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Introduction and purpose A pilonidal cyst also known as a pilondial sinus, is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the intergluteal region, which can lead to serious infections. It most commonly affects young men, with risk factors including the presence of hair in this area, excessive sweating, obesity, and poor hygiene. Symptoms include a lump, pain, and purulent discharge from openings in the skin. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, a physical examination, and often an ultrasound. The aim of this paper is to present and compare the available methods for treating pilonidal cysts. Materials and methods Literature available in PubMed databases were reviewed using the following keywords: ‘’Pilonidal cyst’’, ‘’Hair cyst’’, ‘’Abscess’’, ‘’Treatment of pilonidal cyst’’,’’ Bascom II method’’,’’ Limberg flap’’,’’ Suchorski technique’’, ‘’V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction’’,’’ the Karadakis’’ Results The available treatment methods can be divided into conservative and invasive approaches. Conservative methods include hair removal and improved hygiene. Among the surgical methods, there are traditional excision techniques and modern methods such as excision using the Bascom II method, Limberg flap, Suchorski technique, or V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction. The Karadakis method, which involves shifting a skin flap, is particularly effective for obese patients. Conclusion Treatment of pilonidal cysts depends on the stage and symptoms. Abscesses require urgent surgical intervention, while asymptomatic cysts can be treated conservatively or surgically.

The article is devoted to the press coverage of the development of the educational process in Kyiv in the Central Rada period. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the lack of a comprehensive research of the educational environment in Kyiv in this period with the use of periodicals. The daily Kyiv editions «Nova Rada» and «Kyivlyanyn» have been used as a source base. Being different in terms of materials, methods of presenting information, style of writing and ideological orientation, these news papers covered different issues of education in the city. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely content analysis, which is a formalized method of interpreting texts, allows to increase the information content of such an inexhaustible source as the press. In the context of this research, the qualitative and quantitative analysis is useful to study advertising and reference sections of news papers, determined by the consistency and relative homogeneity of the content, with the goal of stating the frequency of indication. With the help of news paper publications, the changes that took place in Kyiv education have been revealed, the factors that influenced its democratization and Ukrainization have been clarified, and the challenges faced by participants in the educational process during 1917 and early 1918 have been identified. The possibility of reconstruction of everyday life of Kyiv students, schoolchildren and teachers with the help of periodicals has been proved. The impact of revolutionary changes on the Kyiv educational environment has been studied through the prism of everyday life, and their consequences for the functioning of educational institutions have been assessed. On the basis of advertisement on the pages of the press, the conditions of admission to higher and secondary schools, the specifics of education, the social and gender component of potential entrants, the introduction of mixed education have been determined.

New Ukrainian and world realities set new tasks for the higher educational establishments, which are related to the search for new, modern methods that allow to increase the effectiveness of training. Currently, topical are the issues of not only professional but also the personal development of the student forming the priority in the implementation of educational activities in universities, preparation for future professional activities, as well as for successful interaction in society. The concept of «individual social competence» is an important factor in creating a system of educational process which takes into account aspects of professional development, and at the same time the peculiarities of the formation of the student personality. The author analyses the concept of «competence», considers the key competences for lifelong learning, identified by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, including social competence, studies the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including G. Gedviliene, H. S. Han, K. M. Kemple, U.P. Kanning, M. Horenburg, G.W. Ladd, H. K. Ma, K. Monahan, M. Monnier, O.V. Varetska, N.I. Hlebova, D.V. Hubareva, O.I. Hura, M.O. Doktorovych, I.B. Zarubinska, O.O. Subina, V.M. Shakhrai. They explored different aspects of social competence of different age categories. The author concludes that, despite different interpretations, all scientists agree that social competence is an acquired skill, it can be formed and developed throughout life. It was also determined that the developed social competence determines the status of the individual in society, it affects the success in professional activities. The high level of social competence allows a person not only to be realized in professional activities, but also to influence the processes in society, which in turn determines its stability. The author’s definition of the concept of «individual social competence» is given in the paper; the author concludes that social competence is an integrated ability that contains other competencies: spiritual, civic, communicative, linguistic; the concept of social competence is closely related to professional competence, without the successful interaction of the individual with society it is impossible to acquire the skills and abilities inherent in a qualified specialist. Thus, an important task for modern higher education is the formation and development of social competence of students, which is the key to successful implementation of the future specialist in professional activities. The educational process should be aimed at forming a system of knowledge about interaction in society, understanding the system of social values, ability to cooperate in society, the ability to communicate constructively, because only a socially competent person can.

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive disorder of adipose tissue leading to an enlargement of lower extremities. It is considered to be rare; however, the prevalence of the disease is underestimated because it is commonly misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema and the general awareness is poor. The etiology of the disorder is considered to be multifarious, including genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance and microcirculation alterations. Diagnosis is mainly based on medical history and physical examination. Management of lipoedema is focused on reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and preventing further progression of the disease. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of the disease and provide appropriate clinical guidance for the assessment of lipoedema. We searched through the PubMed/MEDLINE database and took into consideration all of the results available as of 6September, 2020 and outlined the current evidence regarding lipoedema epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management. Better understanding of lipoedema is crucial for establishing an early diagnosis and a proper treatment, which in turn will reduce the psychological and physical implications associated with the disease.

In the optics of attention was the story of the Japanese writer Komatsu Sake "Paper or hair", written in 1963. According to the content, the loss of paper changed the usual way of life of people, becoming a source of existential fears. As we believe, the artistic narrative anticipates the events of our time associated with the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19. An artistic description of the situation by a Japanese writer, a phenomenological immersion in reality and theoretical reflections by M. Heidegger's work on the existential of fear helped to reconstruct the psychological States of people in the context of a pandemic and to identify the structure of fear. In modern life, fear manifests itself in three aspects: before-than fear, fearfulness and about-than fear. As a result of the all-embracing nature of fear, the fearogenicity of being is born, which violates the stability of the individual's existence, its being in, dwelling in, and mastering with. The above leads to the individual's awareness of the direction of life towards death, which forces him to adapt to new conditions. As a support of the personality in its opposition to fear, we can call hope and effective manifestations that perform the role of care.

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

The basic rules (situations) of an experimental research of process of formation of professional ability of the future teacher of fine arts to art training of the schoolboys in conditions of system of art-pedagogical education art considered (examined).

The readiness state o f higher educational establishments' students for conducting pedagogical investigations is analyzed; the reasons o f its low level and the necessity o f definite measures to provide positive dynamic development of this complex personal formation are grounded in this article.

