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The aim of this work is to summarize the literature data concerning the strategy of creating of methods of efficient nanotherapy and targeted drug delivery. It was shown that the developed methods of post-refining, control surface cleanliness and creating different types of hydrophilic surface of nanodiamonds provide ample opportunities for high-quality surface functionalization of organic compounds. Modern direction of nanomedicine is creation of complex biocompatible nanomaterials with antitumor activity that promote the targeted drug transport in the place of localization of pathological process. To provide targeted drug delivery C60-fullerens, nanoporous silica, carbon nanotubes and nanodiamonds are widely used. The combination of nanodiamonds with other nanoparticles and their association with drugs can be considered as a promising strategy to overcome tumor resistance to the drug action. It can be suggested that nanodiamonds coated with polyethylene glycol is the way to create the stable and selective carriers of new types. They have to be biocompatible, stable, possess higher dispersion in biological media and avoid recognition by the immune system. Such composites effectively enter the cell cytoplasm via clathrin –mediated endocytosis. Hybrid nanocarriers will become the basis for the targeted and controlled release of high concentrations of antineoplastic chemoterapeutic agents within the cytosol of the cancer cells with minimal non-specific binding and toxicity towards normal cells.

This review addresses the analysis of properties and applications of fluorescent nanodiamonds. They are carbon nanostructures with atomic arrangement of a diamond and carry all its properties, including record — high density, rigidity and refraction index. They are of almost spherical shape, and their small size (~4–10 nm) creates substantial surface area that can be used for absorption of different compounds including drugs. Their surface is formed by different chemical groups (hydroxyls, carboxyls, etc.) exhibits also chemical reactivity that allows different types of modifications. This opens innumerable possibilities for constructing different functional nanomaterials. The technologies have been developed for making these nanodiamonds fluorescent. Particularly, these properties are achieved by radioactive treatment with the formation of N–V impurities. These particles absorb and emit light in convenient for observation visible range of spectrum. They do not photobleach, which is very attractive for fluorescent microscopy of the cell. And, finally, these nanoparticles do not display toxicity on the cellular or whole — body level, and because of their biocompatibility they can be used in vivo as contrast agents and drug carriers. It is expected that future biotechnological applications of these nanoparticles will be connected with the creation of nanocomposites that combine multiple useful functions.

The biological impact of nano-sized materials on kidneys of chicken embryos obtained from incubation of eggs from High-Line white was researched. Suspension of nanodiamonds and soot on bio-friendly dextrane was injected into the yolk sac of embryos on the third day of incubation and the condition of kidney tissues on the 14th and 20th days of incubation was studied. Under the same conditions as experimental groups the eggs from the control group with injection of pure dextrane were incubated. The alteration effect of both researched materials on excretory organs of the embryo was shown. They cause edema, dystrophy and formation of calcificates. The increase of the kidney channels epithelium area due to proteinosis and edema of epitheliocytes was statistically proved for both experimental groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review addresses the analysis of properties and applications of fluorescent nanodiamonds. They are carbon nanostructures with atomic arrangement of a diamond and carry all its properties, including record - high density, rigidity and refraction index. They are of almost spherical shape, and their small size (~4-10 nm) creates substantial surface area that can be used for absorption of different compounds including drugs. Their surface is formed by different chemical groups (hydroxyls, carboxyls, etc.) exhibits also chemical reactivity that allows different types of modifications. This opens innumerable possibilities for constructing different functional nanomaterials. The technologies have been developed for making these nanodiamonds fluorescent. Particularly, these properties are achieved by radioactive treatment with the formation of N-V impurities. These particles absorb and emit light in convenient for observation visible range of spectrum. They do not photobleach, which is very attractive for fluorescent microscopy of the cell. And, finally, these nanoparticles do not display toxicity on the cellular or whole -- body level, and because of their biocompatibility they can be used in vivo as contrast agents and drug carriers. It is expected that future biotechnological applications of these nanoparticles will be connected with the creation of nanocomposites that combine multiple useful functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]