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Ireland has been a full member of the European Union since 1973. As a member state of the EU, Ireland plays an important role in the formation of European policies and decision-making that affect the development of the European Union. Ireland perceives the European integration process as an opportunity to strengthen the economy and raise the standard of living of its citizens. Over the years of membership in the EU, Ireland has received significant support and financial assistance from the European Union, which has enabled a number of economic and social reforms to be implemented. Slovenia is a small country in Southern Europe that joined the European Union in 2004, along with other Central and Eastern European countries. As a member of the EU, Slovenia has the right to participate in all its programs and initiatives, as well as to influence decision-making within the EU. The country adopted the euro as its currency in 2007. Slovenia has a high level of development and is one of the best EU countries in terms of living standards. The country also exports goods such as automobiles, electronics, engineering, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Slovenia also has a developed tourism industry. The paper compares the economic development of Ireland and Slovenia in the context of the European Union. Ireland has a more developed economy that provides high GDP growth rates, large amounts of investment and stable exports of goods and services. On the other hand, Slovenia has a less developed economy, with a lower rate of GDP growth, but with a higher level of employment and less dependence on foreign exports. The article also examines the peculiarities of the economic policy of each country, in particular, the role of the state in stimulating economic growth and attractiveness for investors. The study indicates that Ireland successfully implemented a strategy of attracting foreign investment and creating favorable conditions for business, which contributed to the rapid development of the country's economy. In turn, Slovenia focused on developing the domestic market and supporting small and medium-sized businesses. The history of economic development of each country and their current economic indicators, such as GDP, unemployment, investment, etc., are analyzed. The key factors that helped each country achieve success in economic development are identified. The problems and unique challenges that these countries face in terms of regional problems affecting the EU are considered. Overall, the article provides useful information about the economic development of Ireland and Slovenia, their characteristics and the factors that contributed to their economic development in the context of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the latest trends in road length and as a consequence of freight traffic volumes, as well as their relation to socio-economic and infrastructure variables in the case of two neighboring countries: Poland and Ukraine. This analysis refers to the period 2005-2018, so the years affected by the global economic crisis, which peak is in 2009, are taken into account. This investigation shows that not all countries surveyed demonstrate a strong link between freight flow and GDP, as might be expected from well-consolidated experience and research. In addition, other relationships are investigated with mixed results between freight volumes and expansion of rail and road networks, as well as oil prices. Along with such basic fields as industry, construction, trade and agriculture, transport occupies an important place in the Ukrainian economy. Basic industries participate in the creation of gross domestic product and national income, create a guarantee of the country's integrity, its economic independence and national security. At the same time, transport has a special role, as it delivers manufactured products to consumers and thereby completes the production process. Therefore, in the conditions of developing market relations, it is important to determine the role and place of transport in the country's economy. At all stages of economy development, transport meets the needs of its industries and population in the rapid movement of goods and passengers. With the development of market relations, the problem of compliance with the terms of movement defined by the customer of transportation is particularly important. The main feature of transport is the intangible nature of products. Transport ensures the normal functioning of production and non-production sectors of economy, meets the needs of population and, therefore, is a serving industry. Hence its specific role is ensuring (indirectly) the growth of social product and national income and improving the work of industries that produce material products. This role includes timely delivery of the required products from the manufacturer to consumers, reduction of the loss of products and raw materials, decrease of the delivery time of material means in transport, improvement of transport services for the population by their fast delivery in comfortable conditions. At the same time, transport acts both as a consumer and as an employer, as it uses vehicles, fuel and other products of various sectors of the economy, as well as labor resources. The pace of transport development should be slightly ahead of the need for goods and passengers transporting. Transport reserves are considered to be the most appropriate types of reserves, since the lack of the ability of goods and passengers movement is a serious brake in the economy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urgency of the research. In recent years, the Ukrainian economy has been characterized by instability of financial and economic indicators of its development, significant influence of environmental factors and the volatility of the political situation in the country. This leads to a slowdown in economic development, social tensions in the country and an exacerbation of the economic crisis. In these conditions it is important to constantly monitor the dynamics of changes in the main indicators that determine the state of economic development, timely application of preventive measures to minimize the negative impact of its main destabilizers. Target setting. The lack of an effective toolkit to ensure macroeconomic equilibrium in the country and a set of indicators for its assessment necessitates the development of an integrated macroeconomic stability indicator and its use in further state economic policy. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Some aspects of assessing the level of macroeconomic stability were investigated in the scientific works by O. Baranovsky, A. Belousova, I. Kanсir, A. Klimova, O. Rozhko and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. To date, issues of assessing macroeconomic stability require more systematic and thorough research. In the scientific literature, there are many approaches to assessing some aspects of macroeconomic stability, while there are no thorough complex approaches to determining its integral value. The research objective. The main objective of the study is to benchmark existing approaches to determining macroeconomic stability. The statement of basic materials. The main indicators of macroeconomic stability of the country are presented in the paper, their horizontal analysis is carried out. Conclusions. The results of the study conclude that the stability of the national economy is a complex concept, a thorough research of which is crucial at the stage of strategic and tactical planning of key vectors of national economy development. A significant impact of macroeconomic stability on GDP in the country is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The article is devoted to the essence and features of the formation of personal income tax gaps. The object of the paper is 1795 publications indexed in the Scopus database on the tax gaps in the national economy. The time horizon of the study was in 1935—2021. On the basis of bibliometric analysis, the main directions of the study of tax gaps are determine, the trend of changing the number of publications on this issue is analyzed. It is concluded that the theory of tax gap management is quite young and is currently only in its infancy. By the VOSViewer tools, five patterns of frequency of use of keywords in scientific works devoted to the issues of forming tax gaps have been identified, their connection with other economic categories have been determined. The analysis of the publications indexed in the Scopus database on a geographical basis is carried out. Clustering international research networks based on bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on the theory of tax gaps management by geographical location have been done. The article identifies the top Scientific Journals indexed by the Scopus database in which the issues of tax gap management were published most often. According to the Scopus database the most popular theories within this problem are: social theories, inequality and tax morality, management and motivation theories, sustainable development theory, production theory, concepts of fiscal policy implementation. A methodical approach to the assessment of tax gaps for personal income tax is proposed. The personal income tax gaps for Ukraine and European Union countries has been estimated. An average volume of personal income tax gaps within 7—28 %, and there is no positive dynamics in its reducing. The countries with the highest volume of personal income tax gaps include Greece, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Turkey, with the lowest — Germany, Belgium, Latvia, Luxembourg. Based on the Multiple regressions test, the hypothesis about the significant impact of tax gaps on personal income tax on the country’s economic development indicators was tested. Graphical interpretation of the link between the personal income tax gap and GDP for Ukraine and European Union countries indicates a negative correlation between them. Keywords: tax gap, shadow economy, tax evasion, GDP, economic development, state policy. JEL Classification E60, E63, C23 Formulas: 1; fig.: 4; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 17.

Copyright of Marketing & Management of Innovations / Marketing ì Menedžment Ìnnovacìj is the property of Sumy State University, Department of Marketing & Management of Innovative Activity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is the continuation of a series of publications in recent years concerning Ukrainian migration abroad. This paper presents the results of research concerning the personal remittances sent to Ukraine from abroad during the period 1996-2016, using data from the World Bank. The paper also shows a comparison between personal remittances sent to Ukraine and the total Gross Domestic Product of Ukraine (data from Trading Economics) in the period from 2007 to 2016. The following stages of research were used: conducting a survey among ex-Ukrainian labor migrants and the children of current labor migrants in the Ternopil region of Ukraine about the effective use of personal remittances sent into the country from abroad; analysis of benefits for the socio-economic development of Ukraine gained from the personal remittances of Ukrainians; drawing conclusions about the importance of remittances for families of Ukrainian labor migrants, for the state and for the general socio-economic development of the country in general. Conclusions. The remittances of Ukrainian immigrants and the Ukrainian Diaspora from abroad to Ukraine are unquestionably important for the socio-economic development of the country, but these are only the transfers received through bank institutions, in fact, nobody knows the real amount of money transfers of immigrants to the country. The importance of the remittances for the families of the labor migrants is a very significant because sometimes they are the only source of survival for the families of the labor migrants. In these cases, the remittances enable the families of the labor migrants to survive in conditions of unemployment or low salaries at a time of high living expenses, or permit them to enjoy a higher standard of living in Ukraine. Ukrainians also use the remittances from abroad to buy or build houses for them and their families and educate children in universities. The importance of the remittances for the socio-economic development of Ukraine is also very high because they can be used as investments for the opening of small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine. Thanks to the remittances from abroad, some of families of Ukrainian labor immigrants and ex-labor immigrants can open legal businesses in Ukraine or invest money in various projects for Ukraine, such as solar panels, with the aim of aiding the socio-economic development of Ukraine.