The purpose of the research paper is to outline the trends in the development of educational and scientific activities of the Ukrainian political emigration in Romania in the period between World Wars I and II; to determine the circle of emigrants who distinguished themselves in the field of science; to characterize scientific activities of emigrant researchers in this Balkan country. The scientific novelty is in the generalization of information on the development of educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian political emigration in Romania in the interwar period, and the identification of the achievements of Ukrainian researchers who conducted research outside Ukraine. Conclusions. After a large number of Ukrainians were forced to emigrate, they faced the problem of adapting to new conditions and circumstances and preserving their national identity. Such a problem was easier to solve in the political centers of the Ukrainian emigration, where tens of thousands of Ukrainians lived, where there was a political and intellectual elite, a network of cultural and educational, scientific, and public organizations operated, and a press was printed. The problem was more difficult to solve in recipient countries with a relatively small number of political emigrants (several thousand). That was the case with Romania. However, despite the relatively small number of intelligentsia among Ukrainian political emigrants in Romania, the central and local emigrant public organizations performed educational activities in the form of illiteracy eradication courses, public lectures, and reading of reviews. Professional (teachers' and school) public organizations in the camps for interned Ukrainian military personnel, the Extraordinary Diplomatic Mission of the Ukrainian People's Republic in Romania, the Branch of the Ukrainian Association (Supporters) of the League of Nations, the Union of Ukrainian Emigrant Women, and the Public Relief Committee of Ukrainian Emigrants in Romania were the most notable in that sphere. Sometimes, the Romanian experts also participated in educational events related to emigration. Political emigrants in Romania did not establish special scientific institutions but manifested themselves in various fields of science. The most famous researchers among Ukrainian emigrants, organizers of educational and scientific events were M. Halyn (medicine, history), I. Hanytskyi (applied mechanics, cooperation), D. Maier-Mychalskyi (law), K. Matsiievych (public agronomy, agricultural economics), Yu. Rusov (fish farming, ichthyology), M. Frolov (soil science), and V. Trepke (economics, public administration, history). Their scientific works were published in scientific publications not only in Romania but also in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is dedicated to issues on the implementation of the right to family-based forms of education under martial law. It is stressed, the principle of the priority of the family education is ensured normatively in the Family Legislation of Ukraine. Family education ensures a possibility to provide an appropriate physical, moral, intellectual and social development of the child. It is outlined, the most important task of the state is to get the family out of difficult life circumstances for further full-fledged parental care for children. Issues on the implementation of the right to family-based forms of education become especially sharp under specifical circumstances including a war. Since the beginning of the full-scale war, many children have been orphaned or live in conditions that do not meet the needs of children. In our state, work actively for development of family-based forms of education and placement of children in the family to provide care, love and family comfort for every child. It is emphasized, the implementation of the right for family-based forms of education under martial law can be identified as a complex right of the family educator and the child for educative interaction in family conditions with the support of nongovernmental organizations and state institutions, aimed at appropriate ensuring interests of the child under martial law. Mentioned above allows to include a war period into the list of circumstances that can cause difficult circumstances of the life. It is outlined, an efficiency of the implementation of pedagogical and social functions during the education of children are determined among others, by the international experience, findings of experiments in Ukraine, and researches of the Ukrainian scientists and practitioners in the field of childhood. At last, issues on the implementation of the right to family-based forms of education under martial law would to be reflected in the National Plan for Family Education and Care of Children in Ukraine. It is stressed, the content of educational programmes for training of candidates for familybased forms of education and implementation of forms of foster care is especially significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has studied the evolution of scientific research in the field of digital transformation. A dynamic analysis of scientific publications in English and Ukrainian on digital transformation in the Google Scholar database has been conducted. There has been constructed a map of publication activity in the Google Scholar scientometric database for scientific publications in which the term “digital transformation” appears in the title. The paper has carried out a qualitative analysis of scientific publications in Ukrainian language in the Google Scholar database, in which the term “digital transformation” appears in the titles of the articles published by scientists who were identified at the previous stage using VOSviewer and have the most publications on the subject. The article focuses on the priority aspects of the digital transformation of economic activity and education, including strategic changes in the system of conducting types and forms of business at all levels of management in the new environment; key areas and barriers to the modernization of the education system caused by new challenges, etc. It has been noted that the primary direction of further scientific research should be to study the publications of both local and foreign scientists in publications with the highest impact factor on the chosen topic. The aforementioned is a priority, since it takes into account Ukraine’s goal of becoming a full member of the European Union in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the contradiction between the infinite demand of trade activities and the limited nature of environmental resources, this paper explores the coordinated development path of international trade activities and ecological environment from the perspective of law and policy. The ecological environment referred to in this paper is primarily concerned with environmental factors, particularly environmental pollution. First of all, this paper analyzes the current situation of international trade and the ecological environment, and it focuses on China. On this basis, the relationship between trade activities and ecological environment and the nature of the conflict between the two are explored. This paper holds that there is a dialectical unity relationship between the two, and the essence of the conflict between the two lies in the conflict between economic interests and environmental public welfare. Secondly, this paper examines and analyzes the current policies related to international trade and environment and resources, including multilateral principles, WTO rules and regional trade agreements, and focuses on the development trend of current environmental policies and trade policies, and the formulation of relevant trade policies increasingly focuses on environmental protection. Finally, in order to strengthen the coordination between the two and achieve a win-win situation between sustainable economic development and environmental protection, this paper puts forward some feasible suggestions, such as continuously promoting the integration of trade policy and environmental policy, advocating green trade, and drawing on existing excellent experience.

This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of project-based learning in teaching English for specific purposes, particularly in technical universities within the energy sector. A number of methods helped to achieve this task. They include establishing the practical value of ESP for the energy sector and designing special methodology and training forms according to the tasks of the discipline. Our approach focuses on developing language skills by applying speaking abilities in practice in real-life situations that can facilitate learning English in a professional context. In this article, we examine two crucial components of project work: role-play and case study. These activities facilitate collaboration, communication, and problem-solving skills. Such kinds of projects help students expand their vocabulary and reinforce its usage in spoken English. Furthermore, presenting their findings and conclusions before their peers and teachers enhances their public speaking and presentation abilities. This paper advocates the use of project-based learning as a powerful tool for creating an immersive and meaningful language-learning experience. It showcases practical scenarios that students can simulate to enhance their learning experience. It also delves into the essential guidelines to ensure the success of this immersive teaching approach. In this paper, we provide a specific case study tailored for students in the energy sector, namely wind power integration in Ukraine. We detail the key stages of the implementation, the aims, and the critical highlights of this methodology. In the initial phase, the instructor should familiarize the students with new vocabulary and terminologies that are relevant to the renewable energy domain. It is recommended that students use industry-specific language in their discussions to augment their comprehension of the domain. This approach will help them build a solid foundation of the terminologies and lingo that are commonly employed in the renewable energy sector. The assignment objective is to provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of wind power as a renewable energy source in Ukraine, its prospects, and its feasibility. To accomplish this task, students must explore the intricacies of the project’s technological challenges, as well as its economic impact and public perception. Furthermore, students must analyse communication strategies that have been utilized to influence public opinion, while considering the potential environmental impacts and anticipating sustainability project outcomes. For students to excel in this assignment, they must conduct thorough research and thoughtfully organize their findings. They must also evaluate all options, consider potential solutions, and justify their choices. Finally, students will be required to present their findings to the class in a polished and engaging manner. The presentation is expected to finish with group discussions. Following presentations and group discussions, students are encouraged to provide constructive feedback to their peers. This activity not only enhances their speaking skills but also promotes active listening and develops communication skills. In conclusion, to augment project work, elements such as role-play and case study methods can be integrated into ESP learning. Conclusions. This approach provides students in the energy sector with valuable insights into the challenges and dynamics of their industry while simultaneously enhancing their speaking skills. Teachers can supplement project work with multimedia resources such as videos, interviews, or documentaries related to the energy sector, which can add variety to the learning process and expose students to different accents and communication styles.

