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A higher education institution is both a social institution and a commercial enterprise in the educational services market. Ensuring the economic security of private higher education institutions involves identifying risks and threats to this security (especially as they cannot rely on state support), which justifies the purpose and objectives of the paper. To ensure economic security, it is necessary to develop a certain concept, management mechanism, model, or set of measures. However, it is essential first to identify, measure, and assess the relevant risks, dangers, and threats. Threats to the economic security of a private higher education institution are considered in the context of its components, with a view to identifying them and assessing their potential, based on the list of tasks outlined for higher education institutions in Article 25 of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Higher Education.’ It is proven that risk is the probability of the negative impact of certain events, threat is a set of specific factors that can negatively affect activities, and danger is a specific, identified condition which, if ignored, can lead to significant losses. Therefore, the category of threat was chosen as a set of certain factors that can have a negative impact; factors that are more remote than danger, making them more suitable for identification and forecasting. The list of threats has been expanded according to the following criteria: - by the nature of implementation: overt - obsolescence of equipment, programs, technologies; covert - hacker attacks; - by the mechanism of influence: indirect - lack of motivation among teachers for research, advanced training, or the introduction of innovative teaching methods; direct - an overly large administrative apparatus, irrational management structure and division of responsibilities, or insufficient control; - by the place of origin: internal threats, as threats can also originate within the institution - insufficient qualifications of top management, reluctance of teachers to develop, sabotage of new technologies, corruption or bribery, unethical behavior. The authors identifie threats to each component of the economic security of a private higher education institution and presents possible responses to these threats. Assessing the level of economic security of a higher education institution using statistical methods is challenging, so it is proposed that future assessments focus on the damage caused to the institution’s interests and the effectiveness of preventative measures, based on the indicator method. It is concluded that a security category can exist only in the presence of threats. Thus, the existing classifications of threats to the economic security of a private higher education institution are clarified and supplemented. The components of economic security are compared with the legally established tasks, principles, rights, and obligations of a higher education institution, a list of threats to the economic security of a private higher education institution by its components is developed, and possible responses to these threats are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal regulation of ensuring the safety of individuals performing tasks related to operational and investigative activities within the framework of criminal proceedings is a matter of great concern. Informal cooperation with law enforcement agencies is inherently dangerous, particularly for the person who has agreed to assist in carrying out operational and investigative tasks. This is why many developed countries have special programs to protect such individuals. In Ukraine, however, this remains a serious problem, as the issue of ensuring the safety of individuals who have agreed to cooperate with law enforcement agencies under the principles of confidentiality is not adequately addressed by legislative and regulatory acts. Additionally, there is a lack of scientific foundation to develop appropriate changes and additions to the legislation or to create new normative leg al acts. Therefore, the goal of this article is to develop theoretical principles to ensure the safety of individuals who have agreed, under the principles of confidentiality, to assist law enforcement agencies in Ukraine. The implementation of the set goal involves solving a number of tasks: 1) determining the basic legal provisions that regulate and define the concepts of «security» and «ensuring security»; 2) developing relevant amendments to legislation, creating new legal acts to research specific risks to citizens' economic security associated with a decrease in income during the imposition of martial law; 3) analyzing and defining human security in detail, including a more nuanced classification of types of such security; 4) conducting research on individual mechanisms of state regulation of the level of citizens' economic security during the imposition of martial law. The article, for the first time, distinguishes between measures to ensure the security of a person who has agreed, on the basis of conspiracy, to provide assistance to law enforcement agencies in preventing threats and measures to overcome them. As a conclusion, it is proposed that measures to overcome threats to individuals should be presented not only in the norms of the Laws of Ukraine «On ensuring the safety of persons involved in criminal proceedings» and «On operational-search activity», but also in a separate chapter of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine «Ensuring the safety of persons involved in criminal proceedings and engaged in carrying out its tasks». The addition of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with such a chapter should be carried out with the simultaneous improvement and «synchronization» of the provisions of the above-mentioned laws with the norms of criminal procedural legislation. This scheme could lead to a significant improvement in the state of legislative regulation of the security of various categories of individuals, including covert employees. Among other things, the mentioned chapter of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine should define: grounds for applying security measures; criteria for assessing the reality of the threat (in this case, the fact of disclosing the data of a covert employee should be considered a sufficient criterion); the obligation of the investigator, prosecutor, investigative judge, court to make a decision on the application of the specified measures in necessary cases; the procedure for their application; and the entities that should take securi ty measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors explore the issue of safeguarding personal data, particularly its identifying components, in the context of the Internet. Doxing, a criminal act involving the unauthorized collection of information and its public dissemination without the owner's consent, has gained significant traction on social media platforms, where identifying information can be quickly spread and misused against individuals. Large language models (artificial intelligence) are integrated into many software programs designed to protect personal data. However, in light of large-scale data breaches, the authors raise concerns about the liability of entities or individuals who fail to adequately secure such data, especially when cyber incidents are linked to the use of AL The rapid advancement and widespread use of artificial intelligence contribute to these growing concerns. In 2023, the emergence of several language models facilitated both the manipulation and aggregation of data, exacerbating the problem. The authors express serious concerns about ensuring user privacy and information security in a landscape increasingly shaped by open-source intelligence and the further exploitation of such data. In an era where personal data has become a highly valuable commodity, protecting it has become a priority for governments worldwide. In light of this, the authors aim to examine and synthesize international legal approaches to safeguarding the right to privacy and regulating the protection of personal (identifying) information on the Internet. The study relies on general scientific methods of inquiry, including comparative analysis and modelling. The authors conclude that cyberattacks, the theft of personal data, the increasing use of open-source intelligence, the penetration of digital identification technologies into all socio-economic processes, and the proliferation of the Internet of Things pose real threats to individual privacy and the security of identifying information as a critical component of personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sense of security constitutes one of the fundamental human needs. Due to the crucial role that security plays in the contemporary world and its impact on states, societies, and individuals, it is often a subject of analysis in scientific literature. The article focuses on the definition of security and its evolution in the context of the individual and society. The security of modern humans is a complex, dynamic phenomenon that goes beyond traditional areas of threats, requiring redefinition in the context of changing social and technological realities. Within this research, the views of representatives from various scientific disciplines are presented, and a new definition of the concept of security is proposed. The author suggests their own definition of security as a state of mind, dependent on the satisfaction of needs in various dimensions (material and immaterial) and in relation to the individual or collective. The dynamic nature of security and its connection to the individual's perception of threats and situations is emphasized.