Current trends in economic development of most countries highlight the need to improve existing tools for their economic growth and sustainable development. An important aspect in this direction is the implementation of the policy of de-shadowing of the economy. The article analyzes the current world trends in the functioning of the shadow economy, identifies the most common schemes of shadow capital withdrawal and approaches to their classification. The systematization of the existing methodical approaches to the assessment of the level of shadowing of the economy is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are determined. The expediency of developing a unified approach to estimating the volume of shadow financial flows, which is based on taking into account the multi-channel schemes of shadow capital outflow, is substantiated. An integral aspect of the functioning of Ukraine's economy in recent years is the shadow sector. Modern business conditions, characterized by instability of economic development indicators, variability of internal and external environment, serve as an additional stimulus to the transition of economic entities into the shadows or the use of various schemes of concealment of income within the legitimate field of their activity. In an effort to maximize their income, businesses are increasingly carrying out shady financial transactions. Therefore, the search for the main directions of improving the effectiveness of state policy to de-shadow the economy is an important scientific task in the context of macroeconomic instability of the country and the low level of its economic security. The aim of the article is to investigate current trends in the functioning of the shadow economy and to conduct a comparative analysis of methodological approaches to assessing its level. The paper analyzes the current world trends in the functioning of the shadow economy, identifies the most common schemes of shadow capital withdrawal and approaches to their classification. The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that there is a significant variety of schemes for the shadow withdrawal of funds, the number of which is growing every year. The use of new forms of entrepreneurial activity, digitalization of the economy often only deepen the existing imbalances in the economy and leads to the emergence of nontraditional (digital shadow economy) schemes of income concealment. The presence of already ineffective mechanisms to counteract the shadowing of the economy also does not contribute to the emergence of economic entities from the shadows. One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of a unified effective and objective methodological approach to assessing the level of the shadow economy, and therefore complete information about the actual volume of shadow financial flows in the country. The systematization of the existing methodical approaches to the assessment of the level of shadow economy is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are determined. The priority task in the direction of de-shadowing of the economy is to develop an adequate approach to assessing the level of the shadow economy, which is based on all potential schemes of income concealment and identify priority measures to combat shadow capital flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financial & Credit Activity: Problems of Theory & Practice is the property of University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article. The aim of the article is justification of prospects of further innovative development of economies of three countries of the South Caucasus. The results of the analysis. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the South Caucasus countries have found their place in the capitalist world economy as peripheral states. However, all three states in the region have their own economic structural features and differences, both in terms of their current situation and prospects in terms of economic development. In this paper, key features and prospects of economic development are analyzed and identified. In terms of economic prospects the opportunities and challenges of participation in the South Caucasus countries and the Eurasian Customs Unions are discussesed. In the last years the South Caucasian countries showed rather high rates of economic growth, but the level of economic development of their economy is low. Economic systems of those countries are characterized with a number of structural imbalances and problems. In Azerbaijan economic growth was provided at the expense of increase of oil's production and export. In Georgia and Armenia economic growth was provided at the expense of external financing that stimulated consumer demand, growth in building sector and in sectors of services. Nowadays economies of the South Caucasian countries have been practically exhausted opportunities of extensive growth. In Azerbaijan the oil boom will come to the end soon. In Armenia and Georgia quite high shortage level of the current account remains and both countries have rather big external debt. In the conditions of world economy growth deterioration, especially in Russia, volumes of foreign trade and streams of money transfers will be reduce. It will negatively affect the prospects of their economic growth. All countries of the region need some new markets and strategic investments. The Customs Union represents an attempt to make high-quality break in the integration direction. But the raw model of economy in Russia is an objective obstacle for integration of economies