The article emphasizes the crucial role of language proficiency as well as language sensitivity, especially within multilingual classroom environments, underlining the significance of adhering to the Common European Reference of Languages (CEFR) as a means of fostering global cohesion. It underscores the importance of aligning Ukraine’s educational strategies with international standards, particularly emphasizing the value of foreign language education. Furthermore, the paper stresses the necessity for foreign language teachers to acquire adequate didactical and methodological competencies, an awareness for language sensitivity, and intercultural understanding. It describes Austria’s successful implementation of the CEFR in language assessment, illustrating its pivotal role in standardized examinations and its broad international recognition. Specifically, the article outlines the structure of Austria’s Matura exam for foreign languages, which evaluates reading, listening, language in use, and writing, with a mandatory requirement to achieve a B2 level of CEFR proficiency. It suggests that standardized assessment formats, based on CEFR levels, mitigate stigmatization and ensure fairness in evaluation. Consequently, the paper recommends integrating the CEFR into Ukraine’s educational system to foster language proficiency and enhance language sensitivity in multilingual classrooms. It advocates training programs for language teachers on CEFR implementation and assessment, with the aim of fostering European unity through language education. The article suggests incorporating CEFR principles into Ukraine’s educational reform «New Ukrainian School», and underscores the importance of collaboration between Austrian and Ukrainian educators and researchers in achieving this goal.

Most universities strive to create a favourable educational environment according to modern trends and requirements. The paper analyzes and systematizes the essence of the concepts «educational environment» and «foreign-language environment» based on the research of Ukrainian and foreign scholars. Drawing on the typology of educational environments, the authors of the paper refine the understanding of the concept of a «foreign-language educational environment» based on the literature reviews. Considering the challenges of the present, caused by COVID-19, the post-COVID era, and the war in Ukraine, the factors influencing the transformation of the modern educational environment are presented and discussed. The paper organizes existing research on the explored problem and presents the authors’ vision of the contemporary educational environment of a university under modern conditions. It includes the description of technologies used to address various educational needs and to meet the technological requirements. Therefore, the typical features of such an educational environment are personalization, flexibility, engagement, interactivity, availability, and multisensory and multimode experience. The creation of the aforementioned environment is possible due to specific training of the current academic staff and encouragement and professional training of future pedagogues. The experience revealed in the paper is based on the authors’ work at the Faculty of Pedagogical Education of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, specifically with the students of specialties 012 Preschool Education and 013 Primary Education foreign language training.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is defined as excessive bleeding, typically more than 500 ml of blood loss within the first 24 hours after childbirth. The Bakri Balloon technique has emerged as a promising solution for managing PPH, offering a minimally invasive approach to achieving hemostasis and preventing the need for more invasive surgical procedures. Aims: The aim of this paper review is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of intrauterine balloon tamponade in managing PPH. Methods: We conducted this paper review by selecting articles, retrospective cohort studies and reviews from clinical trials from PubMed. Results: Numerous studies have shown high success rates of treating PPH using The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade. Conclusions: The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade is an effective method in the management of primary postpartum hemorrhage.

Introduction and objective Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to a decrease in bone mass, accompanied by a disruption in bone structure, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures. It affects a large number of people worldwide and constitutes a significant social and economic problem. It primarily affects older individuals, especially postmenopausal women. Fractures associated with osteoporosis diminish the quality of life. Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose, typically identified incidentally following a low-energy fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis involves measuring bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis is diagnosed when bone mineral density is found to be more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean bone mineral density of healthy young adults with peak bone mass. Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include lack of physical activity, calcium deficiency in the diet, and alcohol consumption. Review methods The article was based on scientific papers retrieved from the PubMed website and scientific literature. The focus was on papers from 2016 to 2024. Articles written in English were utilized. Brief description of the state of knowledge Physical activity encompasses any muscular movement that increases energy expenditure beyond the resting metabolic rate, including weight-bearing exercises, strength training, high-intensity strength exercises, and balance and mobility training. Weight-bearing exercises yield the best results in osteoporosis prevention, recommended to be performed three times a week. Summary Physical activity is a scientifically proven preventive factor against osteoporosis, reducing the frequency of falls and increasing bone mineral density. Initiating physical activity at a young age yields significant benefits for bone strength.

The policy of “double reduction” has been applied by the Chinese government, and therefore, an assessment of its impact on various components of economic and social development in this and other countries is relevant. The purpose of this paper was to determine how the outflow of students abroad (due to the use of the “double reduction” policy) affects the economic development of local economies. The main methods used in the study were analysis, abstraction and forecasting. The article presents a survey of Chinese students studying abroad, which shows differences in satisfaction, cost of living and employment rates in different countries. The essence of the “double reduction” policy, which was aimed at solving various problems in the education system, was also considered. It describes the purpose of the policy and the actual impact it had on students and teachers. In addition, it was noted how the policy was related to the out-migration of students, and the negative and positive effects of the policy on the country were also discussed in detail. The correlation between these factors and the gross domestic product was also explored, highlighting the potential interaction between these indicators. In particular, it was shown that the level of satisfaction with education was diverse and did not have a significant correlation with other factors, such as unemployment and living costs. In turn, other indicators that did influence the level of study satisfaction were noted. This paper brings new knowledge to the assessment of the development of China’s economy and its education sector. It also provides a better understanding of how the trends in student out-migration affect the economic development of other countries

Teachers' digital competence has been emphasised for improving quality education at all levels worldwide. In Zanzibar, the educational policy adopted digital lesson content (DLC) for teaching and learning in ordinary secondary schools. The study investigated the teachers' digital competence and factors that affect their use of DLCs for teaching and learning. One fifty-four (154) secondary school teachers from Wete district were given 5-point Likert Scale questionnaires. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data with the help of SPSS version 25. The study found that the teachers' digital competence is high for using it in teaching and learning. Also, it was observed that the digital competence of the teachers was significantly associated with their attitude and in-service training. The paper concludes that using DLCs in third-world countries takes work. However, it is possible if the government and private sectors, such as NGOs, invest seriously in secondary school levels. Also, it recommends that responsible leaders distribute digital devices and plan regular in-service training for teachers on integrating DLCs at secondary schools to cope with the global vision of 2025. Last, the paper recommends further study considering a large sample size of secondary schools in Zanzibar through random sampling techniques.

