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Globalization, one of the most important steps of change that shaped the evolution of the earth in the last quarter of the last century, has made the world better known, traceable and comparable from different perspectives for humanity. This convergence, which is built on faster and easier access and interaction, has brought with it an intense competition that is constantly expanding in scope. At the point reached today, one of the main sources of the efforts to ensure competitive advantage and profitability, which can have different material and immaterial foci, is to create a difference that will ensure being noticed and preferred among similar ones. One of the most concrete steps in today's effort to be recognized and make a difference is to raise the goods and/or services offered to a certain level of quality and to ensure the continuity of this quality. This process, which requires a systematic and multifunctional functioning, will mean being recognized, approved and accepted as competent and is the main effort of almost all institutions and organizations today. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the accreditation process and the role of academic libraries in this process in the context of quality service, which has started to take place more and more on the agenda of higher education institutions in terms of being recognized and making a difference in Turkey as in the whole world. In this study, a conceptually based view of the accreditation process of higher education institutions from the perspective of libraries was utilized in the descriptive method. The scope of the study consists of the intersections of the concepts and processes of quality and accreditation with the libraries of higher education institutions and the conceptual dimension of their contribution to the process. The study, which aims to illustrate the place and importance of quality and accreditation processes in higher education institutions through their relationship with libraries, differs from its counterparts in the national literature in this respect. With the prediction that quality and accreditation processes will continue to be on the priority agenda of higher education institutions in Turkey in the near future, it is evaluated that the study will enable both the place and importance of academic libraries in the accreditation process to be seen more clearly and the depth of the contribution of these libraries to the process to be questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the history of Geomorphology from the beginning of the Enlightenment to the middle of the 19th century. In this study, the developments and changes in the geomorphology in the age of enlightenment were evaluated by dividing them into various time periods. During this period, very distinct and even dramatic transformations and changes occurred in the thinking structure of Geomorphology. The first ideas about how the world was shaped came about in Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia. Later on, scientific thought emerged in the ancient Greek world, which interacted with these civilizations. The ignored scientific perspective in Europe throughout the Middle Ages continued to exist in the Islamic world. However, the question of how the surface of the Earth is shaped has become the center of attention of European thinkers since the 15th century. The process, which started especially with Copernicus, continued with Da Vinci and continued with Descartes. The Earth Sciences (Geology and geomorphology), as separate branches of science, had their own principles and theories for the first time in 1669 thanks to Nicolaus Steno. The philosophers of the period attempted to systematize, generalize and produce theories based on actual observations. In the early days, under the influence of the Bible, the idea that catastrophic events and processes shaped the surface of the earth was accepted. However, towards the end of the 18th century, a new perspective emerged with James Hutton. Uniformitarianism began to be adopted as an anti-catastrophic movement. Geomorphology, which developed slowly at first, made significant progress towards the mid-19th century with the contributions of Lyell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the history of geomorphology from the distant past to the periods of the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. Geomorphology, whose origin is as old as the history of mankind, has been transformed into a very significant or dramatic transformation and change. In this study, developments and changes occurring in the early stages of geomorphology were evaluated by dividing into different time periods. The first ideas about how the earth was shaped were in Egypt, China and Mesopotamia. In later periods, scientific thought was born in the ancient Greek world, which entered into interaction with the mentioned civilizations. In the beginning, the discussions which started with cosmology, astronomy, and the shape and location of the globe have been expanded and the subject of Geomorphology has been taken into consideration. In the early days there is no specialization in any subject among thinkers. Because, according to the perspective of the period, the thinker has to produce ideas on every subject. Therefore, views on landforms were included in both Geography and Cosmology books. However, even though an individual specialization did not arise in these early times, it was seen that subject-based books were written. In this period; Ancient Greek philosophers systematized, generalized and produced knowledge without relying on actual observations. But what we call science in the modern sense; with new methods (experiment, observation, and measurement) emerged in the Islamic world unused by previous philosophers. As a result, the first scientific ideas about geomorphology were born in the Islamic world and spread all over the world during the Middle