of the countries of region with it. Conclusions and directions of further researches. If in some ways membership in the Customs Union is favourable for Azerbaijan economy (with strong export and transit economy), it will cause damage to Georgian and Armenian economies which depend on import, for example higher tariffs will be put; countries will lose an autonomy in decision-making in questions of international trade. Participation in the Customs Union will lead to narrowing of prospects of the countries of the region in the European direction. And it can encourage the countries of region to closer integration with EU or with other semi-peripheral countries of Eurasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economy of Industry is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of the Economy of Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Is there a relation between wealth and human nature? Can the Delphic maxim "know thyself” (γνῶθι σεαυτὸν) help us decide whether or not to be affluent and wealthy? And if so: how rich? Human beings, says Aristotle, can only use and benefit from a limited amount of goods and services. The very rich have more than they need; the poor are in need because they have the minimum required to live, or even less. Only in the ‘middle’ do we find those who enjoy ‘true wealth’. Any society should search to increase the number of persons who possess enough and therefore are ‘truly wealthy’. Every human being should have what one needs. To achieve a ‘truly rich’ ‘middle class’ (Aristotle) rather than aspiring to increase its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita GDP or income equality in terms of a normal distribution a country must solve the welfare problem of its population. That means it must end with the food, health, education, employment, and other such gaps. This paper argues that the hierarchical stratification of the contemporary Mexican society that favors an outrageously rich minority could renew its social order with the understanding of two Aristotelian categories: attainment of ‘real wealth’ for large ‘middle class’. This would allow Mexico to become a member of the developed world by turning into a mostly middle class country.

Objectives The main aim of the paper was to indicate correlation between the economic situation in Poland and the volume of transport of agribusiness sector products. Material and methods Secondary sources were used for the study, which include all the studies and statistical data of the Central Statistical Office and national and international literature on the subject. The research concerned the years 2005-2016. Pearson's linear correlation was used for this analysis. Results In 2005-2016, loads in Poland were mainly transported by road. The share of this mode of transport in terms of volume of transported cargo in tonnes increased from 75.9% in 2005 to 83.22% in 2016. Conclusions Transport is said to be an activity that supports and influence the economic development. Depending on the production sectors in the country, the transport volume varies between different products and raw materials. The research results indicated that since 2005 the demand for road transport of products from the agribusiness sector has grown faster than in other cargo groups. The share of this type of cargo in total transport is growing and is higher than the average for total products. At the same time, the relationship between the volume of transport and economic indicators is very strong.

Abstract. The paper empirically explores the impact of external public debt in Ukraine on key macroeconomic indicators such as real GDP growth, real effective exchange rate, and current account balance. The problem of increasing external debt affects not only the problems of balance of payments fluctuations but also economic security and economic growth. We have tested the hypotheses regarding the impact of Ukraine’s external public debt on these indicators in the short and long run. As an empirical tool for hypotheses testing vector autoregression models (VaR models) have been chosen. The results of constructed models show the acceleration of the external public debt growth provokes the GDP growth rate to fall with subsequent macrostabilization. The reaction of the GDP growth rate to the shock of the real effective exchange rate is more noticeable. The shock of real effective exchange rate has led to increase in external public debt with a further dampening to zero.Empirical data from the VaR model confirm that external debt has a negative impact on GDP and essentially behaves similarly to the shock of REER strengthening. Research results confirm the relationship between external public debt, real effective exchange rate, and GDP growth in Ukraine. Based on the models it was analyzed the external public debt and real effective exchange rate shocks influence the real gross domestic product growth rate. The growth of external public debt leads to the GDP growth rate fall by 1% during a year and a half with subsequent stabilization in the future. GDP growth fluctuations are explained mainly by their own fluctuations while external public debt is accounting for 2,5—8% of its fluctuations. Fluctuations in external public debt of 7—10% are explained by current account fluctuations in Ukraine. The described results of the model correspond to the concept of dependent economy. Keywords: public debt, GDP, balance of payment, fluctuation, exchange rate. JEL Classification E31, E47, E52, F43, F62 Formulas: 7; fig.: 3; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 46.

