate mixture properties and loading factors (a total of 8 variables) which are used as input parameters and the resilient modulus of the aggregate mixture obtained as output. In order to compare the effectiveness of the new method, coefficients for the Uzan constitutive model were also determined for laboratory testing and were compared with the approach described in this paper. Performance parameters of R²:0.98 and Standard error: 10.51 was obtained from model prediction. These results are quite sufficient, and the regression model assumed the resilient response to be like a function by using the stated material parameters. So, this approach makes it possible to estimate the resilient modulus of the different aggregates samples in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the Russian vice consulate that was opened in 1879 and its activities in Rize after the 1877-1878 Ottoman Russian War. This consulate has played an important role in Russia's military intelligence activities in the Ottoman geography. For this purpose, specially trained military experts who knew the culture and language of the region were sent to the region as consuls and vice consuls. The secret activities carried out by the Russian officials attracted the attention of the Ottoman authorities. During their tenure, these people made many military expeditions in Anatolia and frequently met with other Russian consuls in surrounding cities such as Trabzon, Erzurum, and Van. In addition to reporting on military issues, road and castle constructions in the region, they also examined the livelihoods, ethnic structure, and general situation of the local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Today, with the rapid increase of the human population, residential areas are formed on sloping slopes. Uncontrolled construction and opened roads for transportation leads to a disturbance of the stability of the land and increases the danger of landslides. The correctness and applicability of methods to prevent landslides from occurring or to correct landslides where they occur are discussed. The two biggest problems encountered in landslides are the high deformations in the slopes and the difficulties in integrating the reinforcement system used in the slope with the slope. In this context, geotechnical engineering applications have recently increased the use of geosynthetics, which is advantageous in terms of ease of application and economic reasons over most applications in recent years in order to correct landslides. In this study, the analysis of the rigid wall and geogrid reinforced wall support system for the stabilization of the landslide occurred in the village of Karaçörtlen in the Çilimli district of Düzce province was conducted with both the limit equilibrium and the finite element methods. Analysis results; slip plane, number of safety and deformation behaviors were examined comparatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolia / Anadolu is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Hedjaz region comprising the two sacred cities for the Muslims was annexed to the Ottoman territories in 1517. However, even before that date, the Ottomans paid attention to Hedjaz region. With such interest emerged in an early period, the Ottomans sent aid and presents to the people of Hedjaz in many occassions. After Sultan Selim I, this interest changed its scope and the Ottoman sultans took the responsibility of the whole Hedjaz region. In order to provide good conditions to the pilgrims to Mecca, the Sultans repaired and maintained the roads, ensured security as their primary responsibilities. The Sultans also personally interested in these processes and they invested in these regions with an attemp to perpetuate their power and prestige. This study attempts to examine the reconstruction works accomplished by the Ottomans in Hejaz in the early period (16th century) and analyze the sensibility of the Ottoman sultans shown towards the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cold climate zones, the shallow foundation soils belonging to civil engineering constructions such as highways, railways, irrigation channels are subject to freezing-thawing under these loads. In this study, with the purpose of representing such soils the freeze-thaw experiment has been carried out for the situation where load is applied on the samples in addition to the traditional method where there is no load on the sample. The experiments have been conducted on samples prepared with the compaction under standard proctor energy of fine grained soils. In the experiments conducted in the traditional method the unconfined compressive strength values of samples after 1, 3, 5 and 10 cycles have been determined. Then the freeze-thaw experiments were repeated while a load representing 25 %, 35 % and 50 % of these values was on the samples. As a result of the experiments conducted with both methods, the freeze-thaw resistances of the samples have been determined. It was observed that the freeze-thaw resistance values of soils under load are less than those found by the traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streets, roads and avenues are not devoid of identity. They are memory space where past experiences and ideological attitudes are stored. These experiences and attitudes can be read by naming which is a symbolic meaningmaking process. In this study, defined as urban toponymy, streets names are discussed in Balıkesir city. Holistic perspective on the subject is brought together by using two approaches common in naming literature. City plan, the City Council decisions, the neighborhood headmen are the main data source. As a result, the city of Balikesir, has a large number of Republican street. These streets refer to state's ideological attitude to the process of becoming nation-state. Basically, there are avenues emerging non-political reasons. While city has many