This paper examines the use of e-simulators as an effective tool for developing study skills in young learners in primary school. The advantages of e-simulators are discussed, including providing variable and unique tasks, immediate assessment, adjustable difficulty, and elements of competition and gaming. The paper outlines fundamental principles for designing effective educational e-simulators, such as generating interest, providing visual appeal and positive emotional background, encouraging critical thinking, allowing learner control, utilising personal devices, providing assistance and verifying results. Examples of e-simulators created by teachers-in-training using standard software tools like Microsoft Office and specialised design environments are provided. The capabilities of well-designed e-simulators can help ensure successful knowledge and skill acquisition by primary school students. Teachers can use the design principles and tools discussed to create customised e-simulators tailored to the needs of their students and lessons.

In the 21st century, the issue of energy security is an important challenge for many states. Energy independence is an important component of the country’s national security. That is why its development is considered a priority of the country’s economic policy. Along with the trends of globalization, international energy relations are increasing day by day. However, the issue of energy security and vulnerability is equally on the agenda, which in turn is related to the problems of access to energy resources and the aggressive appeal of industrialized states with this issue, which creates a destabilizing vulnerable environment in the state. This issue was clearly revealed in the background of the 2022-2023 war between Russia and Ukraine. The mentioned issue is one important part of this paper, along with which the issue of renewable energies is also discussed. Renewable energies, the so-called practical way to get rid of petroleum products is growing more and more. Accordingly, the mentioned work considers both issues equally on the example of the European Union’s energy security strategy, within the framework of the Russia-Ukraine war. The paper discusses the European Union’s energy security policy and current challenges.

This paper gives insight into the theoretical and practical aspects of Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) - a pedagogy that is fast emerging as a more democratic and dynamic alternative to traditional in-person student exchange programs. This pedagogy is currently gaining popularity among Ukrainian educators who are looking for new ways to engage students in international collaboration amid the emergencies of the ongoing war conflict in the country. The paper is a preliminary report of the research in progress which aims to investigate whether COIL can level the unevenly developed language and academic skills of the collaborating Spanish and Ukrainian students. The reported preliminary findings of one of the three collaboration projects carried out by the faculties of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (KNU) and Universitat Jaume I (UJI) show a range of benefits including academic skills enhancement, improvement of intercultural competence as well as personal satisfaction. The authors also shed light on the challenges encountered when introducing COIL activities into the classroom. Taken together, the article provides an insightful overview of the benefits and limitations of COIL strategies as a means of promoting intercultural and interdisciplinary learning and understanding.

This text is a review of the OUP Position Paper authored by Donaghy, K. with the assistance of two consultants – Karastathi, S. and Peachey, N. The primary objective of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the ELT Position Paper, examining its structure, content, and theoretical issues. After a thorough examination of the publication, the reviewer concludes that it is of utmost importance to restructure the primary components of communicative competence in teacher training curriculums worldwide, including those taught at Ukrainian universities. This is because of the emerging views on the multimodality of present-day learning and communication which emphasize the need to reflect topical aspects of new ideas about multimodal communicative competence. Thus, this review highlights the need for a significant shift in the way we approach English language teaching to non-native speakers, particularly in terms of teacher training. It is essential to incorporate modern concepts and theories to ensure that learners of English as a second or foreign language can communicate effectively in the contemporary world

Urgency of the research. One of the main problem of modern civilization is the lack of understanding between people. Excessive orientation on pragmatic values in modern society has led to the devaluation of the primordial principles of human nature, the forgetting of the eternal principles of humanism and antropocentrism. Therefore, the person was trapped of his own self-esteem, arrogance, inability to take into account the opinion of members of the immediate environment, which led to the emergence of a large number of violent conflicts. The existence of large-scale peace and security organizations in the global world, the signing of international agreements and memoranda are not able to make up for the shortage of human spirituality, solidarity and peace. As a result, more and more scientists are trying to prove that achieving worldwide peace requires a deeper understanding of it -not just as absence of homicide, but also as a set of indicators such as social justice, happiness index, interpersonal trust, and high development of education and health care. Target setting. The presence of such an ambitious project as a "knowledge society" has significantly added optimism to anyone who believes that the desire for knowledge can displace violence on a local and global scale, ultimately convincing humanity of the expediency of giving up violence, even if a person pursues good intentions. Other part of scientists, skeptics, unanimously, argue that violence cannot be defeated, since it accompanied the development of human civilization on the every period of evolution. In their view, the idea of eternal peace is nothing more than a utopia that cannot be embodied in the harsh reality of everyday life. Accordingly, its usefulness is only that philosophers can dream of it. Therefore, this paper will attempt to answer this question -is it realistic to reach an understanding in the modern world in which conflict is already perceived as a certain norm, and if so what is required? Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The problem of the positive impact of education on society in conflict is within the scientific interests of scholars in the field of social philosophy, philosophy of education, the most prominent of which are K. McLean, M. Zembilas and S. Beckerman thanks to their collective monograph "Education for Peace in Conflict and Post-Conflict" Societies: Comparative Perspectives ”(2009). No less thorough in this context is the content of the doctoral thesis IF. Pacheco "Conflict, Post-Conflict, and the Functions of the University: Lessons from Colombia and Other Armed Conflicts" (2014), as well as the content of J. Lederak's scholarly work "Peacebuilding. Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies ”(2019). The research objective. The key objective of this paper is to formulate the author's vision of the strategy of development of education in conflict, and to prove that the project of a knowledge society, with its advantages and disadvantages, can be implemented not only to the detriment of mankind, but as a first step in building a society of understanding. It is impossible to achieve such kind of society, it can only be built by our own efforts. The statement of basic material. Peacebuilding in society is impossible without generating and implementing an effective higher education development strategy. Education representing the ideological and value principles of humanism, democracy, tolerance, dialogue is a powerful tool in the consolidation of a conflict society, its gradual transformation into a society of understanding. In this regard, the role of the teacher in peacebuilding cannot be overestimated. Unfortunately, most politicians prefer to finance short-term projects where certain material benefit can be obtained in a minimum period of time. This is probably one of the major strategic mistakes that can cause extremely negative consequences. In general terms, peace can be compared with a kind of humanitarian deposit that is long-term oriented. Its main dividend is the stable development of a society in which the confidence of individual citizens in each other acts as a metaphorical interest rate. That is, the greater the social trust within society, the greater the likelihood that war will not affect the territorial integrity of a particular state. The level of trust implies the support of state institutions of power from the side of ordinary citizens, as well as interpersonal trust in matters of religion, ethnic and valuebased differences. Universities should increase the level of trust within society, thus advocating as a means of conflict prevention acording to optimistic scenario or social rehabilitation acording to pesimictic scenario. However, public investment in its development should be steadily increased beside grant financial infusions. Conclusions. In the framework of this paper, it was proved that higher education is able to reduce the number of conflicts in the global and local dimensions, and in the future - to bring humanity closer to the taboo of violence as well. It is up to teachers to do this because they can clearly demonstrate in the educational process how important respect for each person's rights, views and values, as well as the rejection of bigotry and radicalism is important. Universities should prepare not just social characters who have specific practical skills, but first and foremost, spiritually evolved individuals who will fully realize that human life is the highest value, regardless of human skin color, gender or ideological considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been growing in popularity over the last few years. One of the most often used herbal remedy is Withania somnifera, more widely known as Ashwagandha Now known for its anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety properties it ranks as a cure-all. However, there is a rising amount of alarming reports regarding its safety. It has been observed that its effects are not always beneficial, and for some patients the risks of taking it may be greater than the promoted benefits. Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to evaluate possible risks connected to Withania Somnifera consumption based on available research articles and case reports. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 2004-2024 with the use of keywords such as “Ashwagandha”; “Withania Somnifera”, “herbal medicine”;”complementary medicine”;“liver injury”; “thyrotoxicosis”; “adrenal insufficiency”;”autoimmune diseases”. Results: The outcomes of all the reviewed studies in this paper indicate that Withania Somnifera might cause a wide range of side effects. They include herb induced liver injury, endocrine complications such as thyrotoxicosis and adrenal insufficiency, acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient and possible contribution to the onset of new autoimmune disease in patient with the history of autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: Further long-term research is needed on the Ashwaghanda’s benefits but particularly on its safety and potential side effects. The common education on the risks of taking herbal supplements should be carried out among health professionals and the rest of the society. Ashwagandha should not be used by patients with liver, endocrine and autoimmune disorders as well as transplant recipients.