The ASEAN member states have very different levels of economic development, population, and area, but the Association is quite successful and has become an important player in the international arena, influencing global economy and policy. The purpose of the article is to analyze the macroeconomic indicators and trends in the foreign and domestic trade of the ASEAN member states, as well as to study the courses of developing cooperation with Ukraine for the organization, in general, and for each member state, in particular. The article suggests draft recommendations on the association’s further development and on the priority of this market for Ukraine. The composition, main goals and areas of cooperation between the ASEAN member states have been outlined. The role and position of the Association’s individual member states has been described. The main macroeconomic indicators of the ASEAN member states have been analyzed, namely: the population size and the occupational patterns for individual countries; trends for the GDP (in total and per country); the structure and evolution of trade relations; the Extra- and Intra-exports structure; the export and import structure and regional pattern of the ASEAN trade. The export-import turnover between the ASEAN member states and Ukraine has been assessed in terms of its commodity composition. A prognostic model of the GDP growth rate has been developed. The PEST analysis carried out has resulted in identifying the economic, political, technological and social factors which caused the creation of the association. A number of measures designed for improving cooperation between the ASEAN member states and Ukraine have been provided. The authors come to conclusion that the volume of trade between the member states within the Association, on the one hand, and between the member states and other countries outside the Association, including Ukraine, on the other hand, has increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economy of Industry is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of the Economy of Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, the question of introducing state-of-the-art economic management technologies in Ukraine is very urgent, especially in the area of fiscal policy. Among all instruments of such policy, it is necessary to distinguish fiscal rules, which have positively proved themselves in foreign countries in the process of managing economic fluctuations, in overcoming economic crises and achieving sustainable economic growth. So, the study of the essence of such rules as the main tool for anti-cyclical regulation of the national economy, the peculiarities of their impact on the socioeconomic situation of the country and the possibility of their introduction in Ukraine are urgent questions. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of fiscal rules on the economic situation in the country, as well as the definition of place of such tools in the system of counter-cyclical regulation of the economy and the feasibility of their implementation in fiscal practice of Ukraine. It was established that the introduction of fiscal rules is associated with economic fluctuations, economic crises that shocked the economies of the world during the twentieth century - beginning of the XXI century. It was found that the introduction of fiscal rules is preceded by strategic planning and forecasting of the economic development of the country, which should be based and include a set of indicative indicators necessary to achieve future goals, and not a spontaneous solution, which can lead to further aggravation economic and social situation. The fiscal rule is a multifaceted instrument that aims to achieve overall macroeconomic stabilization and economic equilibrium. The authors believe that fiscal rules are the psychological tool for the government to enforce fiscal policy discipline. In the socio-economic conditions of Ukraine, it will be advisable to introduce fiscal restrictions that will serve to shape discipline, transparency in the budget process, debt policy, government spending policy and tax policy. Transparent, predetermined parameters will lead to the formation of a positive investment climate, increase the level of confidence in the government, reduce the shadow economy, and increase the social standards of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with fundamental problem of economic development in terms of its complex and nonlinear character, compound form as a combination of general evolutional trend and cyclic components. Specific importance of cyclic recurrence as both ordering and fluctuating element of Ukrainian economic dynamics is stressed. Based on harmonic analysis Fourier and formed line spectrums, medium-term industrial cycle is determined among cyclic components of Ukrainian economic dynamics. General cycle’s characteristic of amplitude, frequency, phase and time-period are formulated. Math and graphic description of cyclic regularity of developmental macroindicators are given. In context of balanced development, comparing analysis of national and global economies dynamics is made.

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)