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This study deals with new religious and spiritual searches that emerge in the face of uncertainty, speed of change, stress and anxiety experienced by individuals in the dynamics of today’s society and how these searches are associated with the happiness industry. The main claim of this study is that spiritual movements have become commercialized in the performance society and have become a part of fun morality and the happiness industry. The rapid change and transformation experienced with modernization creates various problems that individuals have difficulty in coping within their inner world. Especially with the secularization debates, efforts to purify today’s world from religion push individuals to different searches. For this purpose, in the face of uncertainty and change, individuals try to reach inner peace and satisfaction by turning to new religious and spiritual searches. Personal development, spirituality and the happiness industry are closely related to individuals’ quest to improve the quality of their lives and the goal of inner fulfilment, and they enable the growth and spread of the happiness industry. The happiness industry is marketed with promises such as adding meaning and purpose to individuals’ lives, reducing stress and anxiety, increasing self-awareness and providing spiritual fulfilment, and attracts the attention of individuals living in the uncertainty and competition of modern society. In this context, the article aims to evaluate in detail the efforts of the happiness industry to provide individuals with performance-oriented inner peace and fulfilment. Using basic theories such as performance society, happiness industry and fun morality, these efforts will be analyzed comprehensively within a theoretical framework. The performance society theory argues that individuals today live in a culture that focuses on their social and economic achievements and emphasizes that individuals are under constant pressure to achieve success and perfection. In this context, understanding how the happiness industry strives to provide individuals with inner peace and satisfaction beyond performance will provide an important analysis from the perspective of performance society theory. The happiness industry is also linked to the fun morality that is widely adopted today. Fun morality refers to an approach in which individuals are in a constant search to make their lives more enjoyable. How the happiness industry positions the products and services offered to individuals within the framework of fun morality and how they add meaning to individuals’ lives is an issue that needs to be addressed from a broader theoretical perspective. In this context, the potential risks of the industry and its possible negative effects on individuals will be analyzed through the theories of performance society and fun morality. In the literature, there is a lack of studies that examine the relationship between the happiness industry, fun morality and spiritual movements. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature in terms of addressing the relationship between these fields, to understand whether the happiness industry can help individuals discover their inner potential, and at the same time to understand the factors that lead individuals to ignore their inner values and keep them under performance pressure. The study is based on a comprehensive data collection and analysis process with a qualitative approach to understand how individuals respond to the challenges of modern life and the role of the happiness industry in this process. At the end of the study, in which literature review and critical readings are prominent, it is concluded that the happiness industry turns individuals into consumer objects by using spiritual pursuits, the individual feels obliged to perform daily performances based on fun morality, inability to access spiritual tools deepens social inequality and not being happy is seen as a crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of law(s) in history has attracted the attention of some clergy, philosophers and social scientists, who made significant intellectual efforts in this field. For example, thinkers such as Augustinus, Comte, Durkheim, Hegel, Marx and Spencer have put forward various approaches to the general principles that determine the course of history. For example, according to Augustine, history is a flow that begins with God's creation of man and will end with man's salvation. According to Comte, history is subject to intellectual evolution and human history goes through three stages (theological, metaphysical, and positivist). According to Hegel, history represents the continuous development of humanity's thought on a dialectical plane. For Marx, history is a history of class wars, it goes through certain stages (primitive communal, feudal, slave, capitalist) and at the end of history, a classless society (socialist) will be formed. Spencer is one of the scholars who read history in an evolutionary line. According to him, history is subject to evolution and is constantly progressing. The common feature of all these approaches is that history has laws that move towards specific goals. It is seen that Ibn Khaldun also has an approach in this direction. According to me, history has a two-dimensional structure. Linear and cyclical. This is the law of history. Likewise, history moves in a certain direction. The dynamics that determine the direction of history are urbanization and secularizan. According to Ibn Khaldun, nomadism (Bedouinism), the first life form of humanity, is evolving towards urbanization (hadarism). However, in parallel with urbanization, religion, which encompassed almost every aspect of life at the beginning of history (both in theoretical and practical areas), has undergone an institutional differentiation and narrowing and has retreated to its sphere with the emergence of other areas of knowledge and life. This process expresses an essential element (institutional/structural differentiation) that defines secularization. Therefore, it can be said that urbanization and secularization processes take place as historical laws in Ibn Khaldun's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the power of music to directly affect people's lives at any time, it becomes essential to recognize and understand the elements of violence in music. Some studies have revealed that music can cause violence-related problems in different contexts. One of the main problems encountered in this context is the aestheticization and legitimization of violence through music. While song lyrics and visuals can produce direct violence through music, the performance of music, spaces, instruments, and social relations, it is also possible to symbolically create violence in indirect ways. This study addresses the problems of violence that arise in the context of music in many different ways during music production and the listener's encounter with music. Literature/document review, one of the qualitative method techniques, was used in the study discuss the relationship between music and violence. Articles, dissertations, books, and internet resources containing music and violence were scanned in this context. The results obtained within the scope of this study are as follows: The relationship between music and violence often produces a more vaguely defined problem area. Individual musical practices and the massification of music and its transformation into a cultural industry bring about problematic dimensions reflected in social relations, especially in terms of cultural domination, commodification, and symbolic violence. Thus, the functions of music as controlling, transforming, and suppressing society, turn it into an element of violence. Music's use of violent elements and, conversely, the transformation of musical practices into a symbolic field of violence produces thoughts and practices reflected in the social sphere and shape society. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize direct or symbolic violence in the context of music and address its reflections on society. The process of choosing music, marketing strategies, which music is liked, and the power networks that develop in the meantime are at a critical point that determines the role of music for those who experience it. In this context, the study analyzes the reflections on different aspects of the relationship between music and violence, direct and indirect, in the social field and considers the possibilities that the music can turn into violence and produce a position and consciousness against violence at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze postgraduate theses in the field of communication sociology from various perspectives, which makes it the first content analysis of its kind in sociology literature. Accordingly, this study is anticipated to become a seminal work for new postgraduate dissertation in this framework. The study examined 81 postgraduate theses, considering variables such as publication language, university, subject field, method, data collection tools, and data analysis techniques. Content analysis was used to analyze the data, revealing that the most studied subjects of postgraduate theses in communication sociology were the effects of mass media on individuals and society, mass media and historical process interaction, ideology, and communication between 2012-2022. The study found that the qualitative method was preferred in most of the postgraduate theses examined, interview forms were frequently used as data collection tools, and qualitative data analysis techniques were commonly used. Based on the results of the study, several suggestions for potential future research were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In political and social terms, the individual first steps into socialization within the family. In his/her later life, his/her social and political socialization is shaped as a result of his/her relations with his/her formal and informal environment. Another important element in shaping the identity of the individual in these areas is the concept of generation. Generations generally refer to individuals who are born in a certain period of time, who have similar experiences and who may have similar characteristics, attitudes or beliefs as a result. This study focuses on the factors affecting the political attitudes and behaviors of Generation Y and Generation Z individuals and their political interest level and political participation. This study aims to reveal what differences or similarities there are within the framework of "Psychological, Sociological and Rational" voting approaches, which are known as voting models in the literature, and it also aims to examine the relevant individuals comparatively in terms of their level of interest in political events or issues and their level of participation in the political field. For this purpose, field research was conducted with a total of 617 participants born between 1980-2004. In the research conducted using the survey technique between March 4, 2022 and March 31, 2022, it is seen that there are differences in interest and participation levels in political issues among individuals of Generation Y and Z. At the same time, in terms of voting approaches, similarities and differentiation have been observed at various points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, several adverse factors, such as unemployment, job-related stress, economic challenges, and societal traumas, have a significant impact on individuals' emotions. As a result, emotion regulation techniques, such as face-to-face therapies