Introduction and purpose Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, especially in adolescents. The etiology of acne is complex, and many factors influence the formation of lesions. Local inflammation, a proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, hormonal influences with particular importance of androgens, hyperkeratinization, and excessive sebum production are essential in the pathogenesis. The factors stimulating these processes are complex and not always clear. Therefore, in our work, we focused on investigating the connection between a high-glycemic diet and the formation of acne lesions. The state of knowledge The link between diet and acne has been only mentioned in the literature for many years. However, the development of science has made it possible to understand the exact pathogenesis of acne and the relationship of acne lesions to specific dietary components. Of all the diet products, a high glycemic index diet stands out as the one with the most significant impact. Foods with a high glycemic index, i.e. those with a high amount of simple sugars, through an increase in the expression of factors such as insulin, IGF-1 cause excessive sebum production in the sebaceous glands and even an increase in inflammatory infiltration, which further exacerbates acne lesions. In the following review paper, we have looked at the metabolic pathways and hormonal changes that link the consumption of high glycemic index foods to the formation of acne lesions and described several original papers that unequivocally demonstrate the critical role of this diet on acne formation. Summary Based on the literature, we emphasize that in acne treatment, it is necessary not only to focus on medications but, above all, to look at the patient holistically, modifying the lifestyle with particular importance on modifying the patient's diet by lowering its glycemic index.

Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease involving peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, dactylitis (inflammation of the whole digit) and enthesitis. It is a disease equally prevalent in both genders. Psoriatic arthritis coexists with several conditions, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. The reciprocal effects of comorbidities with psoriatic arthritis are demonstrated by recent research. There are several risk factors associated with the condition that might hasten or worsen its symptoms. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to present a thorough analysis of the research that has been done on comorbidities and risk factors for psoriatic arthritis. With an emphasis on changeable elements that might impact the disease's progression, the goal is to illustrate the multifaceted nature of psoriatic arthritis. The intention is also to highlight comorbidities that need to be considered while treating a patient with the illness. Materials and methods: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: psoriatic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and lifestyle, psoriatic arthritis and comorbidities, psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular risk, psoriatic arthritis and gastrointestinal diseases, psoriatic arthritis and physical activity, psoriatic arthritis and diet, psoriatic arthritis and alcohol, psoriatic arthritis and smoking. Conclusions: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease that affects many areas of patients' lives. It is critical to consider the connections that exist between this illness and other comorbidities. In order to provide a patient with this ailment with the best care possible, variables that might exacerbate the illness's progression must also be taken into consideration. Patients' mental health should get particular attention, and lifestyle modifications should be promoted.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

The present paper is a continuation of the previous publication by the author in this journal devoted to the cultural-symbolic world picture of the Latin Christian Middle Ages. Unlike the previous one, this second text reproduces the historical "picture" of the era with an emphasis not on the ontological, but on its proper cultural expression. The author as a philosopher is not so much focused on the "fact" (this is the business of historians) as on the "meaning", taking care of the meaningful modeling of the age as a cultural phenomenon. The first part of the study is presented, devoted to the medieval culture of governance as a symbolic culture of powerful social relations. In the Preamble, considering the "fabric-textual" mythologem of "human--text--world", the conceptual background of the study is outlined, the author's latest revision of the general formula of the medieval cultural- symbolic picture of the world as a picture of the history of personal salvation culture is proposed, the study subject is specified, and the circle of "guides"-predecessors is defined. In § 1, the role and significance of the "vertical salvation" and its sacred nature for the Christian consciousness are considered. The creation fundamentals for transformation of the vertical into a symbolic hierarchy of medieval society are determined. With respect to a few of key philosophical and by itself jural monuments of the era, the concept of the Middle Ages as an age of absolutization of the pure Idea, therefore, of the absolutization of personal existence, is illustrated. § 2 examines the questions of hierarchy, power, and freedom in view of their levels and options of realization in medieval society. The problems of social personalization of the "upper" and the "lower" inhabitants of the symbolic hierarchical ladder, the relationship between the hierarchical rungs, the logic of their "filling" and the per-level freedom of a medieval person on the scale of "domination--submission" have been solved. The "epochal" status of a Christian as a spiritually free person has been captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The training of specialists in artistic higher education institutions should be conducted using modern methods, technologies, and developments and be oriented towards a modern audience, but at the same time, training should be based on established principles and views that have been tested by time. Les Kurbas is a personality whose views and principles of acting and directing can be a guide for contemporary artists, and therefore they should be used in the professional training of students of theatre and film education. The purpose of this paper was to cover the aspects of training future specialists in higher education institutions based on Les Kurbas’s directing craft. To fulfil this purpose, the following research methods were used: biographical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, method of comparison, method of abstraction, method of analogy, methods of deduction and induction. The paper covered the foundations of Les Kurbas’s directing craft and its influence on the development of modern theatre and directing, compared his principles and views with those of contemporary artists. The paper revealed the role of Les Kurbas and his work in preserving the identity of Ukrainian theatre and cinema and in the development of Ukrainian culture. A parallel was drawn between modern approaches to training future specialists and the foundations of Les Kurbas’s directing craft. The conclusion was made on the expediency of using the basics of Les Kurbas’s directing craft in the educational process of higher educational institutions. The paper described the specific features of using the basics of Les Kurbas’s directing craft in the preparation of future specialists for professional activity and provided recommendations for their implementation in the educational process. The results of this paper can be used by teachers of artistic higher education institutions when developing lecture materials and special courses, as well as by students for self-improvement and work on themselves and their professional skills, which underlies the successful development of Ukrainian theatre and cinema.