It is indicated that an important feature of the injured person, which allows to distinguish him from other persons, is related to the infliction of damage. The etymological and semantic analysis of the term «victim» shows that damage is an integral feature of a victim. The article examines the possibility and expediency of recognizing a person as a victim in the criminal law field in the event of a threat to cause harm to him. Provisions of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, the project of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine, national judicial practice are taken into account. It is argued that in context of the injured person, term damage is understood in two meanings: 1) narrowly (includes only real damage); 2) in a broad sense (includes both damage and the danger/threat of causing it, as well as the threat). At the same time, attributing the threat as an independent action to a type of harm, as suggested by authors of the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine, seems debatable, because in such a case the term «threat» will denote both an action and a consequence. It is also worth paying attention to whether there is a need to use both the term «threat» and the term «danger» in the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine. It has been established that the term «threat» in the context of the definition of the victim means both actual moral or other types of harm to him, as well as the thre at/danger of his task. It has been proven that victim in a certain composition of a criminal offense can be characterized not only by harm in its narrow sense, but also by threat or danger of its occurrence, that is, harm in the broad sense, as well as the threat of harm. The threat in the context of the criminal-legal understanding of victim is important, first of all, if there is no implementation. In case of the implementation of a threat, which is provided as an independent crime and is a stage of a single criminal activity, united by a single intention and aimed at causing damage to the same object, qualification under the article providing for responsibility for the threat is not required, and therefore and there is no need to establish the victim of the threat. If a threat is a way of committing an act, then the victim is determined in the context of act in general, taking into account the threat as a way of committi ng it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to one of the ways of committing a criminal offense under Article 206 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine "Counteraction to legitimate economic activity". In particular, the author examines the concept of threats of violence against the victim or persons close to the victim in the course of counteracting legitimate economic activity. It is determined that the method of committing a criminal offense in the form of a threat of violence against the victim or persons close to him/her is present both in Article 206 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine "Counteraction to Legitimate Economic Activity" and in some other corpus delicti of criminal offenses. The author establishes that in the Criminal Code of Ukraine "threat of violence" appears either as a separate criminal offense or as a method of committing a criminal offense. The study reveals the content of the terms "threat" and "threat of violence" used in the disposition of Article 206 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Based on the results of the analysis, the author suggests that a threat of violence should be understood as actions of a person aimed at intimidation without physical contact with the victim, which are intended to influence the psycho-emotional state of the victim with a view to achieving the desired criminal result. For the purpose of recognizing a threat as a method of counteracting legitimate business activity, it does not matter whether the perpetrator actually intended and was actually able to carry out the threat. From the moment the demand combined with the threat is made, this criminal offense is complete. It has been determined that, within the meaning of Article 206 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, close persons are understood to mean close relatives - parents (foster parents), children (foster children), grandparents and grandchildren. Family members are parents (foster parents), children (foster children), brothers, sisters and their spouses who live together, as well as a spouse who lives together but is not married, and the spouses' parents. The closeness of persons who are family members is based primarily on marriage (husband, wife) and consanguinity (children, parents, other relatives), and may also arise on other grounds (friendship, love, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Scientific and practical commentary on certain provisions of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In order to achieve the declared goal, an appropriate methodology was chosen, in particular, philosophical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods were used. Based on the results of writing the article, firstly, recommendations were formulated for solving those debatable issues, the lack of answers to which can prevent effective law enforcement of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, secondly, the shortcomings inherent in the corresponding norm were identified, the presence of which already negatively affects its effectiveness, and proposals were made for their elimination. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that new recommendations on qualifications and proposals for improving certain provisions of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In particular, it was proven that cases of mental or physical pressure on the journalist’s close relatives should not be qualified under Art. 171, and according to Art. 345-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Additional arguments are presented in favor of the fact that instead of enumerating the forms of obstruction to the legal professional activity of a journalist in the analyzed criminal law norm, it would be appropriate to point to the single generalizing term “obstruction”, which, among other things, included the concept of “influence”. Recommendations for distinguishing the investigated criminal offense from criminal offenses against life and health have been developed. The proposal of the researchers to present Part 3 of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the following wording: “Actions provided for in part 1 or part 2 of this article, if they were committed by an official using his official position or with the prior conspiracy of a group of persons”. Practical significance. Formulated conclusions can be used in rule-making, law enforcement and scientific activities.

Purpose. Taking into account the existing threats to the foundations of the national and military security of Ukraine and in the conditions of rapidly changing geopolitical realities, there is a need to improve the existing criminal policy of the state, as well as some provisions of criminal legislation in the field of proper protection of such objects of criminal law protection against cyber attacks. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is a set of general scientific principles and approaches, philosophical-worldview and special-scientific methods of learning socio-legal processes and phenomena, including: historical, dogmatic, comparative-legal, formal-logical, systemic-structural, modeling method. Results. In the process of research, it was established the need to improve a number of provisions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which will allow strengthening measures of criminal repression in relation to anti-state offenses carried out through cyber attacks, and, accordingly, to reorient the methodological foundations of the existing criminal policy of our state with regard to the severity of criminal repression measures in order to localize such anti-state criminal manifestations in modern conditions. This provision allows to some extent to improve the current criminal legislation on countering cyber attacks on the bases of national and military security of Ukraine, and therefore to significantly increase the effectiveness of combating them at the current stage of such protection of the objects under consideration. Originality. In the process of research, a scientifically based concept of criminal law protection of the foundations of national and military security of Ukraine was developed, which defines new directions of the existing criminal policy of the state in this area, and also contains a number of proposals for improving some provisions of the current criminal legislation in the field of cyber security protection of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in law-making and law-enforcement activities during the investigation of crimes related to the use of modern means of electronic communications, information and communication technologies, software, hardware and other technical and technological means and equipment against the foundations of national and military security of Ukraine.