martyrs' streets in the city, which are expressions of social grief, there exists only one friendship-brotherhood Street. From this point of view, the city has forgotten traces of the Balkan migrations. The presence of digital streets names in some areas of city shows that urban texture has not become stable. Many placesdirectional streets have emerged as a result of the interplay of large number of causes, like nature of city and land usage. There are numerous personal name used as street names in the city. However, these individuals are not representative of any political thought. Therefore, local politics in this sense cannot be said to be effective on street names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ro-Ro transportation, when we consider our country's geographical position and coastal specialities; it appears as a system of transportation that narrows the transportation activities in the point of time and distance. Zonguldak Port which was founded in 1806, has been activating under the heading of the Turkish Stone Coal Institution. The so-called Port from foundation until the begining of 2000 has been known as the coal transportationhas gained an identity of a favourite Ro-Ro transportation as a result of fast structural changes in the last years. Having a better location camparing with the other Black Sea Ports, Zonguldak, enlarged its hinterland thanks to the connections of railways and highways. Ro-Ro voyages; from the Zonguldak Port has been arranged to Odessy, Skadovsk, Evpatoria and Ilyechevsky ports of Ukraine and Novorosky, Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surface coating continues to be used for construction of divided roads still applied in our country. However, The General Directorate of Highways (KGM) have also started to transform the surface coating of divided roads to hot mix asphalt (HMA). This will increase the academic researches and the HMA manufactures. HMA produced with aggregate and bitumen. Generally, limestone was used as aggregate and basalt has been used in recent years. Bitumen in various penetration and viscosity obtained from TUPRAS and other refineries was used. Only the aggregate type and bitumen characteristics were considered in work to increase the strength of HMA. Using nanotechnology in the field of pavement materials has been described in this study. Also plasma coating technics have been mentioned. As a result the use of nanotechnology in the field of pavement materials as well as other sites has been exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The road authorities aim roads that are resistant, with less maintenance, with high traffic security, with long life and economic. It is difficult to have an economic pavement construction on the subgrade with weak bearing capacity. In this study the effect of the cement stabilization on the weak subgrade and pavement costs has been studied. For this purpose the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of a weak subgrade that has been stabilized with 4% - 16% cement have been determined. The effect of the increase in the CBR on the pavement costs has been determined thanks to MATLAB program by considering thousands of alternatives. Consequently, the optimum cement content between the decrease on the pavement costs with increase on subgrade' CBR value and the additional costs spent to increase the CBR value has been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are of the natural disasters occurring widely in our country and often cause significant loss of life and property. Landslides must be especially taken into consideration in the infrastructure and engineering works that require significant amounts of capital. Otherwise, serious damages may occur in the works requiring high costs such as dams, roads, tunnels and urban areas in the high-risk landslide areas and by this way, re-construction/ repair costs and loss of life may increase. To decrease the damage of the landslides may be possible with taking previous preventive measures by determinating landslide risk areas. In this study, taking into account the activity of factors increasing the sensibility of the landslides, Tepecik Village landslide has been reviewed with all aspects in detail and the landslide risk of area and failures in planning area have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at researching of concrete road and its building. It's an unarguable fact that transportation easiness is a big factor in terms of development of a state. Compared with developed countries, transportation net is insufficient and traffic intensity at our roads is increasing and road coverings falls to a big duty due to traffic intensity which is increasing. In this study, some information is given about the features of concrete roads, their advantages and their construction and it's concluded that by comparison with other toad types concrute road can give beter results in most aspects. Thanks to literateur studies, it is known that being used at our state's roads concrete roads technology which are used for 100 years in America, for 75 years in Europe will make a major contribution to the state economy. It is determined that concrete roads have many advantages such as, the vehicles stop at shorter distances, they can be made in every seasons at every condition, they can provide an increase at traffic speed, they stand up to factors such as weather conditions and fuel-oil spillovers. They are environmentally friendly, the home made materials are used, concrete roads suffer less from seasonal damages, they can be provide fuel saving, they are long-lasting, they make the night sight easy. It is thought that the importance, given in other developed states to concrete roads, should ve given to our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