This study considers TED talks as an effective authentic resource for mastering English. The purpose of the article is to outline a methodology for using TED talks in teaching English for specific purposes (ESP) at the university level. To achieve this goal, we set the following objectives: to introduce and describe the steps of utilizing TED talks, as well as provide examples to each step. We applied a number of methods which helped to fulfil the task of the paper. They include establishing the cognitive and educational value of ESP and its place in the system of university education; defining the tasks and its content of the discipline; developing methodical means and organizational forms of training according to these tasks and content. TED talks are informative presentations delivered by experts in their fields. They provide a great opportunity for language teachers to incorporate authentic listening and speaking tasks in their teaching methods. A welldesigned lesson plan that utilizes TED talks as a teaching tool can benefit ESP students in various ways. The methodology of incorporating TED talks in the teaching process should involve a series of steps that aim to maximize effective learning outcomes. These steps include selecting the theme of the talk, searching the TED talk, delivering the speech, designing pre-listening and post-listening activities. The article presents examples of exercises that can be done at each step with reference to specific TED talks from the site https:// ed.ted.com. The first step ensures that the chosen TED talks are suitable and engaging. Teachers can provide students with choices and allow them to vote. The aim of the second step is to support students’ understanding of the TED talk. The third step develops listening comprehension skills. The fourth step engages and promotes students’ active listening skills. The fifth step helps to develop skills of discourse analysis. The video content that the teacher chooses for the lesson should correspond to the professional interests of students. In such a way this video will be able to increase the motivation to study not only a foreign language but also specialized disciplines. The work with TED talks, however, differs from ordinary academic lectures and presentations. Thus, it requires special training of both the teacher and students. Firstly, students` level of English is an important factor defining the choice of a lecture. The teacher considers the level of listening skills, knowledge of the topic, and terminology. Secondly, it is important to take into account the duration of the presentation. If students are not familiar with the topic, they can have some difficulties with comprehension. Therefore, they will need to listen to the lecture twice. So, the preferable length of the video should be about 5-6 minutes. Incorporating TED talks as a teaching tool in English for Specific Purposes can be a highly effective way of promoting active learning in the classroom. TED talks are a source of authentic and relevant topics for students to engage in while providing a more enjoyable and efficient way of learning. The methodology of using videos from the resource has clear benefits. They include improving comprehension skills, vocabulary acquisition, note-taking, and speaking skills. By following the steps mentioned in this paper, lecturers can deliver enriching, pedagogical sessions that will provide students with a foundation to become successful professionals in their respective fields.

The issue of the relationships between anxiety and aggressiveness among Ukrainian women in war conditions has been dealt with in this article. The relevance of the chosen topic is beyond doubt, since social problems based on psychological factors are especially relevant during the war. It is substantiated that a change in the usual living conditions leads to a significant increase in anxiety and aggressiveness among women. In this paper, the attention is paid specifically to the study of anxiety and manifestation of aggressiveness by women who are in war conditions. It is worth noting that currently in the psychological and social literature, the number of publications about the problem of anxiety is increasing, since anxiety occupies a special place, as it often leads to a decrease in work capacity, productivity, difficulties in communication, etc. It has been found out that the level of anxiety can be manifested in the aggressive women’s behaviour in the war conditions. It is noted that the state of anxiety and aggressiveness is the most common phenomenon among women in war conditions. The results of the analysis and generalization of scientific sources are presented in this paper. It has been identified that the problem of anxiety and aggressiveness is one of the topical issues of modern psychology. The need for timely identification and work with the anxiety, anxious behaviour and aggressiveness of women in war conditions and after military aggression has been emphasized. The analysis of the questionnaire conducted among Ukrainian women in war conditions has been carried out, and the degree of their influence on women’s daily lives and life activities in war time has been determined. The purpose of this work is theoretical substantiation and empirical study of the specific of the relationships between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressive behaviour of Ukrainian women in war conditions. The object of this study is the anxiety of Ukrainian women in war conditions, whereas the subject of this study is the character of the relationship between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women in war conditions. The conceptual hypothesis of this research lies in the assumption of the presence of significant relationship between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women in war conditions, and it has been fully confirmed. Considering the influence of war conditions on the anxiety and aggressiveness of Ukrainian women, the relationship between the mentioned psychological categories has been claimed. It has been revealed that the state of anxiety can be manifested in the aggressive behaviour of women in war conditions. It is noted that the state of anxiety and aggressiveness is the most common phenomenon among women in war conditions. According to the results of this study, there have been identified those significant relationships between indicators of anxiety and certain forms of aggressiveness among Ukrainian women in war conditions. It is substantiated that the high level of manifestation of anxiety is caused by certain psychological features. It has been found out that the increase in the level of anxiety, indicators of family anxiety and anxious behaviour is associated with an increase in the level of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women. The practical significance lies in the fact that the obtained results can be used by employees of psychological services, practical psychologists during counselling at various stages of psychotherapeutic work with women in war conditions.