and meditation, have emerged. However, accessibility issues often prevent individuals from accessing these methods due to socioeconomic factors. Consequently, there's been a rise in the "happiness industry," which promotes happiness through therapy narratives and smartphone applications like Goddess and Meditopia. This study investigates user experiences with such applications by analyzing feedback from the Google Play store, employing the MAXQDA 2018 software for coding and analysis. These applications purport that self-awareness facilitates emotional management, providing users with essential social support and tranquility to navigate anxiety and stress. However, the study does not assess the efficacy of these applications but rather aims to comprehend user experiences through their feedback. This study examines user experiences with such applications by analyzing comments on the Google Play store. Users seek emotional support and tranquility to cope with anxiety and stress, often praising these apps for facilitating relaxation and alleviating stress. Further research is recommended to deepen our understanding of the evolving phenomenon of emotion regulation in cyberspace, while acknowledging its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the social sciences, the use of past elements in the present is methodologically controversial. The dynamics of the temporal present is a process that extends from the past to the present but is subject to a certain ordering and selection. This article aims to examine this ordering and selection through the concepts of chronology and whiggism. Chronology is conceptually the ordering of past time. It also has a conceptual process where the idea of progress intersects with the beginning of the calendar culture based on the Christian tradition. The function and necessity of chronology for social sciences, which has two components including continuity and point moment, is discussed. The other concept of the article, whiggism, is a time problem in which the past is abstracted and interpreted in such a way as to give the present certain inferences. Whiggism is defined as a time problem because of the claim that it is possible to see the present in the past and to recognize the roots of the present in the past. The article examines the political background of whiggism and draws attention to its dominant role in the formation of the present in historiography. Ultimately, the article aims to reveal the possibility of labeling the chronological sequences used in the social sciences as whiggistic from a methodological perspective. In this context, the possibility of moving away from chronology is discussed. With qualitative time change content, the article puts forward a suggestion of cairological time as a proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded Theory is a methodology that gains systematic dimension through the method of analyzing theoretically collected data in studies conducted in the field of social sciences. In this methodological approach, the inductive reasoning model is used instead of the deductive model as a form of reaching a conclusion. Studies with Grounded Theory predominately start with a question, sometimes even only with the collection of qualitative data. While researchers analyze the collected data, they indicate repetitive thoughts, notions or elements, and these elements are labeled with codes from the data. As more data is obtained and the study is rechecked, the codes can be divided into notions and then categories. Thus, the foundations of a new theory may have been laid. For this reason, the Grounded Theory is quite different from the traditional research model, in which the researcher selects an existing theoretical framework and only then collects data to show how the theory applies or does not apply to the phenomenon which is analyzed. In other words, in cases where the existing theories cannot explain the result obtained in the studies carried out or are insufficient in explaining, a new theory is obtained with the Grounded Theory. In this sense, Grounded Theory appears as a methodological method that prepares the ground for the emergence of a new theory rather than being a theory. In this study, the methodological dimension of Grounded Theory is related to how it can access information; “What is the purpose of the research?/ How should the research method be?/ What is the role of the researcher - what should it be?/ What is the role of dignity?/ What should be the language of the research report?” will be discussed through the answers to the questions. In addition, the history and application of Grounded Theory will be reviewed, and it will be discussed in what way this theory can be carried over to the Sociology of Religion studies. As known, the main two scientific paradigms in social science studies can be referred to as positivist paradigm and interpretive paradigm. Indeed, these two paradigms have different ontological, epistemological and methodological characteristics. The positivist paradigm, which considers social reality equal to natural reality, employs quantitative research methods to access the objective, predictable, and explanatory knowledge of social reality. Thus, it emphasizes the dimensions of social phenomena that can be made tangible and allow numerical explanation. In this context, the positivist approach focuses on methods to measure and explain social phenomena based on assumptions derived from existing theories and statistical data. On the other hand, the interpretive paradigm recognizes the distinction between social reality and natural reality and strives to make the new reality meaningful, which is constructed by individuals. Therefore, it leans towards the dimensions of the social domain that cannot be conveyed through numbers and utilizes qualitative methods to gain an in-depth understanding of these aspects. The methods used in qualitative research aim to explain social phenomena within their natural contexts based on the ontological perspective of the interpretive paradigm. Grounded Theory, which it is trying to address in this study, primarily aims to reach this purpose by developing new concepts and theories. As such, Grounded Theory has become a frequently utilized technique in various fields of study, including economics, religion, education, and health research. Consequently, Grounded Theory is considered a broad working field and treated as a social analysis method. Despite some criticisms that it may ignore previous theories, not clearly express certain terms, and risk falling into empty empiricism, Grounded Theory continues to be accepted among social scientists due to its ongoing relevance. Grounded Theory guides researchers in their efforts to reach unique concepts related to the examined social phenomena. It is based on the idea of continuous change and transformation in knowledge, and the researcher attempts to perceive and interpret this change and transformation. In this regard, Grounded Theory focuses on the relationships between meaning and actions when collecting data from participants. By asserting that meaning is grounded through experiences and emotions, it aims to extract the ground through discourse. The resulting outcomes are then interpreted by the researcher. Achieving the goal of developing a new theory instead of testing an existing one requires systematic and detailed work, as well as patience. In this sense, Grounded Theory offers an opportunity for the study of Religious Sociology and provides researchers with a flexible design. Therefore, Grounded Theory has the potential to open up new possibilities for developing new perspectives and conducting more productive scientific research in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans need to live in society, which has led to the establishment of institutions with different structures and mechanisms. Education, which is at the forefront of these institutions, is an institution that performs the direct and indirect socialization processes. The group that experiences these processes most intensely is the classrooms. Classrooms as social groups in unity, displaying characteristics of society. Each classroom has its own characteristics and structure. This study tries to understand how the social dimension of the classrooms is formed from a Symbolic Interactionist perspective. The study was carried out in the first grade at an elementary school in Zeytinburnu with the ethnographic method. Participants consist of 9 female and 7 male students, a male teacher and 16 parents. The data of the study were obtained through teacher, student, parent interviews and observation methods. All data were analyzed with content analysis method and the results are explained. The study, which deals with classroom formation, explains how classroom sociology is formed in interaction with teacher, student, educational practices and physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of the 20th century, the modern positivist paradigm lost its influence, and with the hermeneutics paradigm coming to the forefront, the position of religion and the sacred in social life began to be questioned again within the scope of the secularization thesis, which is one of the building blocks of modernism. The focus of these inquiries has been on how the function of religion in the public sphere has changed in the modern period and how the secularization thesis has become functional. However, in the 20th century, the postmodern critiques of the hermeneutics paradigm have reversed the hypothesis that religion and the sacred will disappear in modern society, which is the main argument of the secularization thesis. The idea of modernism defined life as a public sphere that distinguishes between the sacred and the secular sphere, ansd that the moral values and forms of worship shape the sacred, while the secular is a public space that includes politics, economy, science, education, etc. The distinction between the sacred-secular and the religious-irreligious, which emerged because of this radical and structural separation of modernism, was questioned again with its post-modernism approach that emphasizes pluralism and differentiation. The continuation of the existence of sacredness that is defined as post-modern sacred or secular sacred today, which emerge in different forms and structures because of the consumer culture created by globalization as “popular culture spirituality”, has been crucial in making sense of the transformation of the sacred from modernism to post-modernism In parallel, myths, which were accepted as religious and sacred narratives in the early ages, have reappeared in the emergence of secular holiness in the postmodern world, although they have been characterized as surreal narratives in the modern period. In this context, in this study, the transformation of mythical thought and the sacred in the processes of modernization, secularization and postmodernization around the basic arguments of modernism and post-modernism ideas is discussed and the effect of mythological view and mythological elements in the emergence of post-modern and secular sacredness in contemporary societies is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ibn Khaldūn, considered the founder of the philosophy of history and sociology, evaluates art in the context of the understanding of the art of his period in his Muqaddimah. This understanding of craft/ profession comes to mind when art is mentioned during the Middle Ages. Ibn Khaldūn deals with and evaluates the relationship between art and ‘umrān within the needs framework. The only condition for the emergence and development of art in a society is the level of need of