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The work is devoted to the study of herbs of the representative genus Clover Trifolium fragiferum L. from the south Ukrainian flora. The aim of this research is to investigate the representative of Southern Ukraine flora Trifolium fragiferum L. which has a sufficient raw material base and use in folk medicine. Materials and methods. Samples were grown in the suburbs of Zaporizhzhia and harvested during full flowering (May – June). Microscopic analysis was performed with temporary preparations of leaves and stems. Plant extracts were analyzed chromatographically using an Agilent Technologies 6890 gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detection. Results. The leaf is covered with parenchymal cells with slightly thickened membranes with anocytic stomata. The main parenchyma is composed of rounded toxoid cells. Stem rounded, covered with elongated parenchymal cells with thin membranes with almost no stomata and pubescence. Central axial cylinder is of beam type. Beams are open collateral, large. Above the phloem of the bundles is a multilayered sclerenchyma. The core is partially filled, hollow in the center. 63 compounds were found in the native extract, of which 37 were identified: coumarins, fatty acids, diterpene alcohols, oxygenated hydrocarbons of terpenoid nature, higher hydrocarbons, representatives of phytosterols, and phytosterols. After acid hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, 58 compounds were found, of which 49 were identified: coumarins, alcohols and phenols, aldehydes and ketones, compounds of diterpene nature. Conclusions. Pharmacognostic analysis of the genus Clover Trifolium fragiferum L. revealed diagnostic microscopic signs of leaves and stems. The components of the native extract are compared, and after its acid hydrolysis. Certain regularities in the distribution of classes of substances that characterized certain types of extracts were revealed: monoterpenoids, aromatic, heterocyclic compounds characterized the hydrolyzed product. Sesquiterpenes and steroid compounds are found only in the native extract of strawberry clover herb. Alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were the majority in the hydrolyzed extract, and hydrocarbons were observed more in the native. Only 5 components were identified in both extracts: nonacosan, 2-phenoxyethanol, loliolide, dihydroactinidiolide and coumarin with significant differences in amounts.

The world plant products market is expanded rapidly and trade in them tends to grow by 15–25 % annually. The number of reports is increased proportionally about accidental contamination or deliberate, economically motivated falsification of plant raw materials. 27 % of the nearly 6.000 herbal preparations that are sold in 37 countries have contained undeclared contaminants, substitutes, or other components, according to the literature. We have conducted a plant conduction system microscopic analysis of the individual members’ genus Clover (Trifoliae L.), Fabaceae L. to identify morphoanatomical characteristics. Clover has anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, choleretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, hemostatic, expectorant, astringent properties and is used in many diseases. Aim. The finding common features and those that differ and can be used as diagnostic during studying the conducting system structure of genus Trifolium L. leaves and stems. Materials and methods. Plant material (herb) from Trifolium pratense L., T. incarnatum L., T. repens L. and T. fragiferum L. was harvested during the active flowering period – (May – June) and was dried in a well-ventilated place. Leaves and stems preparations were pre-boiled in 5 % sodium hydroxide water solution and fixed in chloral hydrate solution. Cross-sections were made with a microtome. The BIOLAM LOMO light microscope (Russia) and OLYMPUS SH-21 digital camera were used to record the data about identify the conducting apparatus of the plant’s leaf, petiole, and stem. Results. It has been examined the central vein structure of T. pratense L. and T. fragiferum L. leaves, it was determined that the conductive system is covered with a crystalline coating and there is one closed collateral bundle in the center, which is not typical for dicotyledonous plants. The petioles of T. incarnatum L., T. fragiferum L., and T. repens L. in cross-section are several different shapes. There are kidney-shaped and round. The conducting apparatus T. incarnatum L. and T. repens L. have arranged in a circle, closed and collateral. The leafstalk structure type of T. fragiferum L. is bunchles. It contradicts too the information about the structure conducting system of dicotyledonous plants. The stem’s conducting bundles are collateral and open. Conclusions. We have paid attention to the structural peculiarities of the conductive system of the central vein and petiole of objects for study: Trifolium pratense L., T. incarnatum L., T. repens L., and T. fragiferum L. when searching for differentiating features in some members of the genus Trifoliae L. in pharmacognostic analysis. The Dicotyledonae representatives are not characteristic of the closed type of conductive bundles, which we observed during microscopic examination.

