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In this short article, we took a look at the importance of rituals in sports. First we explained the concepts of religion, creed, superstitions, fallacies and rituals. Then we described superstitious thinking and religiosity in psychological terms and on this basis we referred to rituals in sport. We explained the meaning of rituals in sport based on our own professional experiences with athletes. This article is an introduction for conducting a pilot study.

Football competition due to the largest number of violations of public order and order. They force the need to send significant police units to ensure their proper conduct. These violations occur both during the match and during the transport of supporters. This article presents safety issues at football matches. The hazards that may occur in a stadium during a football show are described. Security measures such as emergency exits, fire protection, CCTV monitoring, and stadium ban were presented. Controls during the match are described below: requirements for the organizer, duties of order and information services and the role of the police.

This research presents the organisational model of digitisation of sport institutions as the element of development shifting towards digital models of sport business. Empirical research concerns: the level of saturation of information and communication technology (ICT) in sport institutions and media coverage of organizational space in sport as the element of media technology development. The research has been conducted in the theory of organisational space (Cieśliński, 2016, 2017) and has been financed with the use of two research-implementation grants and implementation one under the operational program Program Operacyjny Polska Cyfrowa (POPC).

Aim: The aim of the research was to examine and demonstrate whether there are links between physical activity and styles of coping with stress, and to estimate with what force these possible relationships are manifested. Material and methods: 60 people aged 18-30 were randomly selected for the study. The first group consists of physically active persons, in which there were 12 women and 18 men, the second group were physically inactive persons with 21 women and 9 men. CISS was used - Questionnaire Coping in Stress Situations as a research method. The study used the Spearman's rank correlation as the basic statistical method. Results: Checked how physical activity correlates with a given style of coping with stress. The results of styles coping with stress within two groups of variables were compared. Conclusions: Physically active people differ from physically inactive people in terms of styles of coping with stress, within the style focused on emotions, the style focused on avoidance and the search for social contacts.

Aim. The aim of the study was to check the relationship between individual personality traits and the subjective assessment of the weight of tennis players. Material and methods. Personality assessment was performed using the NEO-FFI questionnaire, subjective assessment of body weight was made using a questionnaire. 15 tennis players aged 19.13 years ± 2.97 participated in the tests. Results. The research showed that all tennis players are characterized by low levels of neuroticism, average level of extraversion, average level of openness to experience, low level of agreeableness and high level of conscientiousness. The study showed the lack of connection between the level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness and the subjective assessment of the weight of tennis players. Conclusions. Tennis players are a very uniform group in terms of personality, which may indicate the specificity of the discipline, which in a specific way affects the formation of personality. The lack of connection between personality and body weight may result from a small sample of the tested female players.

Background & Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of focus affects a person’s ability to overcome the fear of falling during leading in competition climbing. Matherial and Method: The subjects were members of the Polish competition climbing national team. The sample consisted of 30 climbers aged between 16 and 52 years. The study was conducted on the Eiger artificial climbing wall in Wrocław. The test methods used were Brickenkamp’s d2 Test of Attention and the authors’ original Scale of Fear of Falling Assessment. Results: An analysis of the data obtained demonstrated that the majority of men (66%) and women (66%) scored positively. At the same time, a minority (33%) of men scored above average on the d2 test and the same tendency was observed in women (25%). Across the whole group studied this results in 30% of persons who successfully dealt with fear and, simultaneously, demonstrated a high level of focus. Conclusions: It has been shown that there is no significant link between the level of focus and the ability to overcome the fear of falling during leading in competition climbing. The level of focus demonstrated may be directly related to how well a climber copes while tackling difficult routes, but it has no direct effect on overcoming his or her fear of falling.