the society for that art. In this understanding, as the need for the arts asincreases as ‘umrān increases, the arts also increase and develop. One of the most critical factors in the developing the arts is the state's support for the arts, in otherwords, its need. Since art is considered as a means of earning in Ibn Khaldūn, the most essential way of its development is its potential to provide financial return to the artist. Art that does not bring financial gain to its artist will be abandoned and that art will be forgotten in time. The relationship Khaldūn established between ‘umrān, art and need is not an individualbased one, but a society-based one. In this sense, it is not the individual needs and abilities of the artist that nourish, grow and direct the arts, but the order of needs of development level of the society. The climate, which is decisive for the needs, is a severe factor that also determines development of art. Climate directly affects the character and development of society, which in turn directly affects the arts in the context of needs. Ibn Khaldūn, who carries, the thoughts of his period in terms of considering art as a profession, differs from the ideas of his time in terms of the complex relationship he established between, such as art, society, need and climate. Muqaddimah, which is seen as the founding text of many branches of science, can be considered the founding text of the sociology of art in terms of its method of dealing with the relationship between art and ‘umrān. The study used qualitative research methods to used to analyze Ibn Khaldūn’s relationship that established between ‘umrān and art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of Dr Yılmaz Ari examines Alevi culture and belief in Adıyaman, focusing on the perspectives of the dede (dedes) and talip (followers). The author explores the role and significance of the dede as religious authorities and how they contribute to Alevi culture. The study acknowledges that Alevi culture is still present in six hearths in Adıyaman and that the dede fulfil important roles such as conducting ceremonies and mediating conflicts. However, the institution of grandfatherhood has been affected by secularization, leading to changes in religious and social values. The study also highlights the weakening relationship between the dede and talip due to urbanization and its impact on their interactions and participation in religious rituals. The author suggests that younger generations are distancing themselves from the dede due to modernization and a more educated mindset. However, the study also that the continued importance and functions of the dede in preserving Alevi culture, despite challenges. Overall, this study provides an insightful analysis of Alevism and the dedelik institution, offering valuable perspectives for further research. Alevism is a unique culture and belief living in Anatolia and the Balkans. Alevis have their lifestyle, traditions, values, and beliefs. This culture and belief attract the attention of many local and foreign researchers and is being analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Israel, which has been oppressing the people of the region, especially Muslims, since its establishment in the Palestinian territories, acts almost like a terrorist organization. As a recent development, since October 7, 2023, Israel has carried out many attacks on Gaza, killing or injuring thousands of innocent people living in Gaza. These attacks violate the rules of International Law, the Law of War and International Criminal Law, the International Criminal Court decisions, the Geneva and Hague Conventions, the UN Convention on Conventional Weapons, Human Rights Watch reports and the conscience of humanity. In Gaza, Israel has bombed babies, children, women, unarmed civilians, journalists, hospitals, schools, civilian housing, mosques and churches, refugee camps, ambulances, convoys of the wounded, cultural heritage, used phosphorus bombs, mistreated prisoners, starved and dehydrated the civilian population, imposed an embargo on energy and other basic necessities, forced the displacement of up to two million people and implemented a policy of mass extermination of the population. All of these are not only war crimes, but also crimes against humanity. In the face of Israel's series of massacres and unlawful actions since its establishment, many countries, especially the United States, have provided unconditional military and political support to the Israeli government. The US provides Israel with $3.8 billion in annual military aid and vetoes UN Security Council resolutions against Israel. In addition to the US, countries such as France, Germany, the UK, Canada and the UK are trying to legitimize Israel's attacks and refuse to lift the embargo on Gaza. Moreover, these countries do not prevent Israeli settlement activities in the occupied territories and do not put pressure on Israel to comply with international law. By supporting Israel's war crimes, these countries are complicit in crimes against humanity. In the face of all the dramas and atrocities taking place in Gaza, academics, human rights defenders, artists, athletes, journalists, opinion leaders, clergy, judges and prosecutors from universities around the world are calling on the international community to take action. They demand an immediate halt to the suffering in Gaza, accountability for those responsible, the protection of the right to life and freedom of the people of Gaza, the lifting of the embargo on Gaza, the reconstruction of Gaza and an independent state for the Palestinian people. These demands are declared as a historical, conscientious, moral and civilized duty. The main purpose and problem of this article is the prosecution of Israel, which has captured the Palestinian territories and committed the crime of genocide by using disproportionate force against the people of the region at every opportunity with the support of many states, especially the USA, and the other powers that support it. The study has been prepared based on the data obtained through the method of source scanning by utilizing arguments from mass media, social media platforms and newspaper portal news, as well as research articles, books, etc.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the effects of Alevi-Sunni marriages on mutual group relations. Considering prejudice, stereotype, and marginalisation tendencies in Alevi-Sunni relations, the question of when these mental and behavioural patterns can change is analysed in the context of the marriage institution and its impacts. In this study conducted by interviewing Alevi-Sunni couples, it is aimed to understand the change in the relations between both groups through the experiences. In this study, firstly, Alevi-Sunni relations and Alevi-Sunni marriages are discussed through the concepts of other and marginalisation. Following, the extent how Alevi-Sunni marriages have an impact on the relations between the Alevi-Sunni groups, and whether the kinship ties established through marriage eliminate the existing prejudice, stereotype, and marginalisation tendencies are analysed from the perspectives of the participants. In this context, a total of 37 people from the cities of Samsun and Amasya who had Alevi-Sunni marriages participated in the research. Interviews were conducted between May 2022 and March 2023. Twenty of the interviewees live in Samsun and its districts, while 17 live in Amasya and its districts. Of the 37 participants, 21 are men and 16 are women. 20 of these participants belong to the Sunni, and 17 to the Alevi religious group. 15 of the participants participated in the interview together with their spouses (30 people in total), while 7 people participated alone. The ages of the interview participants range between 27 and 49. With the data obtained from in-depth interviews with individuals who had Alevi-Sunni marriages living in Samsun and Amasya, the course of the view towards the other is examined. In particular, the approach of families, relatives, and social environment is analysed from the participants' perspectives. Along with interview questions, some spontaneous and sounding questions are also directed to the participants in this direction. Responses and comments of the participants led to the formation of different themes. The interview data is coded into themes and content analyses are made. It is observed that such marriages continue increasingly with the urbanization, modernization, and secularization processes as well as mutual contact brought by higher education. In this respect, it is determined that Alevi-Sunni marriages do not cause many problems among individuals but are discussed among family and relative groups. Especially the families and relatives of both groups living in rural areas cause negative perceptions of these marriages. It is seen that families are under the pressure of the social environment. The interviewee's responses are differentiated according to variables such as age, gender, education, occupation, place of residence, family relations, and sense of belonging. Responses and comments of the participants led to the formation of three themes: pre-marital process, marital process, and post-marital process. The findings are analysed through these themes as well. First of all, it is found that individuals who entered into such marriages did not have a negative attitude towards Alevi-Sunni marriages in general before marriage, but their family and social circles showed negative reactions to their marriages. Although the general attitude towards Alevi-Sunni marriages is negative, the tone of this attitude varies with variables such as the degree of religious affiliation of the family and relatives, lifestyle, education level, age, and occupation. The fact that the family and relatives of the individuals who marry have a secular lifestyle, are educated, and live in urban centers has been effective in the fact that they do not perceive such marriages negatively. On the contrary, more conservative families and relatives are found to be resistant to such marriages. Individuals with families and social circles with high religious group affiliation do not have a positive change of opinion in the marriage process. Occasionally, a negative perspective is clearly manifested in marriage rituals (engagement, marriage, wedding, etc.). A small number of participants who stated that there was a positive change of opinion discussed that this change was due to the character traits of the individuals and that there was no general positive change of opinion towards the other group. In the post-marital period, since individuals in such marriages generally lead a secular lifestyle, they do not experience problems over religious issues in their marriages. Such problems are usually realized not through personal relationships, but through the intervention of parents and relatives. In this regard, it is observed that couples tend to live away from family and relative groups. Exceptionally, in the case of couples experiencing problems, the problems are discussed with feelings of belonging and cannot be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is known, language plays a crucial role in meeting the needs of human beings for communication, understanding, and sharing. In this context, Arabic stands out as one of these communication tools, especially in terms of political, commercial, economic, and tourism relations with Middle Eastern countries, in addition to being an ancient language. In our country, Arabic Language Teaching, Arabic Language and Literature, Religious Sciences, Islamic Sciences and Theology Faculties provide Arabic courses. These institutions attach great importance to Arabic instruction, aiming not only for the acquisition of students of the language but also for them to gain the ability to understand and interpret religious sources, along with the proficiency to use a language widely spoken in the Muslim geography. However, studies related to Arabic instruction are considered insufficient. Therefore, this research aims to determine the perceptions of theology preparatory class students regarding the concept of Arabic through metaphors. Metaphors, in the context of this study, serve to abbreviate the process of understanding meanings in participants' minds through perceptual similarities, shedding light on the comprehension of the subject. Issues such as the difficulties students face in learning Arabic and the negative impacts of encountering Arabic for the first time are crucial aspects in understanding their perceptions and attitudes in their mental worlds. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to conduct research on Arabic among preparatory class students. To achieve this, initially, a semi-structured questionnaire was sent online to 180 students in preparatory classes, with data collected using an "openended questions form." Subsequently, experienced experts who participated in studies related to this field were assigned the task of evaluating the questionnaire results. The assessments of these experts formed the basis for the study. Personal information was not requested from the participants, and it was communicated that the data would be used only within the scope of the research. Before the data collection process, participants were provided with explanations through examples related to metaphors. Then, participants were asked an open-ended question in the format of "Arabic is like... Because...". The term "like" aims to establish a connection between the source and the subject, while "because" aims to present the logical justifications for the metaphors formed by the group. Researchers collected research data from theology preparatory class students at Kilis 7 Aralık University based on voluntary participation from March 1 to April 1, 2023, using Google Forms. The study was completed in accordance with ethical principles. It should be noted that out of 180 surveys, 66 surveys were not considered for evaluation due to inadequate completion or omission. Thus, the responses from 180 participants, consisting of 128 females and 52 males, were initially reduced to 114 valid metaphors. These 114 metaphors were then categorized into nine different themes. In the metaphor analysis phase, the generated metaphors were coded and sorted. Researchers conducted an examination of why participants produced metaphors and explanations. After eliminating inappropriate examples, a total of 114 metaphors were finally determined under nine themes. The number of participants ensured a high number of valid metaphors. Additionally, participants were classified based on characteristics such as gender, age, the high school they graduated from, and their presence in the preparatory class. In this way, it was thought that the categorization according to the participant's perceptions of the Arabic concept would contribute significantly to the literature from a sociological and language-culture perspective. Data analysis was carried out through a phenomenological approach, extracting meanings from experiences. Content analysis was performed to reveal themes describing and introducing facts and events after conceptualizing the data. Finally, findings were presented descriptively with direct quotations. This process continued until 100% consensus was achieved among researchers and experts, as this is crucial to ensure the reliability of qualitative research. Moreover, the use of quotations during the explanation and interpretation of findings aimed to enhance the external consistency and credibility of the study. In the last stage, findings on metaphors and conceptual themes were presented, and a comparison and discussion were conducted. In this context, participants touched upon the difficulty of language learning with metaphors like "mountain" and "stairs" related to the Arabic concept. On the other hand, some participants emphasized the ease of language learning with metaphors like "life" and "love." Although the research results may not offer definitive and generalizable conclusions, they can provide explanations and experiences that help us better understand the event and phenomenon. Therefore, it is expected that the research will make significant contributions to both application and literature in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most discussed issues in everyday life in the world and in Turkey is human victimization and animal victims from human origin. The relationship between man and animal is based on very old time. Starting from the ancient Greek, the more moderate human-animal relationship has been transformed into a problematic relationship from the first time. Starting with Aristotle and after many thinkers continued, he conducted studies and reviews on this problematic relationship. Today, studies are still being carried out and solutions are sought. The work done in this context, Taking into account the presentations of the dog news with 4 legs and tail with the high school student Mehmet Özer, who lost his life by being attacked by street animals in Kayseri Hacılar on January 4, 2019, became an increasingly social problem It aims to analyze the human-animal relationship. The news in the media after both events was examined in the study, these news are T. A. It was analyzed by Van Dijk's discourse analysis method. When the presentation of the news in the media, the images used, the titles of the parties on the subject were examined, it was seen that animal-based discourse was more dominant than human- based discourse. It has been observed that animal-based discourse is made on the basis of rights, kept on the agenda through activists, and the issue is discussed vividly on the agenda of both the people and the politicians. On the other hand, it was noticed that the news of the high school teenager did not receive as much attention in the media as the news of the dog, whose 4 legs and tail were cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differentiations in the social structure that emerged with the scientific, economic and sociological developments in Europe also affected non-European geographies. The Ottoman Empire was also affected by these developments. Within the developments in Ottoman society that emerged with the modernization efforts, religion-society relations also underwent a differentiation. The process marked the beginning of a new era with the transition from the empire to the republic, a nation state. In this context, different scholars have put forward different views and studies on the religion-society relations within the newly emerging Republic of Turkey. Hilmi Ziya Ülken, as one of these scientists, is one of the important scientists who has worked on religion-society relations in Turkey. The subject of the study is to examine Hilmi Ziya Ülken's understanding of religion through the sociological context in which the author lived. The aim of the study is to determine the understanding of religion of Ülken, who worked in the fields of psychology, sociology and philosophy in Turkey, and to try to establish the connection of this understanding with today.. As a result of the study, it was concluded that Ülken's thoughts on the understanding of religion varied according to the conditions of place, time and period. In addition, Ülken's positive attitude towards issues such as secularism and reform in religion showed that he also had a reformist and nationalist side.. This study utilized document analysis and document scanning model based on qualitative research method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to relate the relational sociology and social science approach, which started to develop in the 1990s, with the relational sociological approach put forward by Norbert Elias. For this purpose, the study first discussed the relational sociological approach with its main lines. The main criticism that appears here is that social facts are handled with a substantial and static understanding. Social phenomena have a relational ontology and can only be understood through relational and process-oriented concepts and models of analysis. After discussing this approach with its main lines, the basic concepts put forward by Norbert Elias are evaluated in the context of this relational approach. In this context, basic concepts such as interdependence, integration and figuration emerged as essential parts of Eliasian relational analysis. This relational analysis framework of Elias is basically oriented towards overcoming substantial and static social analyses. In the context of the relationship between the individual and society, Elias takes the interdependence relations and interaction processes based on them as a basis without falling into binary oppositions. In this way, it was seen that Elias presented a relational framework compatible with the basic arguments of relational sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the films of Greek director Theo Angelopoulos, known as the border trilogy, The Suspended Step of the Stork (1991), Ulysses' Gaze (1995) Eternity and a Day (1998), are discussed in the context of border sociology. Although many of his other films have been the subject of various academic studies, it has been observed that these films have not been studied in the context of sociology, especially border sociology. Especially today, the fact that borders, migration and refugees are increasingly encountered requires focusing on the border trilogy. In the study, the main themes in the trilogy were determined by considering the literature of border sociology. In this framework, many themes, from kinship communities divided by modern borders, to forms of border violence, from the living conditions of refugees to the perspective of host societies, have been identified and interpreted in the context of the relevant literature. As a result, in the border trilogy, we see how borders are tools of injustice, violence, exclusion, nationalist hatred and obstacles to living together. Therefore, we can say that Angelopoulos does not look at the border, the refugee and the foreigner from a nation-state or nation-community perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society still defines itselfmostly through two identities and determines its poles. However, identities are opento change andnot always ontwo sharp poles. This differentiationis usually visible in religious-secularrepresentations. In this context, we canunderstandhowreligiosity and secularism produce themselves and the causes of tension by looking at the functioning and rhythm of daily life. The TV series Kızılcık Şerbeti (Cranberry Sorbet), which started broadcasting on Show TV in 2022, is about the marriage of the son of a religious family and the daughter of a secular family. It touches on daily life practices and tension points. At the same time, identity representations that can be defined as fluid religious are featured in the series. In this study, Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis was used and the TV series was analyzed in order to identify the representations in question. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that secular and religious lifestyles differed in greetings and wishing discourses, pets, gender-based doctor preferences, actions and discourses against violence against women, the comparison of science and the sacred, and place preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the reasons for joining to religious groups and their views on the cult and community environments. In this study, qualitative research method and semi-structured interview form were used. The main problem of the research is the question of how the members of sects and congregations view these groups in the context of the reasons for their participation in these groups. In line with this problem, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 24 women and 13 men from the Naqshbandi, Qadiri order and the Nur Community. According to the results of the study, the reasons for joining such religious groups can be listed as the influence of the primary social environment such as family elders, friends, neighbors or close relatives, the influence of charismatic religious group leaders and the activities of existing communities for individuals within the immediate environment. In the context of these reasons, it can be said that the participants evaluate religious order and community environments in a positive way and see these environments as places where warm, sincere, spiritual desires and feelings are satisfied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the way Christians and Jews are handled in The Message (1976), directed by Mustafa Akkad, is analyzed by making a detailed comparison with Islamic historical sources. In line with this purpose, interrogations are made in the article through the historical film criticism method. In this context, the topics are explored in a triple order in the article: First, it is revealed in general how Muslim-Christian and Muslim-Jewish relations are mentioned on in the sources of Islamic history. Secondly, how Christians and Jews are portrayed in the film is described by making a content analysis. Then, comparisons between these two situations are made and the harmony between the historical sources and the film is analyzed. Finally, the differences between historical realities and the film are determined and these differences are evaluated through discourse analysis and semiotic methods. Thus, it is tried to examine what kind of meanings are constructed in the film. As a result of the issues questioned in this context, it is seen that Christians and Jews are presented in the film The Message with a content that is incompatible with Islamic historical sources. When examined carefully, it is understood that these differences are presented to the audience with a content that supports the interfaith dialogue approach. It seems possible to attribute the reason for such an approach to the Hollywood film industry, which is dominated by the Jewish lobby and the Christian environment, and to the reactions of Western audiences who will watch the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the process of industrialization, the emergence of women in the workforce and their presence in the public sphere has fundamentally changed traditional family values and lifestyles. The extent of this change is even greater in modern societies where the influence of tradition and religion is minimal. This research aims to examine university students' views on women's freedom, partner selection, marriage preferences, and extramarital relationships, and whether these attitudes vary by gender, educational background, type of high school attended, family's religious life, and place of residence during their university years. The study was designed as a cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study. The total sample of 989 participants was selected using a stratified random sampling method based on different academic departments at Atatürk University. The participants included university students from seven different academic departments, with 63.4% being female. The majority of students were graduates of Anatolian and Imam Hatip High Schools, and 47.7% of students lived in dormitories belonging to the Credit and Dormitories Institution. When looking at the degree of religiosity in their families, 73% of students described their families as religious. According to the research results, the participating university students prefer religious and legal marriages, have a significantly negative view of extramarital relationships, consider religiosity an important criterion in partner selection, and believe that women should be as free as men to a rate of 50%. Moreover, variables such as gender, educational background, and high school type lead to differences in these views. In particular, religion plays an important role in the preference for marriage types and views on extramarital relationships. It is noteworthy that students majoring in theology, those who attended Imam Hatip High School, and those who described their families as very religious had a higher preference for religious and legal marriages compared to other groups. Similarly, this group of students had a highly negative view of extramarital relationships compared to other groups. Additionally, almost all students majoring in religious studies (90.4%) preferred their future partners to be religious. In terms of women's freedom, the lowest participation rate (13.9%) in the idea that women should be as free as men was found among students majoring in religious studies, while graduates of Imam Hatip had a participation rate of 28.1%. All of these data can be interpreted in four ways. Firstly, it shows how deeply rooted and established religious marriage is in even the most open-minded, thinking, and questioning segment of society - university students. Secondly, it highlights the significant differences in attitudes towards extramarital relationships and partner selection criteria among different groups of students based on their educational background and family religious life. Thirdly, it shows the continuing importance of religion in shaping people's attitudes towards marriage and women's rights in a modern society. Lastly, it underlines the need for further research to better understand the relationship between religion, tradition, and modernization in contemporary Turkish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the contributions of Ziyaeddin Fahri Fındıkoğlu, one of the important actors of Turkish intellectual life, to the field of communication. Fındıkoğlu, one of the sociologists of the early Republican period, made evaluations directly or indirectly on the science of communication while expressing opinions on his field of specialization like other contemporary thinkers. At the forefront of Fındıkoğlu's contributions was the field of journalism, which he was concerned about along with urbanization. He emphasized the role of newspapers in social development in his evaluations of the press in Erzurum, Sakarya and Karabük, which he dealt with in the context of urban journalism. He also contributed to the Turkish press history literature with his studies on press history and journalism education and contributed to the journalism education that had just begun in Türkiye to be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the age. Especially his monograph on the journalistic life of Tarsusizade Münif Bey is considered a valuable achievement in terms of press history. The author's views on folklore and intellectuals also indirectly contribute to the field of communication. According to Fındıkoğlu, who emphasizes the importance of folkloric products in understanding society, intellectuals can only solve social problems by decoding cultural and folkloric codes. Considering all these, the symptomatic reading method was utilized in this study and Fındıkoğlu's contributions to the field of communication were attempted to be determined. When the findings obtained are considered together, it is concluded that Fındıkoğlu's works have assumed the role of a flare for the field of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live in a world evolving into postmodernity. Although it is intertwined with modernity, many manifestations of postmodernity can be observed in this period. Modernity took more rigid attitudes towards religion. This situation showed itself in the last century with practices such as the ability of religions. To continue their excistence through modern discourse on the one hand, and removing religion from the public sphere on the other. Elements of modernity, which has been criticized in all respects, are tried to be resolved with the postmodern mentality. Although postmodernity puts an end to the old totalitarian attitudes, it continues to perveive religion in a secular way and furthermore continues on its way by destroying the originality and nature of religion. In fact, this can be defined is emptying religion. This article aims to analyze with examples what kind of religiosity the postmoddrn approach envisages. It is discussed how postmodernity creats a form of religiosity in creed, worship and daily life. Although the attitude towards religion becomes more flexible in the postmodern period, it is observed that religion has lost its former aouthority and integrity. In this context, the God-Human relationship also seems to have changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamophobia, which expresses hatred and opposition towards Islam and Muslims, constitutes one of the significant international and national problems that Muslims are exposed to today. Islamophobia, which continues to feed on the opposition between East and West in the historical process, has started to increase its influence in Western countries, especially after the September 11 incident. On the other hand, the Islamophobic view, fueled by prejudice, discrimination, and hostility, has also begun to appear in countries where the vast majority of the population consists of Muslims, such as Turkey, and there has been an increase in Islamophobic actions and discourses in social/ political and economic spheres. These actions and behaviors in question usually find media coverage with a narrative style in which Muslims are excluded, marginalized, discriminated against, and criticized. This expression bears the traces of a self-orientalist perspective and causes Islamophobia to be internalized as a global problem. This research also focuses on the Islamophobic discourse produced by the visual media in Turkey. In this context, the study also aims to identify Islamophobic narratives that carry a self-orientalist view in the television series "Kizilcik Serbeti" sample. In the study, which includes questions about how Islam and Muslims are represented, what concepts they are framed with, and what form of expression they are presented with, the qualitativeoriented content analysis method, which allows exploring the meanings in visual content, was preferred. As a result of the examination, it was determined that the series internalizes orientalist discourses and produces contents /narratives that may lead to Islam/Muslim hostility, contributing to the production of negative language about Islam and Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the social sciences, the use of past elements in the present is methodologically controversial. The dynamics of the temporal present is a process that extends from the past to the present but is subject to a certain ordering and selection. This article aims to examine this ordering and selection through the concepts of chronology and whiggism. Chronology is conceptually the ordering of past time. It also has a conceptual process where the idea of progress intersects with the beginning of the calendar culture based on the Christian tradition. The function and necessity of chronology for social sciences, which has two components including continuity and point moment, is discussed. The