One of the main rapidly developing directions of tourism both in the world and in Ukraine in particular is urban tourism. As centuries ago, so nowadays, the cities are the goal of many travels, and the territorial recreational systems based on them are the most developed ones, which is explained by the high concentration of tourism resources in a conventionally limited space. Despite all this, in the sphere of urban tourism in terms of a territorial recreational system there is an uneven provision of recreational demand for communication with nature due to the insufficient number of natural recreational objects. As a solution to the common problem for recreation and urban tourism, it is proposed to implement a number of measures consistently both at the State level and at the level of local authorities or local self-government bodies, namely: to create conditions under which private and communal enterprises would be interested in the creation and development of natural recreational formations in the form of parks, gardens, squares, embankments. The program for the development of natural recreational spaces in cities – i.e., tourism centers – envisages that private and communal enterprises that will create these natural recreational spaces will carry out reconstructions of the already existing formations and will have the opportunity to engage in such natural recreational formations with commercial activities related to the organization of the provision of recreational services. In addition, it is important to strengthen the State supervision over compliance with the State sanitary rules for planning and development of settlements, because, in terms of landscaping, large cities of Ukraine have long failed to meet the requirements. At this, one considers appropriate to involve scientific and educational institutions related to tourism and recreation in the design of these natural recreational formations, which will allow to implement tourism in the city on not only practical, but also on scientific basis. It is believed that in case of materialization of the proposed program, the city will receive additional centers of attraction for tourists, which, in turn, will have positive consequences for the further development of cities as centers of tourism and recreation.

The article seeks to address a fundamental gap in collective moral responsibility research by exploring a collectivist rather than the dominating individualist perspective on the relationship between a private individual and the collective whole. In particular, it presents a qualitative case study of ideas of outstanding Ukrainian teacher, methodologist and theorist of education, founder of the pedagogical school Anton Semenovych Makarenko and his collectivist pedagogy as a major educational paradigm implemented within the context of the Soviet state and society. The analysis of the concepts of collective experience, communist personality, collective, distribution of powers, responsibility, and discipline contributes to a better understanding of the nature of individual and collective moral responsibility. At the same time, the article argues that a consistent implementation of the collectivist worldview results in an essentially flawed misbalanced relationship between an individual and the collective of people. In the Soviet context, such misbalance is evidenced in the phenomena of the cult of personality and state paternalism. As a consequence of identifying responsibility with discipline, the individual personality is deprived of its moral and utilitarian autonomy, devalued, and forcibly assimilated by the collective whole perceived as the highest authoritative source of moral judgement and the sole distributor of moral responsibility. Consistent implementation of the collectivist worldview in the context of Soviet society inevitably leads to an imbalance in the relationship between individual and collective principles and, ultimately, the justification of any coercion and violence by the state as such a team performing the highest guardianship and pedagogical function.

The data on the composition and amount of amino acids have been analyzed in the raw materials of five legume species. All of them grow in Southern Ukrainian flora (Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Vicia cracca L., Lupinus luteus L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Melilotus albus Medic.) and may be used as a source of amino acids, especially essential, whose resource has to be replenished from the outside. Aim. We have studied and compared the amino acid profile of some species of the Ukrainian South Legumes, and used the multidimensional statistical cluster analysis to construction of histograms based on the amino acids content and composition of such plants as: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Vicia cracca L., Lupinus luteus L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Melilotus albus Medic. Materials and methods. The raw materials were harvested at the South of Ukraine and were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. The amino acid analyzer has been used after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis at elevated temperature. Results. 19 amino acids have been identified, of which nine are essential or partially interchangeable. The non-polar amino acid proline is in the lead in terms of quantity among the essential amino acids. Its amount was 6932 mg/100 g and the ability to accumulate it was noted in Melilotus officinalis (2276 mg/100 g). The smallest proline amount was found in Lupinus luteus (388 mg/100 g). The sulfur-containing non-polar amino acid methionine is in the smallest amount in the selected plants (506 mg/100 g). Our attention was drawn to the absence of the polar amino acid glutamine among the non-essential amino acids in some plants. Securigera varia, Vicia cracca, and Melilotus officinalis did not contain glutamine. In this subgroup, the polar aspartic acid was found in the highest amount (6824 mg/100 g) with the highest content in Vicia cracca and the lowest – in Melilotus albus (2660 mg/100 g and 385 mg/100 g, respectively). Conclusions. The analysis of the presence and number of amino acids was the basis for our multidimensional statistical cluster analysis and histograms of the presentation of the amino acid profile of the studied plant members of the family Fabaceae L. In constructing the dendrogram, three clusters were identified, and representatives of one genus (Melilotus L.) were attributed to different clusters which is significant for further chemosystematic studies.

