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Purpose. To substantiate the legal regulation of the registration of grape varieties in Ukraine in order to harmonise the national legislation with the European requirements and standards. Methods. The materials used were the regulatory documents of UPOV, CPVO and EU countries, national regulations in the field of examination, registration and commercial use of grape varieties. Results. The current state and problems of viticulture in Ukraine were analysed. In particular, the current legal acts regulating the registration and commercial circulation of grape varieties in our country and in the European Union were studied. The experience of Italy, one of the leading European countries in viticulture and oenology, was studied. In particular, the article examines the peculiarities of the national catalogue and the conditions for the marketing of varieties and clones, as well as the use of vineyards after the grapes have been excluded from the catalogue. At the same time, the author analysed the financial sanctions that this country imposed on economic entities (legal persons) in the case of the creation or maintenance of industrial plantations with nonregional varieties at the expense of the State. The Italian regulatory act regulating the content and procedure for filing an application for registration of varieties and clones was stu died. The list of requirements and information to be provided by the applicant in the process of preparing the application documents was determined; the expediency of their use in the development of national legislation of Ukraine was established. The author has also examined the draft Law 9139 of 22 March 2023 "On grapes and vine products", assessing its positive impact on the market environment, the protection of the rights and interests of economic entities, the State and citizens, providing them with high quality products with special characteristics caused by natural factors of the area of origin. Conclusions. There is some inconsistency between Ukraine and the EU countries regarding the conditions for acquiring and the scope of rights to grape varieties and their clones, which requires further regulation at the legislative level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus sibirica Du Tour is one of the main forest-forming tree species of Siberia. It is distinguished not only by its high forestry characteristics, but also by the nutritional qualities of pine nuts. The aim of the study was to assess the productivity of clones of Siberian pine of different geographical origin over a 10-year period, the allocation of ramets, characterized by the greatest formation of cones on a tree and in a bunch, with an annual or short inter-crop period. The study object was the grafted trees of Pinus sibirica on a hybrid seed plantation created using cuttings of different geographical origin. The cuttings were cut from 21-22-year-old (mother) specimens of Siberian cedar, growing in the arboretum of the Siberian State University, grown from seeds collected in populations that differ in the place of growth. Sowing of seeds was conducted in the years 1961-1962 under the guidance of O.P. Olisova, Associate Professor, the Forest Cultures Department. The seedlings were grown and then transplanted to the geological school in the arboretum of the Siberian State University. In 1982, after a selection assessment, specimens were selected in each variant for harvesting cuttings and vaccinations on a hybrid-seed plantation (HSP) using 6–8 years old ordinary pine as stock. The vaccination was carried out by the method of "core to the cambium" according to E.P. Prokazin (1960). The placement of grafted plants was 5 × 5 m. The rest of the Scots pine undergrowth and other tree species was removed. We analyzed the variability of a 26-36-year-old scion of Siberian cedar according to the cones formation over a 10-year period, the number of cones on a tree and on a shoot “in a bundle” depending on geographical origin and clone affiliation. The number of cones was determined visually using binoculars. It has been established that the number of harvesting years and cones over a 10-year period in Pinus sibirica depends on the geographical origin of the mother trees. The shortest harvesting period had the trees of Sverdlovsk and Kemerovo origin. They also had the largest number of cones on the tree. It was established that the level of variability of ramets in terms of the number of harvesting years over a 10-year period was average (28.0%), and it was very high in the number of cones on a tree (52.2%). The number of trees that formed cones varied in some years from 58.3 to 100%. It should be noted that the variability in ramets yield is also manifested depending on the mother tree from which the cuttings were cut, i.e. a clone. Comparing the number of cones on grafted trees, it was found that abundant seed production occurred in 2009, 2013 and 2016. The smallest cone formation was observed in trees in 2014. The maximum number of cones (78 and 75 pcs.) was recorded in 2016 at the ramets of 15-8 Altai and 11-3 Sverdlovsk origin, respectively. The ramets that formed the largest number of cones during the study period and seed-bearing annually or with a minimum inter-crop period were selected. Multi-cone shaped ramets with 4-5 cones on the shoot “in a bundle” were identified.