21. Century World of transportation services without adequate and contemporary social and economic life is not possible to keep alive and dynamic. The main aim of transportation, the country development goals of economic and social needs of the service, the user, to secure the economic condition, age and by using technology, international rules and in compliance with EU policies, to provide uninterrupted. Science and technology progress, the economy needs people to change their habits and cultural accumulation, and possibly all of them at the top of the political preferences, and improve access framework is referring to. In general, an investment in transport and the operation to be financed by the state tradition have continued until recently. However, the worldwide increase in the need for transportation investments and public sector of its limited resources, the state as the primary task of the public service has forced the change. In this context, private sector investment in transport infrastructure by the interest of public resources without the need or less fixed by public contributions and the roads are intended to be searched. However, the private sector by the implementation of transport investment opportunities, to provide an important opening, the demand and the private sector increasingly replicated because of limitations in resources, public also needs to contribute is inevitable. Today, construction of new highway each day to reduce motor vehicle traffic in the continuous increase in resources and right in the face of difficulties, the new highway as much of the existing highway superstructure, the future intensive and heavy traffic can provide answers to the maintenance, repair and renewal work as more important. Turkey's Motorway Network maintenance and repair is too high to reach for the requirements of the budget because of limited resources available in our country of resources in a more efficient use, to the motorway network, roads, Pavement Management System implementation has become mandatory to have. Pavement Management System (PMS), limited to an existing budget, to provide the highest gain optimum maintenance / improvement programs to create a priority objective and systematic approach to move. This system, road managers, limited budget available for road improvement in terms of better use to help you decide to minimize the initiative depends on the person. The basic purpose of a pavement management system is to achieve the best value possible for the available public funds and to provide safe, comfortable and economic transportation. Pavement Management System (PMS), are applicable on two levels, namely the network level and the individual (project) level. At the network level, decisions are made on a large group of projects or an entire motorway network regarding what to do (repair, rehabilitation or other measures) and when and where. The individual or project level, on the other hand, is concerned with more specific technical management decisions for the individual projects. Roughness of a motorway is an important parameter which not only indicates the comfort level of ride over a pavement surface, but it is also related to vehicle's vibration, operating speed wear and tear of the wheel, vehicle operating cost. Some of the roughness indices, which are used to quantify the road roughness, are: International Roughness Index (IRI), Mean Panel Rating (MPR), Profile Index (PI), Ride Number (RN), Root Mean Square Vertical Acceleration (RMSVA.)In this study, General Directorate of Turkish Highways as a result of measurement data (IRI and RN) collected with the use of motorways in the pavement when the corruption occursin the future, to create models (fuzzy logic, regression analyze) to help in the matter of identifying the country in accordance with our conditions, a Pavement Management System (PMS)'s goal is to be established. In this paper, to develop a system for planning of pavement maintenance works on the motorway network in Turkey, on which roughness tests were made by KGM (General Directorate of Turkish Highways) considered. By using the present parameters for the conditions in Turkey (traffic, climate, material features, total thickness of distressed motorways, pavement temperatures etc.) and the measured roughness values (IRI, RN),pavement performance estimation modelling and related to this, a method about establishing a pavement rehabilitation program for the future, is given. In this study, to create models, used two computer programs which above written in MATLAB2008R Fuzzy Logic toolbox and SPSS16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is required to build excavation supporting systems in excavation areas to prevent probable damage in roads and other existing structures around the excavation and to enable vertical excavation along the construction of structures requiring deep excavations. In this study, supporting systems of deep excavations are investigated and fore piles and an anchoraged support system. An Excel program is organized to solve retaining systems, and anchored, without anchored and multi-row anchored retaining systems are solved with program .After solution, costs are compared, and it is observed that multi-row anchored retaining systems in deep excavations are more affordable . It is aimed to solve retaining systems which are used in deep excavations, both in safety limits and the lowest costs, a computer program is made up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, abrasion resistance of concrete used for road construction was investigated with respect to the wear resistance of fine agregate. Concrete studied is produced with fine crushed limestone aggregate, fine crushed limestone and basalt commixture and fine crushed basalt aggregate. Abrasion resistance of concrete was measured using Böhme abrasion machine. The data obtained from laboratory study showed that using wear resistant fine aggregate in concrete significantly increases abrasion resistance of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implications