other concept of the article, whiggism, is a time problem in which the past is abstracted and interpreted in such a way as to give the present certain inferences. Whiggism is defined as a time problem because of the claim that it is possible to see the present in the past and to recognize the roots of the present in the past. The article examines the political background of whiggism and draws attention to its dominant role in the formation of the present in historiography. Ultimately, the article aims to reveal the possibility of labeling the chronological sequences used in the social sciences as whiggistic from a methodological perspective. In this context, the possibility of moving away from chronology is discussed. With qualitative time change content, the article puts forward a suggestion of cairological time as a proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamophobia, which can most clearly be defined as anti-Islamism and hatred, is a current problem that has been studied in detail in many fields from sociology to politics, psychology to international relations, but its theological dimension has mostly been ignored. Therefore, the idea that Islamophobia has a theological dimension at its origin and then transformed into a socio-cultural and industrial form in the historical process is a subject worth examining. The Islamic civilization, which emerged from a relatively ineffective region and tribe in the era in which it emerged, soon challenged Christian Rome. The rapid spread of Islam in the areas dominated by Christianity and its determination to shake the foundations of the Christian faith led Christianity to see Islam as an important rival, and this rivalry continued throughout history. The Christian Western world, which for many years was in conflict with pagan culture, with the Jews, then with itself, and eventually with Islam, brought the religious wars it waged in the Middle Ages to the scientific world with orientalism, and updated and institutionalized anti-Islamism with the concept of Islamophobia. John of Damascus, who formed the first theological foundations of the concept of Islamophobia, created an important line of tension and rupture between Christians and Muslims with his works. John of Damascus, who was active in the 8th century when important debates took place, was the first important figure who caused the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Islam to be perceived negatively during the Middle Ages. The Christian-Islamic debates, which started with John and took shape on polemics, served as a source for many theologians in the following centuries. Islam and Christianity have largely spread in the same geography. Muslims conquered Jerusalem, Spain and Istanbul, which are important for the Christian world, and reached the gates of Vienna to reach Rome, the spiritual centre of the Christian world. The challenges that the Christian era ended with the coming of Islam and that divine salvation is only in Islam constituted the theo-political origin of Islamophobia. That is why, for most of the Middle Ages, Islam was seen as a symbol of mortal danger, and this approach has been maintained until today. One of the main reasons why Christianity has targeted Islam since the early times is their belief that both Christianity and Islam will take over the world from each other. Especially the rapid spread of Islam through conquests and its reach to very distant geographies increased these fears of Christians in the Middle Ages over time. Today, this situation has not changed; on the contrary, Islam has continued to spread despite all the negative propaganda. The historical fears of the Western World that the nearly two billion Muslim community will wake up from a deep sleep of several hundred years, become stronger again, erode European values, destroy Western civilization and establish an Islamic order, reveals the hostility to Islam in their subconscious. For, according to the Christian West, the main source of motivation behind the conquering understanding of Muslims since their early times is the relationship they established between Islam's very strong belief in a single god and the vision of political domination. Muslims' establishment of a new civilization focused on science, philosophy, art and thought, together with their political power, was perceived as a socio-cultural threat, and theological prejudices played a decisive role in the formation of this situation. Therefore, we think that comprehensive studies should be conducted on the theological roots of Islamophobia, and that such studies will contribute to social awareness that the main problem when dealing with Islamophobia is not the East-West conflict, but anti- Islamism (the reality/phenomenon), which is a reflection of the historical subconscious of the Christian world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the change in the discourses of women and ideal women, which played central roles in the Tanzimat Era, 2nd Constitutional Period, and Early Republican period in Turkey. In the article, the purpose is to deal with the change of women in education, work, family life, and daily life in these three periods in a holistic and continuity relation. For this reason, the historical sociology approach, which analyzes long-term historical and social transformations in a holistic manner without neglecting macro and micro interactions, was used in the study. Many sources from different disciplines were used in the study because the article focused on the issue of women, which is at the intersection of many disciplines. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the education of women was taken into the center because of the role of raising future generations in all three periods and a family-oriented women’s discourse was developed. In terms of the participation of women in social life, a different road map was drawn after the proclamation of the Republic, and women who practiced their professions with Western clothing became the symbol of the Republic. Although each of the three periods was similar in terms of the education and family roles of women, the Ottoman new woman, who was formulated as a good Muslim, good mother, and a good wife, evolved into a good mother, good wife, good citizen woman in the Republican Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature is a branch of art that deals with people, life, in other words, society. Sociology, on the other hand, has emerged as a branch of science that analyzes society. The fact that its sources are basically human and society has brought these two fields closer to each other and even led to the emergence of an independent discipline called sociology of literature. The sociology of literature has completed its historical development over a long period of time, allowing researchers to benefit from this field in literary criticism and sociological studies. Memduh Şevket Esendal is a prominent writer in Turkish literature of the Republican Period, especially with his stories. However, the novel Ayaşlı ile Kiracıları (Ayaşlı and his Tenants) proved the author's success in this genre as well. The novel deals with the lives of people who come together randomly in an apartment building. Through these characters, the moral degeneration in society is expressed. Although it is thought that the author adopts an impartial attitude while dealing with the subject, the disasters that befall the corrupt heroes in the novel suggest that the villains are consciously punished. In this respect, the novel is deemed worthy of sociological analysis. In this study, Memduh Şevket Esendal's novel Ayaşlı ile Kiracıları (Ayaşlı and his Tenants) is analyzed with a sociological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of social life and the radical social changes experienced have led to the emergence of many social problems. Societies have undergone various changes over time and therefore their structures and functions have changed. Along with these changes, social problems have also changed in terms of type and quality. It can be stated that the only thing that has not changed in this regard is sociology's interest in social problems. One of the important research areas of today's sociologists is social problems. In this study, firstly, it was tried to clarify what the social problem is, and then from the basic concepts of social problems; The concepts of deviant behavior, social disintegration, and institutional crises are mentioned. In order to understand the subject in all its aspects, it has been examined how functionalist, confrontational and interactionist approaches, which are among the basic approaches to social problems, deal with social problems. In addition, this study has been completed by examining the issues that should be considered in the analysis of social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Şerif Mardin, one of Turkey's leading social scientists, has made important contributions to the field of social sciences with his original studies in the fields of political science, history, sociology and sociology of religion. A lot of research has been done about Mardin, which mainly offers analysis of religion and sociology of religion in his works. However, his methodological approaches to the sociology of religion have not been studied specifically, except for a limited number of studies. Therefore, this article aims to examine Mardin's methodological contributions to Turkish sociology of religion, based on such a need. In this context; Mardin's books, articles, presentations, interviews with him and various studies about him were used. In particular, his works within the scope of the sociology of religion were focused on, and the methodological approaches in these studies were analyzed with a critical view. According to the results, it has been seen that historical background analysis, interdisciplinary approach and understanding sociology have an important place in Mardin's methodology for social sciences in general and sociology of religion in particular. Mardin has also benefited a lot from conceptual tools to understand society. In addition, he presented multi-layered and in-depth analyzes that consider the background, continuity and integrity of the subject, rather than simple evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily life is a social reality that individuals construct through their mutual relationships and interactions. This reality has become one of the areas of interest for micro-theories that constitute the contemporary sociology paradigm in recent years. This study field, which is called the sociology of everyday life, is the subject of many theoretical or empirical sociological studies. However, daily life is not only a field of interest to sociologists, but also a field that other social scientists explore. Some of the studies that take this field or reality into account have been dealt with on the axis of religious belief that organizes or directs daily life in many ways. In this context, the aim of the study is to make a general assessment of the religion oriented daily life studies carried out in all fields of social sciences in Turkey between the years 1992-2022. When the religion oriented everyday life studies are examined; it has been determined that the relationship between daily life and religion has been covered in the frame of topics and concepts such as social relations, social stratification, modernization, secularization, consumption habits, media and folk beliefs. On the other hand, it has been realized that there is a need for sociological studies dealing with whether there is a relationship between the patterns of stereotyped behaviours or actions that