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the concepts of challenges, threats and risks with the concept and signs of resilience. Based on the analysis of the dynamics, direction and content of publications in the scientific literature, indexed by leading publication databases, it is determined that the issue of identification, assessment and prevention of threats and risks is a constant subject of research by scholars in various fields of knowledge, but an unambiguous relationship to resilience has not been established. Among the subject orientation of publications, the main areas are various environmental issues, public health and the development of computer technologies. A generalization of approaches to definition and assessment made it possible to define a challenge as a phenomenon that can cause a threat, and risk as a threat that already has a probabilistic and quantitative assessment. Based on the analysis of various definitions of resilience, the following main features of the system’s resilience have been identified: adaptability – the ability to reorganize, rapid recovery after shocks, anticipation and avoidance of threats and risks. A scheme of possible transformation of challenges into shocks in the context of signs of resilience is proposed, in which the whole process is considered as controlled at all its stages. Challenges can have a potentially positive effect, but they need to be properly understood and responded to so as not to turn negative and pose threats. The transformation of conscious challenges into opportunities is ensured by the adaptability of a resilient society. Timely anticipation and identification of threats implies the possibility of preventive measures. Risk management should be based on a quantitative and qualitative assessment of probability and possible consequences. Measures to avoid, reduce the probability and prevent risks either exclude shock events, or shocks have a smaller scale and impact. As for the risks that are not prevented in time, the main feature of a resilient economic system is the ability to recover quickly. The resilience of the economic system requires the creation of a system of timely response to all levels of uncertainty at the strategic, tactical and operational levels, the structure of which can be based on the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the issue of security, which is currently in sight as the most demanded and necessary need for the functioning of economic entities, the population, and the world. The etymology of the concepts of «risk» and «threat» is analyzed, arguments on the need for a clear distinction between these categories are provided. It is noted that risk is the probability of occurrence of an event and does not always lead to negative consequences. The threat is the result of the realization of the risk, the degree of its impact on the results of activities is significant, and sometimes destructive, which can lead to significant losses on the part of the enterprise. Definitions of the concepts of security and danger, which correlate and are a reflection of each other, are provided. It is emphasized that security and danger are opposite in their meanings, since security consists in the absence of danger, in addition, the enterprise is secure when it is really protected from dangers. It is found that both concepts are states, while security is characterized by development, and danger is characterized by decline and stagnation. It is proposed to consider security and danger in the formed plane to eliminate the confusion of the concepts of risks and threats. The areas of display of the state of security (danger) under the influence of risks and threats are allocated, their graphical representation is provided. The reflection of the difference between the impact of risks and threats, their action in the form of the results of changes in the signs of security with the formation of prerequisites for danger is presented. It is proposed to consider the features of enterprise through the following results of activity: ability to develop, competitiveness, sustainability, solvency, profitability and profitability, interests of stakeholders. The plane of security along the vector of movement of risks and threats depending on the strength of their action is outlined. In this way, the state of security varies, starting from the traditional absolutely sustainable; followed by sustainable and conditionally sustainable – up to the states that will be destructive. The key features of the security status are defined by reflecting the difference in the impact of risks and threats. The importance of the obtained results of the study, in particular the differentiation of risks and threats, for the formation of the security plane of the enterprise and the choice of effective approaches to security management depending on the location of the enterprise in a specific plane is proved.

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problem of anxiety, the tendency of a person to experience anxiety, which is connected with the premonition of real or imagined danger. The purpose of the article is to review and analyse the factors of socio-psychological adaptation and anxiety of refugees in terms of war, as well as psychological techniques to develop in them a new attitude to stress reactions as a resource that can strengthen immunity to traumatization. The study used the methods of terminological, substantive and statistical analysis in determining the content and essence of anxiety as a state and process of experiencing, as well as modelling and projecting methods to find factors of social and psychological adaptation and reducing the level of anxiety of refugees during the war. It has been emphasized that anxiety is an individual psychological feature reflecting an increased tendency to feel alarm in various life situations, in particular those that do not objectively foresee this. Common and distinctive features between anxiety and alarm have been identified. In the structure of anxiety, cognitive, emotional and operational components have been found and described, among which the dominant position is occupied by an emotional response to an unfavourable life situation. It has been shown that anxiety is divided into two main categories: covert and overt. It has been pointed out that there is a connection between the state of alarm and the strength of the individual’s nervous system. Assumptions are expressed regarding the inverse correlation of the strength and sensitivity of the subject’s nervous system. The analysis of scientific research has shown that anxiety enables an individual to respond to a threatening situation adaptively. Anxiety also changes the nature of the behaviour, leads to increased behavioural activity, encourages more intense and purposeful efforts, and thereby performs an adaptive function. It has been emphasized that if the anxiety is intense and long-lasting, it prevents the formation of adaptive behaviour and leads to violations of behavioural integration, and sometimes to clinically expressed disorders of the psyche and behaviour. Peculiarities of the person’s psychological states in terms of war events have been analysed. It is argued that the most important self-preservation strategy is to change the subject’s attitude to war traumatization. A person should know that it is not at all necessary to become a victim of life’s trials, that not every stress causes post-traumatic disorders, and that stress energy can be transformed and used effectively. It has been established that a new attitude to stress reactions as a resource strengthens immunity to trauma and promotes post-traumatic growth. It has been noted that adaptation and the ability to adapt is a prerequisite for the future active and productive activity of an individual in any sphere of life. When a person feels free and comfortable (adapted), they perform both their social and professional roles well, which is very important in the process of social interaction both during education and in later life. Adaptation is divided into external and internal, and such types of adaptation are distinguished as pedagogical, professional, social, biological, and psychological ones. Factors have been clarified, and external and internal criteria of psychological and pedagogical adaptation have been distinguished. At the same time, it has been concluded that socio-psychological adaptation to the conditions of a military conflict occurs as an adaptation to a socially tense, constantly changing environment. Therefore, it is important to shift the emphasis from the state of adaptation to the properties of adaptability of the individual and the community, which are associated with such constructs as resilience, psychological resilience, and group efficiency.

