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Fallopian tube cancer (FTC) is an actual problem in oncology. Despite the low frequency of FTC, it is quite easy to confuse it with other malignant diseases of the female genital organs, namely, ovarian and endometrial cancer. It is quite difficult to diagnose FTC in time, since the absence of specific symptoms determines the detection of malignant tumors of fallopian tubes only during surgical interventions for benign gynecological pathology or in case of suspicion of ovarian or endometrial cancer. The final diagnosis and primary origin of the tumor can be established only by postoperative histological study. The article presents a review of the literature of scientometric databases on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of FTC. Based on the analysis of data from the scientific literature, the problem of FTC as a rare and deceptive malignant disease with a rather aggressive course is highlighted, which causes the formation of oncological awareness among obstetricians-gynecologists regarding this type of cancer. According to the literature, it is established that FTC is diagnosed very rarely. Among all cases of malignant tumors of the female genital organs, the frequency of FTC is only 0.14–1.8 %. It was also established that it is possible to diagnose FTC in a time only in 0–21 % of cases, according to other data– up to 10 %. Due to the aggressive course of tubal cancer, the five-year survival rate ranges from 22 till 57 %. Intraoperatively, it is possible to detect malignant tumors of the fallopian tubes only in 50 % of cases. The article provides data on the possible causes of development, clinical symptoms that can be manifested by FTC, as well as methods of diagnosis and treatment of this cancer. FTC is a very deceptive oncological pathology, which can be caused by chronic inflammatory changes in the fallopian tubes, infertility, fallopian tube endometriosis, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. First of all, obstetrician-gynecologists should pay attention on abnormal uterine bleeding in the patient, purulent-bloody discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, the phenomenon of “watery tubal discharge”, since these pathological manifestations are typical for FTC. The tumor marker CA-125 and β-subunit of hCG have important meaning, the levels of which are increased by FTC. Significant similarity of clinical symptoms with ovarian and endometrial cancer leads to significant errors in establishing the correct diagnosis. Since malignant tumors of the fallopian tubes can metastasize to groups of lymphatic lymph nodes that are completely atypical for them, it is also necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis with breast cancer, because FTC can manifest itself in the form of axillary lymphadenopathy, and with stomach cancer, in which an isolated increase of the left supraclavicular lymph node (Virchow’s metastasis) can also be observed, which is also characteristic of fallopian tube carcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the hereditary factors affecting the development of breast and ovarian cancer is the 5382insC mutation in BRCA1 gene. But, nearly 15 % of carriers of this mutation do not manifest cancer during their lifetime. At present, the features of the development of spontaneous and induced genomic instability in asymptomatic carriers of BRCA1 mutations are studied insufficiently. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of the 5382insC BRCA1 mutation on the radiosensitivity of lymphocytes of individuals without an established oncopathology. The cultivation of blood lymphocytes obtained from 9 women (3 individuals with the 5382insC BRCA1 mutation without established oncopathology, and 6 conditionally healthy volunteers) was carried out. Some of the cultures were irradiated with γ-quanta (IBL-237C emitter, power 2.34 Gy/min) at a dose of 1.0 Gy before cultivation. For evaluation of the relative level of DNA damage the method of Сomet assay was applied. It was found that spontaneous level of DNA damage in cultures of lymphocytes of carriers of the BRCA1 5382insC mutation was statistically significantly (p < 0.01) higher than in the control group. After exposure to ionizing radiation for lymphocyte cultures of individuals with BRCA1 5382insC mutation, a decrease (p < 0.01) in the level of cells with a high degree of DNA damage was observed while the apoptotic activity was found to be increased (p < 0.01). It has been suggested that an increase in the elimination of damaged cells due to apoptotic activity in response to the action of genome-damaging factors is one of the effective mechanisms that can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer in asymptomatic carriers of the BRCA1 gene mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. to determine a frequency of germline mutations 185delAG, 5382insC in BRCA1 gene and 6174delT in BRCA2 gene in Ukrainian patients with OC including women who were exposed to the factors of Chornobyl nuclear accident. Material and methods. In the study we enrolled 306 OC patients of different age who were tested for the presence of the major BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations using allele specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results. The mutation frequency in patients exposed to IR with OC (main group) was 5.3 % (2 from 38). Among unexposed patients (control group) 11,2 % (30 from 268) of cases with mutation were identified. However, the difference between the groups was not significant (p = 0.39). It was shown that the BRCA1/2 mutations frequency in the patient of both groups was 10,4 % (32 from 306). The mutation BRCA1 5382insC was positive in 87.5 % (28 from 32) of cases, nevertheless nobody was identified with the allelic variant BRCA2 6174delT among both groups. There was a tendency toward an earlier age of the OC manifestation in the patients exposed to IR due to Chornobyl nuclear accident compared to BRCA-positive women of the control group (p = 0.06). When comparing BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative patients with OC of the main group, there was a statistical significance regarding the earlier age of the disease manifestation in the patients with mutations (p = 0.04). However, such difference was not observed in the control group (p = 0.22). Conclusions. The frequency of the mutations in exposed to IR and unexposed patients with OC does not differ and depends on a spectrum of studied BRCA1/2 gene mutations, level of DNA amplification and sample number. The allelic variant BRCA1 5382insC is dominant and accounts for 87.5 % of the total number of the found mutations. Due to the radiation factor the OC in the BRCA1-positive individuals is realized at the earlier age than in patients negative for these mutations. The incidence of OC after the Chornobyl accident was observed 27-38 years later in a cohort of women who were from 4 to 40 years old at the moment of the nuclear explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objective of this work was to identify and compare the polymorphism of the rs3803662 polymorphism of the TOX3/LOC643714 gene in breast cancer patients who have undergone ionizing radiation due to the Chornobyl accident and in patients without ionizing radiation (IR) in the history. Materials and methods. The determination of the rs3803662 polymorphism of the TOX3/LOC643714 gene was per& formed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 83 patients with breast cancer: 42 subjects who were exposed to ion& izing radiation due to the Chornobyl accident, 41 people without ionizing radiation in history and 17 controls in Ukraine without cancer pathology. In order to compare the obtained data on spontaneous and radiation&associated breast cancer and to calculate the differences in the frequencies of alleles and the risk of oncopathology, data from literature on control groups of the populations of the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United Kingdom were used. Results. Comparing with the literature data and the group of exposed subjects, the homozygous carriers of the minor alleles of the TOX3/LOC643714 ТТ gene revealed an increased risk of developing breast cancer: OR = 2.89, p = 0.02 (CI 95% 1.17&7,16). In subjects without the influence of IR in history, the carrier of homozygous minor axis of the gene TOX3/LOC643714 ТТ is also associated with the risk of breast cancer: OR = 3.83, p = 0.0002 (CI 95% 0.82-14.14). In the homozygous carriers of the minor alleles of the TOX3 / LOC643714 gene exposed to IR, there was no increase in the risk of developing breast cancer (OR = 0.65, p = 0.46, CI 95% 0.21-2.04) compared with the con& trol group of Ukrainian population. Conclusions. The carrier of homozygous minor alleles of the TOX3/LOC643714 gene is not a risk factor for the devel& opment of breast cancer under conditions of exposure to ionizing radiation in the study group of the Ukrainian pop& ulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]