Піогенна гранульома (granuloma pyogenicum) – доброякісне судинне утворення, що виникає внаслідок порушення загоєння рани в поєднанні з проліферацією судин і може розцінюватися як реактивний процес. Гістологічно піогенна гранульома характеризується розростанням грануляційної тканини з великою кількістю розширених, із набряклим ендотелієм капілярів, набряклою стромою, іноді містить запальний інфільтрат, що складається з лімфоцитів, нейтрофілів, плазматичних клітин і фібробластів серед пухкої сполучної тканини. Екзофітна дольчаста проліферація капілярів добре виражена, епідерміс іноді ерозований з периферійними епідермальними нашаруваннями та ділянками акантозу по периферії. За останні 5 років (у період 2015–2020 рр.) у клініці дитячої хірургії Вінницького національного медичного університету імені М.І. Пирогова перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні 18 пацієнтів із діагнозом піогенної гранульоми. Середній вік пацієнтів становив 8,98±0,97 року. За отриманими даними, максимальна кількість пацієнтів припадала на вікову категорію 5–13 років, що співпало з результатами інших дослідників. Серед усіх пацієнтів групи дослідження піогенна гранульома локалізувалася на: голові‑шиї – у 14 пацієнтів, верхній частині тулуба – у 3 випадках, пальці – в 1 дитини. Всім дітям проведено хірургічне видалення піогенної гранульоми в межах здорових тканин. Ускладнень і рецидивів захворювання не виявлено в жодному клінічному випадку. Лікарі педіатричного профілю мають звертати увагу на пухлиноподібні утворення, особливо виниклі в місцях травм, навіть незначні, для виключення складнішої патології (меланоми). Дослідження виконано відповідно до принципів Гельсінської декларації. Протокол дослідження ухвалено Локальним етичним комітетом зазначеної в роботі установи. На проведення досліджень отримано інформовану згоду батьків дітей. Автори заявляють про відсутність конфлікту інтересів.

The aim: Development of the composition and investigation of the equivalence of suppositories with sodium diclofenac by in vitro method on a device with a flow-through cell in accordance with modern requirements of SPhU. Materials and methods: The development of the suppository composition was carried out with the use of the substance of diclofenac sodium and the excipient of solid fat of various grades. Studies of the active ingredient release in vitro in comparison with the reference listed drug were carried out on a device with a flow-through cell according to the monograph SPhU 2.9.42. Results: The investigations of the physical-chemical properties of the diclofenac sodium substance (micronisation, solubility) and the basis of the solid fat carrier, which affect the release of the active ingredient from the drug formulation were carried. The "particle size" figure for 2 samples of the active ingredient was from 100 μm to 400 μm and not more than 15 μm, respectively. The optimal composition of suppositories was developed by the method of 2-factor experiments. The conditions for the "Dissolution" test were determined: the volume of the medium (720 ml), the dissolution temperature (37.0 ± 0.5) ºC, the time taken for sampling (15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min), the dissolution medium – buffered solution with a pH of 7.4. The calculated similarity factor f2 was 67, which indicates the similarity of the release profiles and the equivalence of the researched drug. Conclusions The pharmaco-technological properties of sodium diclofenac and the solid fat auxiliary substance were studied. A method for the release of sodium diclofenac with the use of a device with a flow-through cell in accordance with the requirements of the SPhU is developed. The level of release of sodium diclofenac in the dissolution medium from rectal suppositories was determined by the experimental method, as the first step in the bioavailability determination. The equivalence of the tested samples of suppositories with the reference listed drug with the help of the method in vitro was established.

Наведено аналіз існуючих способів та представлено новий комбінований процес виготовлення біметалу, відповідно з яким на поверхні його функціональної складової шляхом лазерної, або механічної обробки виготовляється спеціальний регулярний макрорельєф. Підготовлена таким чином складова біметалу розміщується в піщаній формі, розміри порожнини якої відповідають його розмірам. На поверхню функціональної складової через отвір в формі зі спеціального пристрою, з визначеною витратою подається розплав конструктивної складової біметалу. Досліджувався процес виготовлення біметалу, функціональною складовою якого був нікелевий сплав, а конструктивною – сталь Ст.3. Математичним моделюванням визначено закономірності розподілу температур по висоті фактури макрорельєфу при їх нагріванні розплавом конструктивної складової біметалу у залежності від їх геометричних параметрів, теплофізичних характеристик матеріалу, схем та умов заливки. Металографічними дослідженнями встановлено умови, при яких між складовими біметалу утворюється металургійний зв’язок та забезпечується висока міцність їх з’єднання. Доведено, що для забезпечення високої міцності зчеплення складових біметалу і рівномірності її розподілу по площині з’єднання, потрібно щоб висота макровиступів і крок між ними мали оптимальну величину. В даному випадку при поперечних розмірах виступів (1х1) мм оптимальні розміри висоти виступів становлять 0,5 мм, кроку між ними - 1,5 мм. Продемонстровано високу ефективність нової, інноваційної комбінованої технології виготовлення біметалів.