Despite the fact that the development and course of various types of eating disorders, and therefore their treatment, largely depend on the typological characteristics of patients, this aspect has been understudied. The purpose of the study is to review the problem of providing psychological assistance to eating disorder patients with various typological features. Using methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison, the paper emphasises the importance of typological features of eating disorder patients in providing psychotherapeutic care. Patients with certain personality traits, such as perfectionism, the need for control, and impulsivity, have been found to be prone to eating disorders, while these typological personality traits, along with many others, have been shown to help build treatment strategies for anorexia nervosa, compulsive overeating, and bulimia nervosa. The analysis showed that there are traits specific to certain eating disorders that can be reinforced in overcoming food addiction. The influence of personal characteristics on the choice of psychotherapy strategy and the possibility of forming psychotherapeutic relationships are covered. The importance of typological features of eating disorder patients in the provision of psychotherapeutic care is revealed. To enhance the effectiveness of selecting a psychotherapeutic care strategy and establishing psychotherapeutic relationships, this paper summarises the primary personal characteristics associated with different types of eating disorders. Attention is paid to typical behavioural manifestations in the presence of one of the types of eating disorders. The main prerequisites for the development of a personality prone to dependent behaviour are substantiated. The central perspective on the role of the family in the development of an eating disorder is established. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of using the findings to expand the understanding of the typological features of patients with food addiction to provide effective psychotherapeutic care.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the transience of changes in the social surrounding requires dynamism and competitiveness from a person, which forces the individual to actively transform the emotional regulation of behaviour, in particular in communication and relationships. However, the adaptive capabilities of a person who is characterised by increased sensitivity to frustration and persistent distrust of others can be considerably limited, and therefore maintaining the mental health of people at risk has become an urgent issue. The purpose of the study is to determine the basis on which character anomalies are formed, to uncover the cause-and-effect relationships in the issue of the development of mental disorders, and to identify possible ways to overcome complications in relationships with the surroundings caused by disturbances in mental activity. At the core of the theoretical and methodological approach lies the combination of methods involving structural-functional analysis of the issue of forming a paranoid personality type and an analytical investigation of the psychological support methods for neuro-mental disorders that affect individual behavioural self-regulation. The empirical basis of the study is questionnaires and diagnostics of the mental states of people prone to personality disorders. The paper clarifies the causes and features of the development of paranoid mental anomalies and the possibilities of prevention and correction of such mental disorders. The presented results reflect the problem of the adaptive capabilities of people with congenital or acquired pathological conditions of the psyche. The paper covers the issues of interaction with the paranoid personality type socially. The most popular concepts of providing psychological assistance are considered. The correctness of the assumption that it is much more difficult for people with a paranoid personality type to cope with frustration and adapt to society is analysed. The results obtained are of practical value for social workers who are engaged in identifying mental health disorders of people at risk and predicting deviant behavioural responses, for practical psychologists who support people with a paranoid personality type, in particular through psychotherapy.

Distance learning with its virtual settings has launched the transformation of education delivery, pedagogy, and classroom management. Consequently, it could cause educational discourse transformation in higher education as well. The research is focused on revealing educational discourse transformation in distance learning. Besides, the paper answers the following research questions: how university teachers communicate with students in virtual classrooms; what language patterns they use for giving instructions; whether verbal communication between teachers and students has crucially changed in digitally-based education. A mixed method approach (discourse analysis of 12 video-recorded lessons of ESL university teachers and the survey of students (n = 45)) makes it possible to shed light on the state of play in virtual educational discourse. The paper reveals that 1) communication in virtual classrooms depends on pedagogical activities which allows classifying educational language models into the following categories – preparation of teaching material presentation online, student engagement in an activity online, giving instruction on how to use EdTech, and expressing emotions or attitude; 2) university teachers use special language patterns for giving instructions related to using ICT tools and apps, e.g. screen sharing, chatting and emotional modality; 3) verbal communication between teachers and students except for linguistic and extra-linguistic features includes informal modes of communication – chat emojis and signs. The findings highlight that educational discourse has crucially changed in digitally-based education and has transformed into virtual educational discourse. The insights of the paper can contribute to the investigation of virtual educational discourse analysis.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.

Introduction and purpose: In our work, we focused on presenting the role of collagen supplementation and its impact on skin and joint health. We considered studies discussing the differences in the effects of collagen from various plant and animal sources. We also examined the influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the absorbability of the supplement. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively summarize knowledge on collagen supplementation, differentiating between its sources and forms. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the subject of oral collagen supplementation comprehensively. We explored studies about various forms and sources of collagen. We also delved into the collagen supplementation impact on skin and joints health and impact of additives in enhancing the positive effect of collagen . State of knowledge: Oral collagen supplementation can be beneficial for skin and joints health. It promote collagen synthesis in human body increasing strength of skin and joints. The higher the degree of collagen hydrolysis, the more easily it is absorbed by the body. Additives in the form of vitamin C and A can enhance collagen synthesis. Results and conclusions: This review article indicates a growing interest in oral collagen supplementation and its impact on health. Although there are encouraging findings regarding positive effects, further research is necessary to better understand and determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum supplementation benefits. This information may be crucial for clinical decisions made by physicians regarding joint reinforcement and anti-aging effects on the skin.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on the health benefits of various food that is traditionally considered probiotic, focusing on how they impact on varied health conditions. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. In addition, the paper also searches for scientific basis for their action. Material and methods A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on checking whether the microorganisms contained in pickled food meet the WHO criteria for probiotics. Summary Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. Additionally, compared to probiotics from the pharmacy, fermented products provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional value, valuable fiber and vitamins, benefiting to our health.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Context: Angular gyrus is an anatomical structure of the brain located in the parietal lobe, taking part in writing and reading, language-use, memory and attention and spatial recognition. It is supplied by the angular gyrus artery, which is one of the caudal branches of the middle cerebral artery. One of the clinical pathologies of the angular gyrus artery is the ischemic stroke of the angular gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, responsible for the presence of Gerstmann Syndrome: left-right disorientation, agraphia, alexia, acalculia and finger agnosia. This systematic review aims to present the variety of anomalies of the main cerebral artery and the angular gyrus artery. Objective: Preparing a systematic review of papers describing the course anomalies of the angular gyrus artery. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases was searched for phrases: ‘Angular gyrus artery’, ‘Artery of angular gyrus’, ‘Middle cerebral artery branches’, ‘Branches of middle cerebral artery’, ‘Gerstmann Syndrome’ published between years 2015 and 2023. Also 3 papers published before 2000 were used. From the selected 30 papers, 6 were used to prepare this analysis. Results: The middle cerebral artery, from which arises the angular gyrus artery, is marked by a significant variety of its division, mainly the number of the dividing trunks of the artery. Depending on the type of the division, the angular gyrus artery can arise from the upper, middle or lower trunk and vary in sizes. It can also appear as a singular or two separate branches. Instances of the anomaly of both the angular gyrus artery and posterior parietal artery are rare, but reported. Conclusions: The angular gyrus artery is characterised by a number of anomalies in its course, separation from the middle cerebral artery, diameter and branching.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of different diseases is being widely researched, the understanding of whether the dysbiosis of the gut flora demonstrates the significant role in Alzheimer disease (AD) is accentuated. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of the gut microbiota - its diversity, stability and composition in this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: It is still uncertain if alteration in gut microbiome is a consequence of AD or its risk factor, but some findings suggest that the intestinal flora is able to influence the activity of the brain and lead to its dysfunctions. There is also the association between composition of the gut microbiome and AD. Results indicate that affected patients had less heterogeneity in their microbiome and the progression of AD led to alterations in the bacterial flora. Introducing modifications of the gut microbiota is considered as a therapeutic option for AD. Following personalized diet, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics administration or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be beneficial for affected patients. Conclusions: The subject of the role of the gut microbiota merits further research as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. Presently, still more data is needed as most of the research was collected on animal models and the analysis conducted on humans remains insufficient. We conclude that further studies are warranted in order to fully understand the pathophysiology of the disease and the possible usefulness of microbiome therapy.