This paper concerns issues in the field of sport psychology. The purpose of the study was to determine the personality profile of athletes practising endurance disciplines – an individual one and a team one. The five-factor NEO-FFI personality inventory was used. The study involved senior-age men (N=60) engaged in the competitive practice of long-distance running (n=30) and football (n=30). It was demonstrated that long-distance runners are characterised by an average level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness and a high level of conscientiousness, while football players are different from the former, to a statistically significant degree, with regard to neuroticism and extraversion (higher in football players) and conscientiousness (higher in runners). The personality profile of long-distance runners differs from that of football players. The biggest discrepancies were revealed on the conscientiousness scale. A significant impact of the sport discipline practised on the personality profile of athletes was confirmed.

Football competition due to the largest number of violations of public order and order. They force the need to send significant police units to ensure their proper conduct. These violations occur both during the match and during the transport of supporters. This article presents safety issues at football matches. The hazards that may occur in a stadium during a football show are described. Security measures such as emergency exits, fire protection, CCTV monitoring, and stadium ban were presented. Controls during the match are described below: requirements for the organizer, duties of order and information services and the role of the police.

Aim: The aim of the research was to examine and demonstrate whether there are links between physical activity and styles of coping with stress, and to estimate with what force these possible relationships are manifested. Material and methods: 60 people aged 18-30 were randomly selected for the study. The first group consists of physically active persons, in which there were 12 women and 18 men, the second group were physically inactive persons with 21 women and 9 men. CISS was used - Questionnaire Coping in Stress Situations as a research method. The study used the Spearman's rank correlation as the basic statistical method. Results: Checked how physical activity correlates with a given style of coping with stress. The results of styles coping with stress within two groups of variables were compared. Conclusions: Physically active people differ from physically inactive people in terms of styles of coping with stress, within the style focused on emotions, the style focused on avoidance and the search for social contacts.

Aim. The aim of the study was to check the relationship between individual personality traits and the subjective assessment of the weight of tennis players. Material and methods. Personality assessment was performed using the NEO-FFI questionnaire, subjective assessment of body weight was made using a questionnaire. 15 tennis players aged 19.13 years ± 2.97 participated in the tests. Results. The research showed that all tennis players are characterized by low levels of neuroticism, average level of extraversion, average level of openness to experience, low level of agreeableness and high level of conscientiousness. The study showed the lack of connection between the level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness and the subjective assessment of the weight of tennis players. Conclusions. Tennis players are a very uniform group in terms of personality, which may indicate the specificity of the discipline, which in a specific way affects the formation of personality. The lack of connection between personality and body weight may result from a small sample of the tested female players.

Background & Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of focus affects a person’s ability to overcome the fear of falling during leading in competition climbing. Matherial and Method: The subjects were members of the Polish competition climbing national team. The sample consisted of 30 climbers aged between 16 and 52 years. The study was conducted on the Eiger artificial climbing wall in Wrocław. The test methods used were Brickenkamp’s d2 Test of Attention and the authors’ original Scale of Fear of Falling Assessment. Results: An analysis of the data obtained demonstrated that the majority of men (66%) and women (66%) scored positively. At the same time, a minority (33%) of men scored above average on the d2 test and the same tendency was observed in women (25%). Across the whole group studied this results in 30% of persons who successfully dealt with fear and, simultaneously, demonstrated a high level of focus. Conclusions: It has been shown that there is no significant link between the level of focus and the ability to overcome the fear of falling during leading in competition climbing. The level of focus demonstrated may be directly related to how well a climber copes while tackling difficult routes, but it has no direct effect on overcoming his or her fear of falling.

This paper concerns issues in the field of sport psychology. The purpose of the study was to determine the personality profile of athletes practising endurance disciplines – an individual one and a team one. The five-factor NEO-FFI personality inventory was used. The study involved senior-age men (N=60) engaged in the competitive practice of long-distance running (n=30) and football (n=30). It was demonstrated that long-distance runners are characterised by an average level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness and a high level of conscientiousness, while football players are different from the former, to a statistically significant degree, with regard to neuroticism and extraversion (higher in football players) and conscientiousness (higher in runners). The personality profile of long-distance runners differs from that of football players. The biggest discrepancies were revealed on the conscientiousness scale. A significant impact of the sport discipline practised on the personality profile of athletes was confirmed.