are repeated every day in daily life and the reasons behind them and religious beliefs as well as what kind of relationship takes place between religious values and the places where social and cultural activities are carried out and the ways they are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As social media has become an intensive part of human lives, the concept of privacy has become an actual question again. Due to security measures, it has become the norm to be monitored by surveillance cameras at many moments of life or to collect private information in data stores. Such normalization has facilitated the adaptation of the network society to the transparent, visible, public lifestyle offered by social media, and despite the violation of privacy, posting a status is implemented. The influence of every new technological device on human life is a reality that has been observed throughout history. Mobile smartphones, which have become a part of everyday life with the network society, and social media applications that can be used through these phones regardless of time and place have created new behavioral patterns in their users. Special situations, hidden from strangers in society and met with sanctions such as shaming, condemnation, and exclusion, because their disclosure is not welcomed, have become easily presented to the public eye. This shows that privacy has expanded among social media users, who constitute a large part of society. From this point of view, in this study, whether WhatsApp status-sharing feature, which allows sharing photos and short videos, transforms privacy, and creates new behavioral patterns for its users, was examined with a relational screening model. Academic studies on the impact of social media on the understanding of privacy have recently gained intensity, but research has yet to be found on the WhatsApp status-sharing feature, which makes this research important. The study aims to participate in the discussions in the literature on the concept of privacy and social media, which has become an actual question again, and to contribute to the literature by addressing the discussion in the context of the WhatsApp status-sharing feature. From the analysis results, it was concluded that new behavioral patterns merged in users, the understanding of privacy changed, and the scope of the concept expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the change in the discourses of women and ideal women, which played central roles in the Tanzimat Era, 2nd Constitutional Period, and Early Republican period in Turkey. In the article, the purpose is to deal with the change of women in education, work, family life, and daily life in these three periods in a holistic and continuity relation. For this reason, the historical sociology approach, which analyzes long-term historical and social transformations in a holistic manner without neglecting macro and micro interactions, was used in the study. Many sources from different disciplines were used in the study because the article focused on the issue of women, which is at the intersection of many disciplines. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the education of women was taken into the center because of the role of raising future generations in all three periods and a family-oriented women's discourse was developed. In terms of the participation of women in social life, a different road map was drawn after the proclamation of the Republic, and women who practiced their professions with Western clothing became the symbol of the Republic. Although each of the three periods was similar in terms of the education and family roles of women, the Ottoman new woman, who was formulated as a good Muslim, good mother, and a good wife, evolved into a good mother, good wife, good citizen woman in the Republican Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New religious movements in almost all societies, especially in the USA and Western countries, are attracting attention with their rapid increase day by day. New religious movements are classified according to their origins, singleness or doubleness, and their view of the world. As E. Durkheim pointed out, the cause of one social event is another social event. As a social protest movement, many factors such as social, cultural, religious, economic can be mentioned in manifestation of new religious movements. Secularism, modernism, postmodernism, laicism, economy, globalization, social change, lack of religious knowledge etc. are the dominant concepts that are directly related to the new religious movements. In a different way, there is an extremely intricate and complex causal relationship between these phenomena and the emergence of new religious movements. Considering that these relations take place within the principle of mutual interaction, it is understood that the issue is extremely comprehensive and pushes the boundaries of research in this aspect. For this reason, only a few of the factors mentioned in our study have been pointed out. Factors such as modernism, postmodernism, secularism, globalization, exclusivity, inclusiveness, religious pluralism, social change, a sense of deprivation, laicity, economics, indifference to religion and lack of religious knowledge among them were focused on and the necessary discussions were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on the question of which factors some rural spaces build and eliminate existing social relations. Specifically, the social functions of places such as bridges, caravan roads, police offices, madrasah, watermills, and dams are focused subjects. It is examined how these spaces bring social groups together, how they are separated, and how they affect the displacement of these groups. On the other hand, the differences between the rural space stand out with its cultural aspects, and the urban space stands out with its economic aspects are emphasized. A qualitative research design is used in this ethnographic study, which lasted more than a year. The study is limited to a certain number of places in the villages of Siirt and Batman. In this context, 35 villages in Batman and 37 villages in Siirt are visited. In these villages, a total of 72 people of different ages, genders, and occupations are interviewed. The participants are determined using the purposive sampling technique. Interviews are conducted with the participants using semi-structured interview forms. The obtained data are analyzed using the content analysis technique. As a result of the findings, it is concluded that the spaces in rural areas are consumed in a cultural sense, just like the urban spaces. Moreover, it is observed that some rural spaces, unlike urban spaces, provide individuals with new behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book titled “Diaries of Sociology” was penned by Dr. Necdet Subaşı and published under the authority of Mahya Press in 2018. Its first edition was published in 2018 and it consists of 41 different articles that have been scripted through the years by Subaşı. In other words, all of the articles placed in this book were presented as collected works. Basically, it is seen that the author evaluates certain issues that societies, face at our present. The articles were written between 2007-2017, and they discuss several issues concerning the concept of family, the nature of religious groups, the relationship between politics and religion, and figures of the religious leader. As the author played a significant role as a moderator during the workshops about Alevi Studies, his writings, on these topics, are very valuable. Having written that religion and language have an influence on the formation of identity as much as each other, Subaşı underlined the importance and role of religion and language in the protection of their Turkish identity for those Turks who lived in a “diaspora”. In this book, he also makes some assertations regarding the position of the role of religion in Turkish modernization in the manner of religion and politics. Additionally, in the last chapter of his book, the exploitation of faith by a terrorist organization during the coup attempt in 2016 is mentioned. Then the weakness of the men working under the service of Religious affairs or departments of Theology who are supposed to sense the danger earlier and warn society was highlighted. Thus, it is necessary to remind at this point that a genuine work of Necdet Subaşı titled "Sosyoloji Günlükleri" contributed academic environment primarily related to the field of Sociology of Religion as it reveals the relations between religion and society in the sense of a sociological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beliren yetişkinlik, çocukluk, gençlik, yetişkinlik ve yaşlılık gibi yaşam dönemlerine eklenen yeni bir kategoridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, beliren yetişkinlerin din anlayışlarını tespit edecek bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Çalışma kapsamında internet üzerinden, 18-29 yaş aralığındaki 637 kişiye kolayda ve kartopu örnekleme yoluyla ulaşılmıştır. Ölçek geliştirmede yapı geçerliliği için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmıştır. İlk olarak KMO değerinin,937; Bartlett Küresellik Testi sonucunun ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuç verdiği görülmüştür. Açımlayıcı faktör analizleri sonucunda 23 maddeli ve dört faktörlü bir yapıya ulaşılmıştır. Tüm ölçeğin açıkladığı varyans yüzde 56,874 olmuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları ise şu şekilde gerçekleşmiştir: ki kare/sd değeri (CMIN/SD) 2,989 (mükemmel uyum); RMSEA değeri 0,056 (iyi uyum); GFI değeri 0,916 (iyi uyum); AGFI değeri 0,894 (zayıf uyum); RMR değeri 0,080 (iyi uyum); CFI değeri 0,931 (iyi uyum). Bu sonuçlara göre, uyum indeksleri yeterliliğini sağlayan 23 madde ve dört faktörlü ölçek yapısı doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenilirlik analizi sonuçları (Cronbach Alfa) ise şöyledir: Faktör 1 = 0,899; Faktör 2 = 0,775; Faktör 3 = 0,544 ve Faktör 4 = 0,813. Ölçeğin alt boyutları; Seküler-Mesafeli Din Anlayışı, Muhafazakâr-Geleneksel Din Anlayışı, Mistik-Özcü Din Anlayışı, Kurumsal-Aidiyete Dayalı Din Anlayışı olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ölçeğin beliren yetişkinlerin din anlayışını ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu görülmüştür. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of sociology, the concepts of education and power are closely related with each other. Throughout the history, these two concepts have been discussed by many thinkers in different contexts. Our aim, in this article, is to reveal what kind of relationship Foucault and Nietzsche put forward between education and power. Nietzsche comprehends the notion of will to power to comprehend the power dynamics in education. He considers government initiatives pertaining to education as means of self-maintenance. The specialization, which is tried to be revealed through education, does not eliminate the mediocre condition of man, on the contrary, it causes him/her to become a member of a mass. He contends that raising the upper class should follow a culturally grounded approach. According to the epistemology of society, facts imposed by the power constitute society. Nietzsche argues that education politicizes people and transform them into tools used by those in positions of power to uphold their social order. Power, in Foucault's view, employs the human body as an instrument. Everywhere an individual goes, power follows. Through surveillance, the power continuously gains access to the individual's knowledge, ensuring that the person is under their control. The gathering and use of this information is the cornerstone of education. It articulates power and knowledge in an effort to rule people using the laws it has created inside the cycle of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child brides are expressed with the concepts of early marriages and forced marriages. Child bride marriages are marriages formed by girls before they complete their physical and psychological development. The phenomenon of marriage is a conceptualization of adulthood. However, the fact that the adult marriage phenomenon is experienced by children has allowed the definition of child to be considered. In particular, the modernization process has enabled the definition of child to be made more clearly, improving the education conditions of girls, extending the education period and inclusion of girls in economic life. Most importantly, the relationship between mother-child mortality risk and child bride marriages has been clearly demonstrated. The developments have enabled the child bride phenomenon to be defined as a social problem. In this study, it was tried to determine the socio-cultural reasons of the child bride phenomenon. Literature searches were made. Since the study is considered as a special and detailed subject, it was prepared as a qualitative research. In-depth interview technique was used in the study. The sample is limited to 25 people who are child brides in Elazig region. The data were analyzed in the MAXQDA/2020 qualitative research program. The reasons for early marriages were analyzed into categories and subcategories. In the research, it was concluded that many factors such as lack of education, poverty, rural life, domestic violence, abuse events, gender discrimination, belief, destiny, honor, traditional and cultural structure are effective in child bride marriages. With the belief that it will contribute to the literature, the importance of the subject has been emphasized and suggestions have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociology, a discipline nearly 200 years old, dates back to 1914. The year that sociology was started to be taught in Dârülfünun is very significant for the institutionalization of sociology. However, sociological thought began penetrating the Ottoman world with the Tanzimat Era. Sociology, which was seen as an important tool in the solution of social problems in the disintegration of the Empire, was quickly adopted; circles of intellectuals that adopted different sociological perspectives emerged. Among these circles, the group formed in Thessaloniki between 1910 and 1912 made important contributions to the emergence of the discipline of sociology in terms of methodical knowledge production about society. Although Thessaloniki was a significant place in the development of Turkish sociological thought, it has not been adequately discussed. In this context, the study first reveals the social, economic, and political features that make Thessaloniki an intellectual center, discusses the intellectual milieu in the city, and then focuses on the sociological interest of The Thessaloniki Circle, and lastly evaluates the sociological thoughts that emerged in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media has an important place in terms of its effects on social life. The power to influence social life is directly proportional to the technological-discursive capacity of the media. The study aims to measure the reputation attributed to communication tools in the social field based on the capacity of the media. Accordingly, it also aims to discover reputation of media in the constituent generations and cultural capital through level of education. In addition, the differentiation of reputation scores of televisions, internet, newspaper, and social media according to generations has been examined. The data used in the study were taken from a research project supported by TUBITAK. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 4840 participants in 12 cities selected according to the first level of Turkish Statistical Regional Units Classification (NUTS1). Sampling representation power was increased through gender and age quota proportional allocation in the study. As per the findings, television and the internet received highest reputation scores followed by social media and newspapers. Generation and educational levels have been affected by media reputation scores. Each generation places more value on the popular media of its time. This situation is evaluated as a reflection of all kinds of likes or preferences shaped by the generation. As the level of education increases, people move away from the old media and gives a predisposition of how to use the media. The statistical data has been analysed through sociological interpretations in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prophets are sent in environments of conflict and chaos. Equipped with obligatory attributes such as reason, intelligence, good morals, trust, virtue and notification, features such as divine order, leadership, charismatic authority, effective rhetoric; Thanks to lofty purposes such as forbidding evil, calling for good and aiming at human happiness, they fight falsehood with the revelation and help of Allah and re-establish the right. Although the prophets are supported by miracles, they primarily act within the framework of Sunnatullah in their invitation and fulfilling their duties. For this reason, they make every effort, take precautions, resort to human means, in short, take social reality into account. However, the appropriateness of the current political, economic, religious and social conditions supports the prophets in fulfilling their mission and accelerates the positive process. For example, the political, religious and social structure in Mecca is extremely corrupt; The fact that people were in conflict, competition and unrest had increased the number of those who wanted to get rid of this order and accelerated the expectation for a savior. When the events such as the migration and the conquest of Mecca are evaluated by considering these historical conditions and background, more accurate interpretations can be reached. However, the fact that the Messenger of Allah realized a more faith-based revolution in Mecca, and in Medina, he succeeded in a restructuring movement in the form of a city-state where he could apply the Islamic rules, in sociology, the roles of “selective affinity” and “compatibility”, which means that the needs and goals of both groups that would come into solidarity, match each other should not be overlooked. This article aims to make a sociological evaluation based on examples from the early Islamic history that the Islamic revolution carried out by the Prophet in 23 years and prophethood life had an important role in the conformity of physical, social, historical and geographical conditions as well as divine assistance. For this, first of all, establishment of a city state in Medina by the Prophet and his success in the Islamic revolution will be evaluated through the concept of charismatic authority that the Prophet has and was named by Max Weber. Our study is limited to Age of Bliss in the context of selective affinity-harmony and charisma concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qur’an speaks of the fact that as fitrah (nature) is clear; it is convenient to accept the truth and to learn it. Underlining the fact that good morals can be possessed by protecting the fitrah, Qur’an gives warnings stating that the contrary situation would bring chronic sociological, psychological, economical, legal, financial and ethics problems in its wake. Qur’an addresses that, a man created on fitrah can have good morals via education and teaching, and it presents the Prophet as a model to this. Qur’an remarks that education and teaching firstly starts with belief, and requires its believers to obey all of the principles, set forth in the book, without compromise. It is clear that such a life is a programmed and disciplined one. In this education, where honesty and justice is taken as the basis, the rights and remedies of others are as important as one’s own. Actually, it is seen that every unit of the universe pedagogically performs an active function in every stage of education and teaching. Humanity is educated and accustomed to live a disciplined life through the facts that the moon teaches people the months, the numbers and calculation of years via its phases, and the sun determines days, nights and daytime via sunrise and sunset, and the times of prayer via its moving stages during the day. This is, therefore, a reality of pedagogy covering the fields of psychology, sociology, procedure and ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research mainly examines the importance of the intersected places that are crucial in the daily life of young migrants from a sociological perspective. This group is different from other migrant groups because they are both in transition from childhood to adulthood and the changes in the routine of the host country. As a theoretical discussion, this paper examines intertwined places in their daily life and looks at their migration experiences by adding a spatiality perspective. To cover all dimensions and understand better youth experiences, which are underestimated in migration studies, youth migrant identity will be examined by focusing mainly on four different intersected places that are education (training centers or universities), home, workplace, and street/ public space. Their encounters there and their various experiences of them by combining with their backgrounds produce translocational positionalities in their everyday life. As a result, different from other researches, by examining the interconnected dynamics of many locations, this study helps to comprehend the experiences of young migrants from a holistic viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema, which was included in social life as an art and entertainment tool at the end of the 19th century, gained a mass dimension in a short time. Cinema, which was the most preferred entertainment tool for the middle and lower classes in that period, also caused anxiety and worries in some social segments. Especially conservative social groups claimed that crime, violence, sexuality, alcohol and cigarette consumption were represented in an encouraging way in movies. As these concerns deepened and became widespread, public and non-governmental organizations had to take some steps in this regard. In the United States, between 1929 and 1932, a research series called Motion Pictures and Youth: The Payne Fund Studies was conducted in cooperation with the Motion Picture Research Council and the Payne Research and Experiment Fund, focusing on the effects of cinema on the behavior of children and youth. The results of this research series have been published in twelve reports. According to the results of the research, cinema has turned into an important tool in the formation of attitudes and behaviors of children and young people, and cinema causes behavioral disorders and sleep problems in children. After the reports of the research were published, heavy censorship policies were implemented in the United States of America. This series, which is one of the most comprehensive and influential studies in the history of film studies, has also inspired many researches in the following periods. Our study, which focuses on Payne Fund Studies within the framework of paradigm, method, content and results, is a descriptive study based on literature review and aims to contribute to the sociology of cinema by increasing the visibility of Payne Fund Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]