Introduction and purpose: Apples are a widely consumed fruit globally and are known to be a great source of nutrition. Studies have shown that apples contain high levels of antioxidants, dietary fiber, and vitamins that contribute to numerous health benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of apples on human health. State of knowledge: The paper reviews the current literature on the health benefits of apples, focusing on their impact on various health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, it examines the role of apples in improving intestinal, immune, and cognitive function. The paper also discusses the potential mechanisms by which apples exert their health benefits, such as high levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber. Summary: In conclusion, the vast body of evidence reviewed in this paper supports the notion that consuming apples regularly can contribute to better health outcomes. They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, as well as promote healthy gut microbiota and immune function. Despite the controversy surrounding the use of pesticides in apple cultivation, the benefits of consuming apples outweigh the risks. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include apples as part of a balanced and nutritious diet to promote optimal health and wellbeing. As the saying goes, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

Introduction and aim Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic condition that affects an increasing number of people each year[1]. Healing the ulceration requires cooperation between patients, specialists and scientists in order to achieve satisfactory results. Treating this type of wound is not only a therapeutic challenge[1,2,3,4,5,6], but also an economic one, which is why so much scientific research has already been made on this phenomenon[2,3]. Still scientists continue their quest for new cost-effective alternatives to current therapeutic options that would be consistent with contemporary knowledge and available engineering capabilities in pursuance of creating techniques and new dressings that will accelerate the healing of DFUs[2,3,7,8]. Factors such as stress, obesity, certain medications, and chronic diseases appear to negatively affect the process of repair [1,9,10,4,6,11]. Studies prove that aloe vera gel due to its healing properties, can be considered as a potential dressing that will expedite the mending process of diabetic foot ulceration[12,13,14]. In this paper, we performed a literature review of the applicability of aloe vera in the healing process of DFUs. Materials and methods Searching the available literature, including randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews, we drew on databases focusing on the effects of treatment for diabetic foot ulceration using Aloe vera. Conclusion: The current scientific research on the use of Aloe vera gel in diabetic foot ulcer treatment indicates that this method is safe, effective and inexpensive[2,3]. However the difficulty of treatment and the increasing prevalence of this type of wound pose a challenge to finding new solutions and exploring mechanisms in which aloe vera can have a possible role in the wound healing process. Nevertheless, this paper presents a promising impact of Aloe vera gel applicability in the healing process of diabetic foot ulcer.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, as the frequency of obesity is alarming, the role of many factors that could contribute in preventing and treating this condition are being researched, among them the certain food with beneficial health profiles - one of them is soybeans, specifically the isoflavones it contains. Populations that consume soy are known for lower risk of various disorders - among them obesity. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of these bioactive components in the treatment of this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is one of the leading challenges in today’s healthcare as it leads to various chronic diseases that are fraught in consequences. Current knowledge is pointing into the association between composition of the soy isoflavones and the lower risk of obesity. Results of the studies indicate that patients affected with obesity could benefit from introducing soy isoflavones into their diet along with other necessary modifications. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones are potential agents in the holistic obesity treatment. Consumption of isoflavones merits further recognition as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. It is worth mentioning that consumption of soy isoflavones is not only an anti-obese factor, but also presents various other health benefits and when consumed rationally poses no risk to human’s well being. We conclude that further studies would enable us to fully reveal the potential of those polyphenols.

The paper is devoted to using innovative technologies in the professional training of future ship engineers. It highlights the need for tutors to make lessons interesting and exciting and to create a situation where every cadet can be active. The research emphasises that the main target of maritime education today is not just to accumulate knowledge and skills but to prepare cadets as independent subjects of educational activity who can learn and upgrade their knowledge. The article describes the benefits of digital technologies for online maritime education and training, including various videoconference services. It also discusses the psychological theory of learning based on the psychology of human relationships, which is crucial to interactive learning technologies. The paper concludes by describing various technologies for information visualisation, such as cloud technologies and gamification, and recommends tools like Mentimeter, Aha Slides, and Poll Everywhere for collaborative work and knowledge exchange. The research also suggests that using whiteboard resources during Maritime English lessons can serve cadets as a visual platform for displaying essential Maritime English vocabulary, supporting interactive discussions, conducting simulated exercises and role-playing scenarios.

The professional activity of a specialist in modern society is primarily determined by their ability to make competent information interactions. Definitely, information is one of the main resources for the scientific, technical and socio-economic development of society. It plays an important role in the process of educational space modernization where the formation of the ability to find, analyse and process this information takes on special importance, requiring the development of innovative approaches to the research competence shaping future Ph.Ds. in their postgraduate studies. The article is aimed at substantiation of methodological approaches to solving the problem of building research competence of future Doctors of Philosophy during postgraduate studies. The objectives of the paper are to define the meaning of the basic component of the article – “approach”, to analyse the fundamental approaches that provide building research competence of future Doctors of Philosophy as well as to substantiate the expediency of their use. Complex methods for solving the problems of a scientific paper have been used, including theoretical analysis and synthesis of ideas, results, theoretical statements (explained in scientific literature), generalization and systematization of the results of available investigations of the highlighted issue. Study results. The modern educational system focuses on building future specialists’ competence as a result of their readiness and ability to solve educational problems and carry out research activities. The present paper is devoted to the problem of training future Doctors of Philosophy during postgraduate studies because the transmission to new educational standards significantly increased the relevance of the problem of building research competence that determines a lecturer’s ability to investigate, plan and organize his /her work effectively to achieve the predicted result. The analysis of scientific and pedagogical studies established the conceptual core of methodological approaches to building future specialist’s competence during postgraduate studies. In order to have the holistic view of research competence, its structure and meaning, as well as the laws of its development in relation to future Doctors of Philosophy, fundamental methodological approaches have been systematized, namely acmeological, systemic, cluster, personality-oriented, technological, axiological, competence-based, praxiological, facilitative, participatory, synergistic, meta-subject, and hermeneutic ones. Taking into account the development of new standards and the features of educational paradigms that provide the effectiveness of building research competence of future Doctors of Philosophy, the above mentioned complex approaches have been considered as basic and optimal ones. The analysis of best practices clearly shows that there is no common vision of the principles of combining methodological approaches in solving the issue of building research competence. The article presents the experience of combining methodological approaches in solving the issue of building research competence based on the principle of mean full dominants. The author has found out that the use of these approaches will provide the successful process of building research competence of future Doctors of Philosophy, their ability to create fundamental scientific developments focused on the shaping of educational space that will develop and improve the personality qualities of future Doctors of Philosophy for successful self-realization.