Ages. Geomorphology, which showed a slow development between the 12th and 16th centuries, became an independent discipline in the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of integrated science and literacy activities on pre-school children's understandings of the shape of the Earth and day-night concepts. A total of 44 children, 23 girls and 21 boys, between the ages of 60-72 months participated into the study. Within the scope of the research, pre-test, posttest and follow-up test design with a control group were used. The Earth-2 test was used to reveal children's understandings of the day-night cycle and the shape of the Earth. A set of 8 integrated science and story activities designed to target children's understandings of the shape of the earth and the day and night cycle was developed within the framework of the national pre-school education program by the researcher. The integrated science and literacy activities were applied to the experimental group for 4 weeks and no intervention was applied to the control group. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups before the intervention. However, there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in the post-test assessment and this difference continued in the follow-up test. The overall findings suggest that the educational intervention designed for this study supports children's understandings of the shape of the Earth and day and night concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The accuracy, density and distribution of gravity data used in the geoid determination are the factors that affect the accuracy of the geoid. The observation of the gravity is easy and cheap on land relatively, but requires great effort, time and cost in sea. Therefore, the accuracy of the geoid at shore regions of which the gravity data distribution and density are insufficient is low before the altimetry satellites. By means of the altimetry satellites, it becomes possible to derive gravity from altimetry observations. Altimetry satellites basically determine the distance between the satellite and a target surface (oceans) by measuring the trip time of a radar pulse moving among the satellite and ocean. To do this, the altimeter emits a radar wave and analyses the return signal. The Sea Surface Height (SSH) which altimeter measure is the height difference between the satellite's height with respect to a reference ellipsoid and the satellite-to-ocean surface distance (calculated by measuring the time taken for the signal to make the round trip). On the other hand, altimeters can measure wave height, wind speed, rain rate over the oceans and detection of crevasses over ice shelves besides the surface height. The measured SSH can be transformed into gravity anomalies and deflections of the vertical by using the Brun's formula. The lack of gravity data is satisfied by the altimetry derived gravity data. Since the economical value and high population density of the shore regions, density and importance of the engineering applications are great in these regions. Determining an accurate geoid by using altimetry derived gravity data, has not only scientific importance but also economical importance since it is a geodetic infrastructure. In this study, the possibility of determining accurate gravity field, geoid and finally the sea surface topography is investigated. Approximately fifteen-year data from TOPEX/POSEIDON, GFO, ENVISAT and GFO satellite altimetry missions are used for the recovery of gravity anomalies over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (region between the longitudes of 28°-36° and latitudes of 32°-37°). The Corrected Sea Surface Height (CORSSH) data used in calculations which are received as corrected for all standard errors from DGFI (Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut). Least Squares Collocation (LSC) method and remove restore technique are used to derive gravity anomaly from SSH and geoid from gravity anomaly. The EGM08 geopotential model is used as the reference geopotential model during the remove restore step. Model covariance functions consistent with the empirical covariance functions are determined for residual SSHs and residual gravity anomalies. The covariance function parameters are involved in LSC calculations. The GRAVSOFT package software is used in calculations and the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software is used in drawings. The gravity anomaly field calculated in this study is compared to the Smith Sandwell 97, KMS02 and DNSC08 global gravity anomaly models. Since the altimetry observations degrade at the coastal regions, altimetry derived gravity field also degrades at the coastal regions. So the comparison is carried out at the points that are 30 km ore more far from the shore line. According to comparison results, the gravity anomaly model which is calculated in this study is found to be consistent with the Smith Sandwell 97, KMS02 and DNSC08 models within the range of ± 2.54 mgal, ± 3.52 mgal and ± 1.49 mgal respectively. The calculated gravity anomaly field is also compared to the ship observations. According to calculation results, a consistency of ± 7.96 mgal is found between the ship observations derived gravity anomaly. The geoid heights calculated from gravity anomalies are compared to the TG03 Turkish Geoid and a consistency of ± 0.52 m is found. After calculating the geoid heights, the Sea Surface Topography (SST) is determined. The calculated SST model is compared to the DNSC08 SST model and a consistency of ± 0.09 m is found between these models. It can be said that by using the altimetry data it is possible to determine a gravity field within the accuracy of ± 8 mgal Also it is obvious that altimetry data improves the geoid quite significantly at coastal regions. It is expected that more accurate results can be obtained by combining altimetry derived gravity anomalies with land, aerial and ship gravity observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]