Мета. На основі всебічного дослідження особливостей росту, розвитку, плодоношення та якості плодів рослин спонтанних мутантів яблуні (Malus domestica Borkh.) сорту ‘Jonagold’ виділити такі, що відрізняються від вихідного сорту за силою росту дерев та переважають за врожайністю, товарними якостями, лежкістю плодів та економічною ефективністю виробництва останніх. Методи. Польовий, лабораторний, порівняння, узагальнення та математичної статистики. Результати. Подано результати вивчення особливостей росту та плодоношення 20 українських спонтанних клонів сорту ‘Jonagold’ в умовах Західного Лісостепу України. Встановлено, що рослини досліджуваних клонів за строками початку і тривалістю основних фенологічних фаз і вегетаційного періоду не відрізнялись від більшості поширених і добре адаптованих до умов Поділля сортів яблуні. Знімальна стиглість плодів у клонів наставала у другій‑третій декадах вересня, з різницею у сім діб. Дерева більшості клонів (ДП‑4, ДП‑5, ДП‑9, ДП‑10, ДП‑13, ДП‑14 і ДП‑17) були середньорослими. Урожайність п’яти-восьмирічних насаджень клонів становить 12,1–32,3 т/га, що забезпечує економічно ефективне культивування в умовах Поділля, рівень рентабельності виробництва становить 66–242%. Усі спонтанні мутанти формують плоди більші за середній розмір (крім ДП‑20, великі), красиві, ошатні, які, залежно від клону, різняться за інтенсивністю та характером покривного забарвлення. Клони ДП‑1, ДП‑3, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑19 відзначались найбільшим виходом яблук вищого та першого ґатунку і за цією властивістю значно перевищили контрольний сорт. Випробовувані клони поділено на три групи за строками достигання плодів: ранньозимові, зимові, пізньозимові. Висновки. Багаторічне оцінювання об’єктів дослідження дозволило встановити, що біологічні властивості рослин українських клонів сорту ‘Jonagold’ відповідають кліматичним умовам Західного Лісостепу України. За силою росту дерев більшість із них належать до групи середньорослих (ДП‑4, ДП‑5, ДП‑9, ДП‑10, ДП‑13, ДП‑14 і ДП‑17) і характеризуються мішаним типом плодоношення. Клони ДП‑1, ДП‑3, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑19 виділяються високим виходом плодів вищого та першого ґатунку. За основними показниками якості плодів кращими визнано клони ДП‑3, ДП‑8, ДП‑13, ДП‑14, ДП‑16, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑20; найвищу економічну ефективність виробництва яблук на Поділлі забезпечують клони ДП‑14, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑19. Останні рекомендовано для реєстрації у Державному реєстрі сортів рослин, як перспективні для впровадження у насадження з виробництва плодів універсального призначення у зоні Західного Лісостепу України.