Today, in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine and of the deficit of the State budget, the issue of ensuring the economic security of the State as a component of national security is the highest priority and of big importance. Ensuring the economic security of the country is the prerogative of the State, and it should be supported by the entire system of the State bodies, especially law enforcement ones, among which the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine (ESBU) plays a key role. In order to identify risks that weaken the economic security of the State, the ESBU uses a risk-oriented approach in its work, which is an identifier of the risks of committing criminal offenses in the budgetary, tax, customs, monetary, and investment spheres of the economy. Also, based on the results of the risk assessment, the ESBU develops and implements measures aimed at minimizing or eliminating them. Therefore, taking into account the external and internal threats to the country’s economy, the issue of applying a risk-oriented approach to identify the risks of committing criminal offenses in the field of economics is relevant, needs to be researched and remains a priority for both business and the State as a whole. The objectives of the study are: analysis of the results of the ESBU’s activities; disclosure of the procedure for the introduction and use of a risk-oriented approach in the work of the ESBU units; determination of the feasibility and benefits of using this approach in order to identify the risk of committing criminal offenses in the field of economy and prevent threats that affect the economic security of the State. The place, role and main tasks of the ESBU are considered: identification of risk areas in the field of economy; protection of public finances of the State; assessment of risks and threats to the economic security of the State; development of ways to minimize and eliminate them. It is determined that the most effective in the work of the ESBU analytical units is a risk-oriented approach, which makes it possible to predict threats and promptly take measures to prevent and/or counteract them. An analysis of the risks identified by the ESBU in the field of economy is carried out. It is found that the tax and customs spheres are the most risky for the country’s economy, since they account for almost 2/3 of all identified risks (72%). The necessity and expediency of using a risk-oriented approach in the work of the ESBU is substantiated, taking into account the requirements of the time and international experience. A model for managing risks of economic security of the State using a risk-oriented approach has been proposed. It is proved that today, in the conditions of war, there is a threat to the economic security of the State, and the key role in the protection of the latter is assigned to the ESBU.

In today's digital environment, where databases play a critical role in storing and processing important information for various spheres of human activity, protection against cyber threats becomes an extremely urgent task. This accordingly places new demands and responsibilities on organizations. Modern technologies not only facilitate access to data, but also threaten its confidentiality and integrity. The rapid and ever-growing challenges of cyber secu)rity require the development of effective strategies and innovative approaches to database protection that ensure the reliability and resilience of databases in the face of ever-increasing cyber-attacks and security breaches. The work deals in detail with the organization of effective protection of information stored in databases. The main methods of infor)mation protection in databases are analyzed, in particular data encryption, mechanisms of authentication, access con)trol and monitoring of user activity. Their advantages and disadvantages are defined, as well as the possible conse)quences for data in case of non-compliance with these protection methods. The article highlights the importance of constant monitoring and analysis of user activity for timely detection and response to possible data security threats in the database system. The importance of a comprehensive approach to protection, which takes into account the specifics of a specific organization and allows to ensure an effective level of data security, is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper legal regulation of the protection of law enforcement officers from unlawful attacks should be one of the most important tasks of a developed state governed by the rule of law, especially in the context of active hostilities, because even in peacetime law enforcement officers put their health and lives at risk. At the same time, state institutions must provide adequate guarantees to ensure the normal functioning of the law enforcement system. The purpose of the research is to study and carry out a comprehensive scientific analysis of the structural elements of the forensic description of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, to determine their essence, to study the legal framework governing the processes, and to identify possible areas for improving their legal regulation. The research was conducted using a range of general scientific and special scientific methods: dialectical, comparative legal, systemic-historical and logical analysis, analogy, formal logic, substantive legal logic, and comparative methods. The author has studied a wide range of scientific sources on the subject matter under study. The materials of investigative and judicial practice have been studied and analysed in detail. Legislative and regulatory acts have been studied and compared. On the basis of the conducted research, the author has formed a typical list of elements of the forensic description of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, and each element has been characterised, and examples of application of the elements in the practical activities of law enforcement officers have been provided. Recommendations have been made on the application of the elements of forensic description which can be used by law enforcement officers and other stakeholders to improve the practical application of forensic description of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer.

Objectives The aim of the research carried out in the Italian nursing community was to present a true picture of professional activities under extreme conditions. Material and methods The selection of the sample was carried out using the snowball method, which consists in determining several starting points for the research, which are representatives of the general community known to the researcher, each of these people reached other people, who in turn passed the questionnaires to the next ones, hence the name "snowball" . Results In the vast majority of establishments, 63.8% had not previously received any training in the event of a possible pandemic, 19% had "rather not" such training, "rather took place" in 7.6% of the facilities, "definitely yes" in 3.8 % of institutions, 5.7% of respondents who do not remember training. Conclusions The respondents from Lombardy were the most numerous group, followed by Tuscany and Lazio. It should be emphasized that in Lombardy there were the most deaths due to coronavirus infection (Carola Elvira, 2021, pp. 9-10). When asked about pandemic training, the majority of respondents answered strongly negatively. Similarly, the situation applies to the lack of training related to the sanitary and epidemiological condition in more than half of medical institutions. In most cases, there was training on how to wear protective clothing and accessories. The number of personal protective equipment is not assessed as sufficient in the opinion of more than half of the respondents. However, most of the respondents did not have to purchase them with their own funds. Staffing on duty was not sufficient. The organization of work was also not well conducted in the opinion of half of the respondents.

The relevance of the problems of security of the state, society, enterprise and persons for Ukraine is not in doubt. Not only external negative factors (world pandemics, military conflicts, information propaganda, manipulation of public consciousness, cyber -terrorism, uncontrolled migration flows, aggravation and challenges for business entities and society, making it possible to look for and create new methods and tools for effective management. Unfortunately, internal factors that do not contribute to the financial security of the state and business: political instability, corruption, widespread practice of tax evasion and legalization (laundering) of proceeds obtained, uneven regional economic development and others. In view of this, the issue of financial security of business entities is of particular relevance. The issues of financial security of the enterprise are devoted to the study of foreign and domestic scientists. Paying the proper scientific and methodological value of existing scientific achievements, the problems of ensuring the financial security of the enterprise in war and post-war period remain poorly studied. The purpose of the study is to analyze the financial security of enterprises and ensure it in war and post - war recovery. The following research methods were used: comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization, systematization. The financial security management system is an orderly set of interrelated elements that form a single functional integrity intended for establishing and maintaining the optimal level of financial security. The coordination of the interaction of these elements largely depends on the success and efficiency of the functioning of the financial security management system of the enterprise.