of the gap between the supply and demand of urban land in the Metropolitan areas of economically developing countries are reflected in the high costs of residential land and high land-use intensities. Social and technical infrastructure put a heavy burden on the municipalities with limited resources and restrict the supply of urban land and affect its value. This article examines the case of Istanbul Metropolitan city, with its limited economic resources and high population growth rates. The analysis is concerned about the "sustainable development" of Istanbul and addresses the spatial concepts like compactness, density and quality of life. While it is widely accepted that there is no strong correlation between density and quality of life, "density" is still a basic tool used in planning to achieve a certain type of settlement. The number of people, dwelling units, amount of open space, green space, recreation etc. will change according to density decisions. The study aims to document the land-use intensity values and the ratios of Open Space, and Livable Space and to analyze the differentiation of these ratios in different residential environments with different house types in Istanbul. The land-use intensity measures that are normally used in urban planning in Turkey are basically: the Floor Area Ratio and the Building Coverage Ratio. These two ratios help to control the maximum amount of construction on a site and the maximum amount of land to be covered by construction. They are related to land values and density decisions. But they do not help to control the amount of open space especially the open space used by pedestrians in residential areas. Also, measures like the amount of car parks and recreational areas that are related to the quality of the physical areas are not considered. The methodology used in the survey comprises the data collection and analysis of the parameters affecting land use intensity and ratios of open space, of parking areas, of recreation space and of livable space. Data has been collected in 150 randomly selected streets representing different residential areas of Istanbul. Land-use intensity parameters like the Floor Area Ratio, Building Coverage Ratio, Open Space Index, Recreation Area Ratio, Parking Area Ratio and Livable Space Index, were calculated for each of the 150 points within an area of 100 m. radius around them and the results were compared with land values and optimum standards given for different house types. The results show that the randomly selected points (residential buildings) on 150 streets represented all types of residential areas in Istanbul. The results related to the Floor Area Ratio that is used in urban planning to control land use intensity in Turkey show that in the large majority of residential areas the ratio is between 1.00 and 3.00. The results related to the Building Coverage Ratio show that in more than three thirds of the residential areas the ratios are over 0.25. These findings indicate that Istanbul is a compact city and that the buildings are constructed very densely. The results related to the Open Space Index show that more than one-third of residential areas have lower ratios (less open space compared to the total construction) than the expected minimum ratios.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land readjustment (LR) is a method which is used for both the development of new areas and the reorganisation of the built-up areas in urban regions. The application of this method provides the conversion of agricultural or semi-urban land into urban land. LR can be thought as an important planning tool during the rural- suburban transition. Further, the urban plots may also be readjusted, if necessary. The models of land readjustment vary according to countries. While in some countries private initiative (landowner associations or cooperatives) is more efficient in the application of LR models, the public initiative (municipality, governorship, etc.) may be more efficient in other countries. However, in whatever country the method is applied, after a common share is allocated for public usage such as roads, parks, car parks, from the total of all plots that fall into LR area, the remaining areas are distributed to the landowners in proportion to either the area size or value criteria. LR not only capture the costs of providing infrastructure and services to the areas, but it also potentially recaptures additional value created for any the other public purposes. For example, a good standard subdivision layout, the production of plots with service in regular forms and sizes, the supply of service areas like roads, parks, etc. which are required for public use, and the achievement of price stability as a result of meeting the demand. The LR is one of methods and procedures for urban development focuses on the modification of existing land parcels in terms of shape, location, size other conditions together with the proper allocation and improvement of urban infrastructure. The LR method is applied efficiently and successfully in developed countries like Japan, Germany and France and in developing countries of the Far East. In some countries that have a long background and accumulation of LR (Turkey, India, etc.), the achievements from the use of the LR method are far behind the expectations. The aim of this article is to define and examine provisions in the efficient applicability of land readjustment method within the frame of international literature. The findings of this study provide knowledge as to which aspects of the models in the countries failing to apply the LR method efficiently can be improved. The efficient applicability of the land readjustment method can be examined under some headlines: • One of the conditions for the efficient application of the LR method is "cost recovery".… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]