Purpose. Reveal the peculiarities of the formation of national varietal resources of grapes, considering current state of the market, needs of consumers, problems and prospects of the viticulture industry in Ukraine. Results. The monitoring of the national varietal resources of the common grape vine in the chronology of the formation of a well-known varie­ties collection used both for food purposes and in the further breeding process. As of the beginning of 2019, 51 grape varieties of the common grape vine are included in the State Regis­ter of Plant Varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. In recent years, there has been a tendency to a decrease in the number of new varieties, reduction in the total area of vineyards and young plantings. Technical varie­ties of the crop dominate in the Register of plant varieties of Ukraine; the assortment of the table grapes and universal groups needs to be expanded. The largest share among the common varieties in Ukraine is occupied by ones of domestic breeding. The results of monitoring of renewal dynamics of the common grape vine varieties in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine over the past five years indicate a negative trend: 2013 – 11 varieties, 2015 – two, 2018 – one variety. Therefore, the issues of the formation of national varietal resources of grapes are relevant and require a scientific approach to the breeding process, the state scientific and technical examination of the application for a variety of plants and their commercial circulation. New varieties of the common grape vine are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine based on the results of the state scientific and technical expertise on the plant variety; it provides for the establishment of criteria for distinctness, uniformity and stability using the morphological description of the identification signs of vegetative and generative organs of grapes and the determination of economically valuable indicators of new varieties. Conclusions. The total number of the common grape vine varieties in Ukraine for the period 2015–2018 decreased, due to the low level of applications for new varieties of both domestic and foreign breeding. The search for modern methods and directions of breeding, the use of new methods for crop varieties and clones identification remains a reserve for expanding the common grape vine assortment

The most important factor in the productivity of clonal seed plantations, in ad-dition to the reproductive ability of clones, is the degree of crowns development of grafted trees. By the same fruiting intensity, the number of fruits and seeds obtained from trees with large crowns will be higher. The difference in the crowns projections diameter, respectively, between the rows and in rows was on average 2.1 m. Therefore, when selecting and evaluating the breeding value of plus trees, the indicators of the crown sizes of their clones are important. The results of studies of English oak (Quercus robur L.) clones crowns development from Kharkiv and Sumy regions on three clonal seed orchards (CSO) at the age of 35 and 40 years with the placement of seats 5 × 5 m and 10 х 5 m in the Kharkiv region are presented in the papaer. When studying the development of crowns on English oak CSO for not less than 3 ramets of each clone determined the height of the tree, the diameter of the crown projection and calculated the volume of the productive part of the crown. The calculation of the optimal number of trees on the CSO, which is based on the average diameter of the projection of the crown of grafts on the CSO, is proposed. The low and average individual variability between the clones in height of the trees, the average - in the diameter of the crown projection, high and elevated – in volume of the productive part of the crown. Clones that significantly exceed the aver-ages for CSO at the same time in indexes of height and diameter of the crown projec-tion (Danilovka-3 and Pechenegi-8). The most developed crowns on different CSO have clones Danilovka-3, Kochetok-36, Merchik-4, Pechenegi-8, 18, 20, 24, Sumy-27, Taranovka-18 and Sharovka-6. Correlation analysis did not reveal the relationship between the size of crowns of grafted clones and the intensity of their reproduction. The advantages of tree height at the age of 35 were fixed at 5 × 5 m, while the highest indices of the crown diameters and the volume of the crown productive part were noted on the 40-year CSO with the placement of seats 10 x 5 m. It was revealed that before the closure of the crowns between the rows, there is a more intensive de-velopment of the crown in width, and after closure - in height. The clones’ placement of on CSO 5 × 5 m is undesirable, since it inhibits the crowns development in width and causes the loss of half of the productive part of the crowns. When it placing grafts of 10 × 5 m, forming a wide spreading crown, which contributes to more intensive reproduction. In order to improve the lighting and nutrition conditions of the trees and the productive part of the crown preservation, it is expedient to selective cutting from 15 to 20 years with the removal of trees. The optimal number of trees should be calcu-lated based on the average diameter of the crown projection. The long-term exploita-tion of English oak CSO is advisable when carrying out timely thinning and preserva-tion of the maximum size of the productive part of the crown.