At the present stage, critical infrastructure is recognized as the main component of the national economy and the basis of both government and regional policy in the context of ensuring national security. Given this, the purpose of the present study is to generalize and systematize theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «critical infrastructure»; a closer definition of the essence and content of this term from the standpoint of recovering the national economy and ensuring the national security of Ukraine. As a result of the study, it is found that the concept of «critical infrastructure» is identified with such definitions as: infrastructure; life support systems; critical infrastructure objects; vital social functions; production, goods, services, and related processes. Using a systematic approach and a classification method, the interpretation of the term «critical infrastructure», which is proposed by various scientific schools, is conditionally systematized according to the following groups: system; elements of the system; structure (network, physical, organizational); aggregate of assets; security direction; key security task on the part of the State; object of protection (administrative, legal, cybernetic); component of national infrastructure; object of public administration; information security component, etc. The article provides the authors’ own approach to the definition of the concept of «critical infrastructure» as an aggregate of objects, systems, networks that are of priority and of strategic importance for the development of a competitive national economy and provision of an adequate level of national security, the neutralized or disrupted functioning of which may harm the national interests of the State, lead to the emergence of possible threats and risks, significant expenditures and losses. It is proposed to consider critical infrastructure as a scientific category from the standpoint of effective implementation of the priority security tasks of the State; ensuring the national security; increasing the level of resilience of the functioning of systems and infrastructure objects; risk management; implementation of the State policy in the field of their protection; recovery of the national economy

The purpose of this article is to determine directions for securing the domestic banking system from threats to its financial security and eliminating risks in this area. The state of the banking system of Ukraine shows that its financial security is under the influence of numerous threats and risks in this area. However, today there is no effective system for ensuring the financial security of the domestic banking system, which is due to the lack of logically completed studies to clarify the essence and types of such security, identify threats to it and risks in this area, proper security activities with the identification of various effective security measures and perfect risk management. Therefore, the solution of the mentioned problem requires a clear definition of the components of security activities to secure the banking system from threats and eliminate risks, which should include a well-founded complex of analytical, monitoring, organizational and resource provisioning measures. An important place in securing the banking system of Ukraine from threats and minimization/elimination of risks in the banking sector should belong to the perfect banking infrastructure, in which the infrastructure for ensuring the security of banking activity should also become significant. Full and timely detection of threats not only to the financial security of the banking system in general, but also to its deposit, credit, currency, investment, debt, inflation, and profit-making security in particular is necessary to fully protect the domestic banking system from threats to its financial security and eliminate risks in this area. Improving the identification of threats to the FS of the banking system and risks in this area in order to increase the level of its FS will contribute to: development and implementation of the Concept of securing the FS of the banking system, capable of adapting to newly emerging threats and risks and optimizing the costs of securing the FS of the banking system in general and its structural elements; application for monitoring and analytical activities of the system of security indicators, determination of their threshold values and deviations from them of the available indicators of the functioning of the banking system in order to take measures to ensure the functioning of the banking system. For a more justified application of these indicators, it is advisable to divide them into target groups. Legally distinguish institutional / structural-institutional and monetary indicators, indicators of resource, deposit, credit, currency, debt, investment, inflation security, financial condition, payment systems.

Considering the events currently taking place in Ukraine, such as the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation, as well as the full-scale invasion initiated by the aggressor state eight years into the Russian-Ukrainian war, it is worth noting that these circumstances have led to an increase in terrorism incidents in Ukraine. According to a comprehensive study by the University of Maryland, Institute for Economics and Peace: Global Terrorism Index, Ukraine ranks 17th in terms of terrorism levels among 160 countries surveyed. Therefore, in the current reality, research on criminal offenses, particularly terrorist acts, is highly relevant. The codification of criminal liability for such a criminal offense has become particularly important today, as this crime undermines both public security and the security of the state as a whole. This article examines the peculiarities of codifying special conditions for exemption from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act. The article analyzes the legal aspects of this issue, taking into account the problems that may arise in the application of the provision that allows for exemption from liability for the commission of a terrorist act. The author focuses on the presentation of Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in its current version, which pertains to the exemption of a person from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act. In exploring the conditions for exemption from liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act, as set out in Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code, attention is drawn to the presence of circumstances that must be taken into account when applying this provision. The article provides a comparative analysis of the provisions of Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code, which provides for exemption from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act, and Article 45 of the Criminal Code, which provides for exemption from criminal liability based on effective repentance. It also identifies the differences in the content of these provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the provisions of the safety philosophy in the aspect of its significance for the pedagogical solution of life safety problems. The article is devoted to the philosophical analysis of security as a social phenomenon and scientific category, its phenomenon, attributes, definition of the philosophy of security as a methodological basis for education in the field of life safety. The security of the individual has a greater value than, for example, the security of the state. Therefore, it is a person’s right and duty to protect his spiritual freedom from the state and society. In the life of the state, nation and society, there is a demonic force that seeks to subjugate a person’s personality and turn it simply into a tool for its own purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic conditions led to a number of risks for financial security on both macro and on macro levels. Since quarantine continues, the influence of risks on the financial security of Ukraine and business entities is significantly increased. The government has implemented a set of measures to prevent the dissemination of COVID-19 diseases on the territory of Ukraine. However, the dynamic movement of the epidemic situation, the negative consequences of the action of measures and the deployment of the global economic crisis require an operational response to the threats of financial security. In modern conditions, the introduction of legal and regulatory changes, state financial support and organizational and economic mechanisms are essential financial security tools. Special attention is required to determine the impact of crisis phenomena on the financial security of business entities of Ukraine. Risk accounting should be based on practical recommendations for reducing financial security threats, ensuring financial sustainability, meet financial needs and the protection of financial interests of both Ukraine and business entities. The article examines both the definition of the concept and the financial security system of business entities and the influence of state regulation on the processes of opposition to the dissemination of the Pandemic COVID-19, overcoming the consequences and prevention of bankruptcy and liquidation of business entities. For the period 2021-2024 The influence of the risks of the Pandemic of COVID-19 on the financial security of the Ukrainian economy and business entities are rated. This may be the main tool for ensuring financial security under the COVID-19 pandemic. The latest trends in the introduction of modern digital technologies, taking into account the risks of financial security on macro and on macro levels.