У статті представлена методика оцінки техніко-економічної ефективності експлуатації авіаційної техніки за станом з використанням дифузійно-монотонного розподілу її відмов з врахуванням помилок першого і другого роду. Для типових умов експлуатації показані графіки залежності коефіцієнта технічного використання і питомих витрат на годину роботи виробу авіаційної техніки у справному стані від основних параметрів. Опис процесів експлуатації за станом виробів авіаційної техніки здійснюється за допомогою напівмарковського випадкового процесу, який, на відміну від марковського процесу, дозволяє більш адекватно описати експлуатацію виробів авіаційної техніки.

Pathology of the nervous system is related to different immune processes: destructive changes in tissues of the brain are controlled by the immune system and the loss of regulator mechanisms from the side of central nervous system causes immune disturbances. The aim of the study – to find out the pattern of immune disorders, in accordance with the course of remote period at traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and Methods. 280 patients with the consequences of TBI and 30 patients of control group were examined. We studied the content of CD subpopulations in them. The average age of the main group was (42.54±0.59) years, the average injury catamnesis was (8.02±0.49) years. In 130 patients, we diagnosed stationary course of the remote period, in 57 patients – paroxysmal and in 93 patients - progressive course of the remote period at TBI. Neurological deficit was evaluated by means of Neurological Outcome Scale for Traumatic Brain Injury (scale NOS-TBI), cognitive impairments were evaluated by means of Montreal scale for cognitive deficits (MoCA). We studied the content of CD subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD22+, CD16+) by flow cytometry (flow cytoflowmetry Epics XL («Beckman Coulter», USA). Results and Discussion. Regardless of the course of TBI, the content of subpopulations of lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD22+) was significantly lower compared with the control group (p

We conducted analysis of frequency range occupation and engagement by the usury of various origin (civil or military) and written it out in the given article. It allows to define the priorities in the increase of efficiency of radio electronic suppression of enemy troops management at the present stage of development of armed conflict. Nowadays there is a considerable expansion of the used frequency range, development of digicom, package radio networks, transmitting systems. The given analysis results prompt further investigation anole make us reconsider approach to a structure, planning, application and preparation of REW forces and facilities. They will become future fundamentals to methodological background working out. It will provide us with high quality operations planning and to a maximum efficiency radio electronic suppression of troops and weapons. It is utterly important to create systems to prevent the enemy conquer the informational advantage in combat systems and weapons management. There is a task on agenda to search vulnerable aspects of control systems, connections, IT supports, intelligence and all round enemy support in combat actions which is aimed at destroying it and increase friendly troops efficiency. The crucial elements of the enemy intelligence system are radio electronic information facilities, suppressed, destroyed or destructed of them will lead to a significant decreasing enemy capacity to manage combat systems.

Системи радіоелектронної боротьби є основою для ведення бойових дій в інформаційному просторі. Вони дезорганізують системи управління, шляхом подавлення, виведення з ладу і знищення радіоелектронних засобів. На сучасному етапі погляди на шляхи рішення проблем застосування сил та засобів РЕБ досить неоднозначні, а в деяких моментах й протилежні. В статті наведені та проаналізовані фактори, що впливають на розвиток тактики дій сил і засобів радіоелектронного подавлення, як складової частини РЕБ. Основна увага в плані “інформаційного протиборства” полягає у вирішенні завдань подавлення силами і засобами РЕБ системи радіозв'язку, як системоутворюючої складової частини управління військами і зброєю противника. По мірі розширення уявлень про роль і значення РЕБ в операціях і бойових діях сучасності, вирішення завдань радіоелектронного подавлення, в статті розглянуто завдання досягнення дезорганізації управління військами і зброєю противника за допомогою затримки певних об'ємів інформаційних потоків повідомлень, спрямоване на збільшення тривалості циклів управління військами противника.