Within this research we substantiate the importance and relevance of plantation forestry in the context of the forest restoration process and effective use of land resources, intensification of forestry production. The attention was paid to the historical aspects of plantation forestry, when repeated attempts were made to create plantations of fast-growing species, including poplars, both in sparsely forested and industrially developed regions. The main purpose of the research is a preliminary expert assessment of the suitability of the tested poplar cultivars for plantation forestry in conditions of fairly infertile oak site type of the northern part of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe zone based on features of rooting and growth of cultivars' planted cuttings in test plantations, starting with the phase of engraftment. We indicate that the program tasks research was carried out using the techniques commonly used in forestry and general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization of the collected scientific materials. The suitability of some poplar cultivars for cultivation in fairly infertile oak site type is evaluated by means of phytoindication method. We have characterized the features of lignified cuttings' rooting and growth of one year-old planted cuttings of different poplar clones in test forest plantation in conditions of a wet fairly infertile oak site type of the Kyiv Forest-Steppe zone. We have carried out the preliminary expert scientifically based assessment of suitability of certain poplar cultivars of domestic and foreign breeding for the wet fairly infertile oak site type. We have determined that among the experimentally tested poplar cultivars in the conditions of the research region in the phase of engraftment, a better cuttings' rooting process and a more intensive growth of planted cuttings were demonstrated by clones 'Ijzer-5' and 'Ghoy'. Worse rooting was inherent to the clones 'I-214' and 'I- 45/51', and slower growth of one year-old poplar planted cuttings was registered for clones Toropohritski, 'San Giorgio' and 'Blanc de Poitou'. A logical explanation of the revealed features is the specific regards of the mentioned cultivars to the soil fertility and moisture content, which shall be considered on the stage of plants selection for poplar plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violation of the integrity of a digital image often occurs locally. These disturbances occur in some (small) area of the image. Such local changes occur, as a rule, due to cloning or photomontage. Integrity violation occurs locally only for the clone if there is no additional processing of the digital image when implementing cloning. Therefore, the urgent task is to determine the area of the clone, which does not currently have a satisfactory solution. Information on methods and algorithms that would identify the clone area under the conditions of its geometric transformations is not available in open sources. The article discusses the following geometric transformations of the clone: reflection relative to the vertical and/or horizontal axis, rotation through an angle multiple of 90 degrees, reflection relative to the diagonal (main, secondary) of the corresponding matrix. A clone often undergoes such transformations in practice. The goal is to increase the information content of the results of detecting local digital image integrity violations. The goal is achieved by developing a method for separating the clone region from the region of the inverse image of the small size in the images under the conditions of geometric transformations of the clone. The method that was developed in the work is based on the fact that singular values of any matrix do not change during its geometric transformations, which are listed above. The difference between image blocks is defined as the difference between their singular spectras. For the matrices of minimal block differences, which are built for small neighborhoods of the clone / prototype, their characteristic parameters are determined: the maximum values, and the values that are most often taken by the elements of these matrices. These parameters allow you to separate the clone from the prototype in the conditions of geometric transformations of the clone. When evaluating the effectiveness of the developed algorithm in identifying a clone whose dimensions are comparable to l = 4, 8, 16, the number of errors was 10.8, 11.2, 13%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of rooting of wooded cuttings and preservation of planted cuttings of different poplars clones of plantations are characterized in the conditions of Chernihiv Polissia. It has been carried out preliminary expert scientifically sound assessment of the suitability of using certain cultivars of poplar among clones of domestic and foreign breeding tested in test cultures for plantations establishment in conditions of wet fairly infertile pine site type and fairly infertile oak site type. It is determined that for establishing of forest plantations in the conditions of wet fairly infertile pine site type it is more efficient to use poplar cuttings of Toropohrytskii clone, and in the conditions of the wet and fairly infertile oak site type besides the mentioned cultivar, the clones 'Blanc de Poitou', 'Serotina' and 'San Giorgio' are better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cloning is one of the most common and often used software tool for unauthorized changes of digital images that implemented in all modern graphics editors. Thus, the task of detection the results of cloning is one of the most urgent for verifying the integrity of digital content. This work is devoted to increasing the informative value of the results of the detection of integrity violations of the digital images due to the development of a new method for separating of clone and prototype in the absence of their post-processing or the absence of differences in this treatment. The developed method does not use the technology of digital watermarks which leads to a violation of the integrity of the original image. The effectiveness of the algorithmic implementation of the developed method is practically independent of the value of the disturbing effect used in the post-processing of the cloned image, and increases with decreasing absolute sizes of the clone and pre-image. Analogues of the proposed method from the point of view of the problem being solved (separating of clone and prototype) and the proposed conditions have not been found in the open sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]