The need to ensure the state's financial security in the conditions of the growing number of global challenges, risks, dangers and threats as a prerequisite for restoring and preserving the stability of the national economic system was substantiated. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the insurance market and key indicators of its development on the level of Ukrainian financial security in order to determine the priority areas of its provision. The dependence of the state financial security level on a set of factors that have a close connection and mutual influence was studied. War is a massive structural shock to the Ukrainian economy since the total losses of the Ukrainian economy because of war, according to the general estimates of the Ministry of Economy and KSE, considering both direct losses and indirect losses (decrease in GDP, cessation of investment, the outflow of labour, additional spending on defence and social support, etc.) range from $564 billion to $600 billion. It was established that the growing number of negative security factors determine the impact of the insurance market on the financial, economic and social stability of society because an effectively functioning insurance market enables minimizing threats to individuals, society and the state as a whole. The mutual influence of the insurance market on the state's financial security is studied, which is manifested in the possibility of maintaining financial stability and stimulating economic development at the macro level through the accumulation of a significant amount of investment resources. The study of methodological and practical aspects of the impact of the insurance market on the state's financial security in the context of global hybrid threats was updated. The identification and assessment of the impact of threats associated with the state and trends in the insurance market of Ukraine were carried out using an indicator approach based on the Guidelines for assessing the Ukrainian economic security level. The limitation of the range of indicators used in it to assess the impact of insurance development on the level of financial security is proved. It is proposed to expand the list of indicators of the development of the insurance market, taking into account international experience. On the basis of correlation and regression analysis, the most significant factors of financial security in the field of insurance were identified. The results obtained can be used to substantiate the priorities for the insurance market development in the formation of the concept of Ukrainian financial security.

The article provides an analysis of solutions to applied problems, which are solved by applying methods of cluster analysis. These are classic Data Mining tasks: clustering, classification, and tasks typical only for text documents: automatic annotation, extraction of key concepts, etc. An abbreviated analysis of information clustering methods was conducted. The postulate that clustering involves dividing a set of elements into clusters, the number of which is determined by the localization of the elements of a given set in the vicinity of some natural centers of clusters, is confirmed. An analysis of the application of the Bayesian classifier was carried out. it is proven that the Bayesian classifier, in the presence of a priori probabilities, works with high accuracy in determining false information. However, this method does not give an answer about obtaining this probability. Due to the use of a naive Bayesian classifier to detect false information, the method of detecting false information has been improved. This method allows you to solve the problem of the uncertainty of the a priori probability. The proposed naive Bayesian classifier for text processing turned out to be quite effective. The effectiveness of the algorithm of the proposed method of developing a classifier for determining the veracity of information was evaluated. On the basis of the primary data obtained from the Internet, the numerical values of the evaluation of the algorithm of the improved method of determining false information were calculated. The obtained metric values are: Recall = 0.853; Precision = 0.869; F-measure = 0.861; Accuracy = 0.855. The obtained results prove that the improved method (without additional training) immediately has good results. This proves the adequacy of the developed method and provides an effective scientific method for detecting false information. The improved method of detecting false information is especially relevant at the present time, in the conditions of an information war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development as a continuous process should be carried out at all stages of the business cycle of an enterprise. Particular attention should be paid to the development at the downturn stages of the business cycle of the enterprise, in particular in the conditions of crisis in its activities. The focus of the article led to the need to disclose the content of the concepts of «crisis», «development», «sustainable development» and «sustainable development of the enterprise in a crisis». At the descending stages of the business cycle of the enterprise, its development should be fully controlled and carefully managed. To ensure control and manageability of the development of the enterprise in a crisis, an appropriate instrumentarium is needed, wherein the central place belongs to the anti-crisis scenarios of sustainable development and its key resources. Anti-crisis scenarios of sustainable development of the enterprise in a crisis are proposed to be developed on the basis of identified and assessed threats to its activities, taking into account the nature of threats, their interconnectedness and interdependence, as well as the stage of development of each of the threats. Because the implementation of threats to the enterprise’s activities can further aggravate its condition: crisis phenomena are transformed into a crisis situation, which, in turn, threatens to develop into a crisis state. In order to develop an anti-crisis scenario for the development of the enterprise in the situation of the probable simultaneous implementation of several threats to its activities, the use of the method of tuples is proposed. A general view of the tuple for the anti-crisis scenario is presented. The role of key resources in ensuring sustainable development of the enterprise in a crisis is disclosed. The problematic aspects of using key resources in ensuring sustainable development of the enterprise in a crisis are displayed.

Following a period close to fifteen years of fighting the extremist terrorist group Al Qaeda in Pakistan and Afghanistan, the United States (US) is faced with diverse security threats from affiliates of Al Qaeda in Africa. This study explores the extent of Al Qaeda’s presence in Africa, security threat and policy implications to the US. A qualitative methodology through document analysis and informed by the interpretivist research paradigm was employed. With Al Qaeda’s continued growth, there could be nuclear terrorism, arms and drug trafficking among other threats. Policy recommendations are given for the United States of America.

Objectives The subject of the article are reflections on the issue of addiction in the XXIst century on the example of e-drugs. This is a relatively new type of threat. It affects young people who often use the Internet and are permanently online. E-drugs gained particular popularity in 2008-2010. The people who are currently in the 20-30 age range could be exposed to these resources at that time. Therefore, it was decided to determine what is the level of knowledge about e-drugs among young people in Poland, what are the experiences of the respondents regarding the use of psychoactive substances. Material and methods The research was carried out using the author’s survey, which was made available through an interactive Google survey. The responses of 102 respondents were included in the final analysis, including 54 men and 48 women (M = 22,3) living in the Lubelskie Voivodeship. Results More than half (53%) visited websites where can use e-drugs, 43% have used them, including 20% more than once. E-drugs are considered the least dangerous in terms of the possibility of addiction, compared to other. The average value given to e-drugs is 7.3 out of 12. On the other hand, alcohol (9), heroin (8.3), gambling (8.3) and computer games (8.3) were considered the most dangerous measures. Conclusions This work has a theoretical and practical dimension, because in addition to theories own research and practical implications will be presented.

The author based on the available literature analysed the terrorist threat globally, in Europe and Poland. He presented the genesis of terrorism, directions of development, and threats in the modern world. He attempted to present the causes of terrorist activity on a political, religious, civilisation, cultural and social basis.

A methodology for predictive evaluation of the effectiveness of an asymmetric response to modern threats is presented in the interests of ensuring an adequate level of military security of the state. In the context of the integrated use of military and non-military instruments (economic, political, information-psychological, etc.), there was a need to evaluate and predict the effectiveness of the asymmetric use of military and non-military forces and means in countering force pressure and the use of military force against a state that opposes a stronger military opponent. The main limitation of the state, which conduct offensive actions, is the loss of personnel. For the state-victim of aggression, the loss of personnel, population, infrastructure, etc. in such a conflict much more. World experience shows that the state, which is significantly weak in military relations, by carrying out asymmetric measures to counter threats by military and non-military subjects of the defense forces, is capable of inflicting unacceptable damage on the enemy, including and in non-military areas of security, and thereby force an even stronger military opponent to abandon the use of military force against it. We propose the effectiveness of counteracting state aggression, which significantly dominates the target state in military "power", to assess the total level of threat de-escalation at a certain time due to the symmetric (direct military) and asymmetric (complex) counteraction of aggression in the form of conducting a local special operation. The number of local special operations is determined by the capabilities of the state-victim of aggression. Formed system of restriction and decision-making criteria defined the aggressor state to refuse further aggressive actions.

