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Diabetes is a chronic disease, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, resulting from insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production. Among many types of diabetes, gestational diabetes (GDM) is a unique kind, correlated with numerous metabolic changes occurring during pregnancy, it develops around second trimester of the gestation and in most cases resolves after delivery. The prevalence of gestational diabetes is rising globally and becomes a significant public health concern. [48] According to the World’s Health Organization’s classification GDM is, apart from the diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), one of the main clinical forms of carbohydrate metabolism disorders occurring during pregnancy. So far, epidemiological data are ambiguous regarding GDM prevalence, this study estimates GDM frequency at 4–12%. [1] The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the topic of gestational diabetes, its prevalence, risk factors, importance of early detection, methods of glycemia monitoring and management strategies, including lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatment. Referring to the treatment, it also describes the preparation for pregnancy of people with preexisting DM1 and DM2 and the necessity to modify foregoing management strategies. Furthermore, it describes the most frequent early complications resulting from GDM as well as long-term outcomes for both mother and offspring.

Neuropathy is a damage, disease, or dysfunction of one or more nerves especially of the peripheral nervous system. One of the most common disease causing neuropathy is diabetes mellitus. Diabetic neuropathy is a serious consequence that arises when nerve tissue is damaged by prolonged hyperglycemia. It affects a considerable portion of those who have the disease. This article covers every component of this complexed disease. We will discuss the definition, etiology, risk factors that patients can control and that are uncontrollable, and forms of neuropathies linked to diabetes such as peripheral, autonomic and focal. For more clinical approach signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods which are a mix of clinical evaluations, neurological exams, electrophysiological testing, and, in certain situations, imaging modalities and complicated nature of treating diabetic neuropathy will be explored. Moreover, challenges in treating this disease and future directions and research will be elaborated. What is more it interdisciplinary care will be explored as a key element in addressing complexed nature of diabetic neuropathy. In addition to highlighting the complexity of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus and emphasizing the vital significance of early recognition and specialized interventions for the best possible patient outcomes, the article aims to present a thorough grasp of diabetic neuropathy.

Introduction: IBD-related arthritis (spondyloarthropathy) is the most common extraintestinal manifestation (EIM) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is often considered a formidable clinical challenge. Emergence of TNFα-antagonists has revolutionised the clinical approach to management of IBD-related arthritis and remains the mainstay of the therapy. However, its use presents several limitations, underscoring the need for new treatment modalities. Recently, new agents have been approved for the management of IBD, although their influence on IBD-related arthritis has been scarcely investigated. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyse current literature regarding the efficacy of new agents used for treating IBD-related arthritis. Methods and Materials: Extensive research was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect database and Google Scholar, with the primary focus on literature from the past 5 years. Firstly, potential novel treatment options for IBD-related arthritis were obtained. The names of the drugs were juxtaposed with terms related to “IBD-related arthritis” to gather data regarding their efficacy in said condition. Additionally, references from selected articles were included in the analysis. Results: Emerging treatment options show promising results in achieving remission of IBD-related arthritis. However, our study revealed research gap as the current literature lacks large-scale, prospective studies that assess the efficacy of the aforementioned agents in achieving a resolution of IBD-related arthritis. Therefore, the results of our study encourage further research, with special emphasis on large-scale randomised controlled trials.

Introduction: Medical education is a rapidly evolving field, necessitating adaptation to shifts in student demographics and societal needs. Balancing the demand for more healthcare providers must be accompanied by a focus on maintaining the quality of education. As certain conventional teaching methods lose favour, there is a continuous influx of new technologies that can be harnessed for the education of future doctors. Purpose of the study: The objective of this study was to gather and analyse literature on the utilization of new technologies in medical education and their influence on students, educators, and the overall quality of medical instruction. Material and methods: A review of the literature available on PubMed and a grey literature search was performed. We used such keywords like: “medical education”, “physician training”, “medical students”, “technology”, “elearning”, “new learning methods”. We also applied Bolean logical operators such as “AND”, “OR”. Results: Examining the gathered publications leads to the conclusion that a variety of new technologies are being employed in medical education, such as e-learning, telehealth, and virtual or augmented reality. While some function as alternatives to existing methods, others introduce entirely novel approaches. In general, these new technologies positively impact education by enhancing outcomes, increasing accessibility to education, and reducing the costs associated with the teaching process. Conclusions: The integration of emerging technologies has become essential in the preparation of future medical professionals. Despite the overall positive impact, there are apprehensions regarding potential long-term consequences for healthcare delivery. Subsequent studies are crucial to assess lasting effects, delving into how the integration of technology may shape the skills of healthcare professionals over time.

Introduction: Polyphenolic compounds are widespread in nature, contained in large quantities especially in fruits, vegetables, cereals and nuts. In recent years numerous attempts have been made to characterize their biological effects, with particular emphasis on their protective potential against the development of chronic diseases, including cancer. Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on the use of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of cancer, with particular emphasis on breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer - the four most common cancers in the Polish population. Material and methods: A review of the literature available on PubMed was performed using various combinations of keywords: 'polyphenols' + 'cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'oncology', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemoprevention’, ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemotherapy’, 'polyphenols' + 'lung cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'breast cancer', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘colorectal cancer’, 'polyphenols' + 'prostate cancer'/'prostate gland cancer'. Results: The analysis of the collected publications allows to conclude that polyphenols exert multidirectional anticancer effect through antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and prosenescence activity. This effect has been demonstrated, among others, in relation to cellular models of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer. Polyphenols also reduce side effects associated with the use of conventional anticancer therapies and increase their effectiveness. Conclusions: Polyphenols - both as independent compounds and components of complex anticancer treatment regimens - have chemopreventive and potentially chemotherapeutic effects. By influencing various stages of carcinogenesis - initiation, promotion and progression of cancer - they constitute a promising direction for the development of new, more effective forms of therapy and prevention of cancer.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that often causes ocular complications, of which keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), scleritis and episcleritis are the most common entities. When left untreated, they can adversely affect eye health and cause vision loss in severe cases. Therefore, early and effective treatment of ophthalmic complications may significantly improve visual outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compile and analyze the current literature on the treatment of the most prevalent ocular manifestation associated with RA. Special emphasis was placed on recently approved drugs and those in late-stage clinical trials. Methods and materials: Publication research was conducted using the PubMed database and Google Scholar with a primary focus on literature from the past 10 years. Firstly, common ocular complications of rheumatoid arthritis were identified and relevant treatment modalities were extracted for further analysis. Finally, the names of relevant drugs or drug classes were used along with the names of the aforementioned disease entities to discover clinical trials regarding their efficacy and safety. Additionally, references from selected manuscripts were included. Summary: The landscape of treatment for ocular complications associated with RA offers a promising future for patients and clinicians. Three new therapeutic modalities for dry eye disease have been approved in 2023, and three additional drugs are in late-stage clinical trials. Furthermore, recent advances in biologic therapy have shown considerable promise in treating scleritis, especially in patients refractory to conventional treatment or with severe symptoms of the disease.