Abstract. The main methodological problems of the organization and implementation of the process of financial security management within the functioning of economic systems of different levels are identified. To meet the methodological needs of financial security management under financial security itself, it is proposed to understand the state of protection of financial interests in various sectors and functional areas of financial activities of the economic system and its main participants from external and internal threats, which ensures the effectiveness of economic relations, related to the implementation of financial guidelines for the development of economic, socio-economic, economic systems. It is established that the classical approach to the structure of the financial security subsystem in the system of economic security at any level of management positions it as a set of factors, the state of which determines the financial capacity of the entity or system to counteract economic risks and threats and their negative financial impact on the system respectively. The elements of financial security at the micro and macro levels are systematized according to such parameters as the financial security system, security entities, information principles, personnel component, management mechanism, resources, tools, instruments. A 16-component model of financial security management is proposed, which provides for the possibility of building a management system on four fundamental parameters: organizational culture, progressive and sustainable development, continuous optimization of the management process and ensuring its systemic nature. The proposed formulas for calculating the level of financial security of the state and the level of financial security of the entity based on the author’s approach to segmenting their system for diagnostic purposes allow to obtain a rapid assessment of the financial security of the economic system, of course. Conceptual bases of the system approach to management of financial security of economic system taking into account object of management, subjects of management, the management mechanism, system of maintenance of process of management, principles of management and an estimation of level of safety are presented. Keywords: financial security, financial security management, risk, threat, economic security, economic system. JEL Classification G21, F29, L41. Formulas: 3; fig.: 3; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 10.

Abstract. The conducted theoretical and analytical study, which included acquaintance with the achievements of domestic and foreign scientists on ensuring the personnel security of banks and assessing the personnel security of the banking sector of the economy, allowed to develop oriented graphical models and corresponding reachability matrices, and served as a basis for hierarchical ordering of key threats to bank personnel security. The hierarchical ordering of threats to the personnel security of the banking sector of the economy is based on the application of the graph theory method. The models developed give an idea of the need to implement safeguards against key threats, which is important in view of resource constraints and maximizing the effectiveness of security actors. The result is averaged for most domestic banks, as each of them is influenced by the external environment and changes caused by internal processes. A mechanism for counteracting the influence of external and internal threats on the personnel security of banks has been constructed, which takes into account the current trends in the development of the banking sector. The application of system analysis and graph theory made it possible to hierarchically regulate the impact of key threats on personnel security, which became the basis for the development of a model that graphically determines the priority of developing and implementing security measures for each threat, and justifies the possibility of applying one of the options passive protection and active protection. As a result of the theoretical and analytical study, a number of key external and internal threats to personnel security of banks have been regulated and identified. By applying graph theory and mathematical modeling hierarchically ordered and determined the severity of the impact of threats on the personnel security of banks, which subsequently allowed to create a defense mechanism to counter them. Keywords: bank personnel security, bank system, threat, security, crisis situation, mechanism. JEL Classіfіcatіon D81, G21, F29, L20 Formulas: 16; fig.: 3; tabl.: 19; bibl.: 16.

Improving the quality and efficiency of higher education is closely linked to the need for comprehensive security in an educational environment within which the vital processes of forming, developing and becoming a future professional are going on. Psychological violence, as a threat to the psychological security of the educational environment, is a pressing scientific problem that makes the research relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyse the problem of psychological violence as a destructive socio-psychological threat to the security of the educational environment and a complex obstacle in the process of modernisation and improvement of higher education. The objectives of the study were to analyse the basic principles of psychological security of the educational environment; to define the notion “psychological violence” and its signs manifested in the educational environment as well as the forms of its manifestations; to describe possible ways of preventing manifestations of psychological violence in the educational environment. The analysis of the scientific psychological and pedagogical literature made it possible to identify the main system components of the educational environment. It is established that the relationship between pedagogical and psychological conditions alongside influences are the concept of the system of the educational environment, whereas psychological violence is the main socio-psychological destruction of this system. The study emphasises that the consequences of psychological abuse extend to all levels of human functioning and contribute to the process of the deformation of personality; they reduce motivation to act and impede the realisation of person’s abilities, educational and professional skills. The authors have analysed the main types of psychological violence, including those ones which have emerged relatively recently and need further scientific study. The necessity to create a set of measures aimed at preventing psychological violence in the educational environment has been substantiated, the ways of solving this problem at the scientific and legislative levels have been outlined. The main methods of scientific development are as follows: analysis, synthesis, generalisation, as well as the systematic and descriptive methodological approaches.

Cyberspace, virtual space, an illusion of the world – it facilitates the exchange and storage of information, simplifies the communication between humans and computers, as well as between citizens. Despite representing an opportunity for the development of an individual, it poses a threat to the security of its users, especially the juvenile ones. The aim of the article is to portray the threats of the cyberworld and the possibilities of addressing them through parents’ appropriate attitudes and actions. Basing on the analysis of relevant literature and statistical data it can be inferred that a rising percentage of juveniles display symptoms of addiction. Furthermore, according to data provided by Statistics Poland, the access of children and youth to digital media has been steadily increasing since 2012. In 2017, as many as 98,9 per cent of households with children had Internet access. The ubiquitous availability of digital media may result in a constant increase in pathological behaviours of children in the cyberworld, which will evolve under the influence of changes in society. Dangerous games such as Blue Whale, Fire Fairy, MOMO Challenge and phenomena such as cyberbullying, cyberpornography, online paedophilia and sexting do not only influence the personality and daily life of young Internet users, but also pose an actual threat to their life and health. It is, therefore, of profound importance to educate parents in order to enable them to guard their children in the Internet and instill appropriate behaviour. The article is divided into two parts. The first part explains and discusses the perils present in the cyberspace. The second part comprises reflection upon the pedagogical and educational role of the family and the possibilities of protecting the juveniles in the Internet by means of developing a security culture in the digital environment. The author postulates that the lack of conscious action of guardians prevents them from addressing the threats of the cyberworld in an effective manner, resulting in the emergence of antisocial individuals, who are unable to live and function in their surroundings.

Historical experience and scientific researches witness that both an individual’s life success and a country’s prosperity and the living standard of population depend not on the quality of education itself, but on its effectiveness. The effectiveness of education, in turn, is determined by a social productivity of science, which can be presented elementarily by such a simple indicator as a number of Nobel laureates. The USA holds the leading place among countries in this area. Thus, the United States is the country that can maximally ensure human development, and most importantly – a realization of human natural gifts and an acquisition of appropriate material welfare. This is evidenced not only by the high level of science development, but also by the phenomenon of a success of a number of immigrant communities compared with the US European population. The most successful ethnic groups in the United States are Jews, Indians, Chinese, Nigerians, Cubans, Iranians and Lebanese. Particularly impressive is the success of the Nigerians and Cubans against a background of comparatively small achievements of the African and Latin Americans. It has been found that all most successful ethnic groups in the USA have three mental traits: a superiority complex, an insecurity, and impulse control. The superiority complex lies in deep inner confidence in an uniqueness of your community compared to others. This confidence can be based on religion, majestic history and culture, origin, and so on. Insecurity means anxiety uncertainty in its significance in society, concern about a lack of results of its activities. Key sources of insecurity are scorn by other communities, fear and parents’ pressure. A scorn by the people of a strange country and its own indignation in this regard may be the most powerful incentive for growth. The second source of the insecurity is fear of being unable to survive in a strange country, which can lead to despair, paralysis of will, capitulation, even shame. But it can also cause a completely different reaction – an urge to rise, earn money, reach power, either to become successful here, or to have same means to escape. The third and most common source of the sense of threat in successful immigrant communities is the pressure from parents to children to be succeed. Parents bring up children's to conviction that success, foremost in learning, is a responsibility of family honor, as well as protection from an uncertain and hostile world. Impulse control means an ability to withstand various temptations, especially the temptation to relinquish difficulty and challenge a difficult task rather than to perform it. No human society can exist without control of impulses. However, it must be remembered that individual control of impulses is just a futile austerity. Success is only possible as a result of combining all three principles – a conviction of superiority, a sense of threat, and an impulse control. Philosophy of a successful life is an extremely effective means of achieving a high social status, if it is important for you. However, it should be used only to succeed. After this it is necessary to get rid of success philosophy, because in the future it can cause a pathological drive to extremes. The experience of bringing up children in the successful communities of America will undoubtedly be useful in the current reforming of Ukrainian education.

The pace of development of information technology in recent years has prompted the introduction of computer technology in the processes of command and control. This, in turn, was reflected in the reverse side of this process, namely, interest grew in information circulating inside information systems not only from the users, but largely from the side of the enemy. To date, there are a large number of channels of leakage and distortion of information. The information security system performs the function of fully or partially compensating threats to the information system. The main characteristic of the information security system is the probability of eliminating each threat. Due to the functioning of the information security system, losses are reduced, which are inflicted on the information system under the influence of threats. Thus, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the quality index of the information security system of the automated information system of the military command body.

The rapid development of information technology and its introduction into accounting practices have jeopardized the security of accounting data circulating in cyberspace and brought to the fore the problems of defining measures to increase their cybersecurity. The article is aimed at disclosing the current status of such security, as well as identifying cyberthreats in the sphere of use of accounting information, and defining the means for its protection against theft, damage or loss in cyberspace. Based on an analysis of statistics published in both domestic and foreign studies, the status of cybersecurity in the world is described according to various indicators, the main sources of cyberthreats for accounting information at enterprise, as well as situation with cybercrime in Ukraine are discussed. The approaches of scholars to grouping the cyberthreats are systematized and the preconditions for the emergence of these threats for accounting information both in general and in the introduction of separate technologies that are promising for use in accounting are formulated. The construction of a system of measures to ensure the cybersecurity of accounting information at enterprise, based on the use of common and specific means of protection of organizational, technical, personnel and legal nature, is substantiated. Prospects for further research in this direction are determined as search for criteria plus assessment of the success of implementation of the measures to protect accounting information and ensure its cybersecurity.

The emergence and materialization of threats to the socio-economic system of region necessitate assessment of the socio-economic security of region and formation of its policy oriented towards provision of security. Reliability of assessments of the socio-economic security of region depends crucially on the chosen method of assessment, the most common of which include functional (or complex), indicator, rating, index, taxonomic methods and assessment models. The article presents the results of assessment of the socio-economic security of the Poltava region, carried out using the functional method within terms of protective approach to definition of the content of the concept of «socio-economic security of region». The results of the assessment identified problematic aspects in almost all components of the socio-economic security of region, resulting from the implementation of threats to its socio-economic system. In order to strengthen the socio-economic security of the Poltava region, it is necessary to organize its provision within the limits of regional administration, which will facilitate timely identification of threats to the socio-economic system of the region and developing measures to strengthen it.

The necessity of balancing the processes of ensuring the maximum level of satisfaction of interests of stakeholders of business entities and risk management during the realization of the tasks of strategic management of financial and economic security is substantiated. The definition of strategic management of financial and economic security is proposed, according to which its concept is interpreted as a process of using the entrepreneurial capabilities of a business entity to ensure the stability of its operation and to achieve long-term goals in the conditions of the constant need to protect corporate resources from the negative impact of external and internal threats and risks. The role of the stakeholders interests have been established in the processes of strategic management, risk management and financial and economic security management. The interests of stakeholders of business entities and the risks to financial and economic security that arise during their satisfaction are critically assessed and summarized. According to the results of the questionnaire of experts — representatives of business owners and top managers of a number of companies that carry out financial and business activities in the Ukrainian market, quantitative indicators of managers that would decide on the adoption of economic risk to meet the interests of stakeholders in the strategic perspective were made. A map of stakeholders of business entities for the needs of strategic management of financial and economic security of business structures is offered. It is proposed to initiate the process of forming risk catalogs taking into account the probability of their occurrence, depending on the level of stakeholders interests and needs satisfaction. The necessity of combining mechanisms of stakeholder management, strategic management, risk management and financial and economic security management in the integrated system of security-oriented management of economic entities in the conditions of financial instability characteristic of the post-crisis period of recovery and development of the Ukrainian economy is proved.

Objectives The aim of the work is to prove whether the virtual reality is a support or a threat to security. Material and methods literature analysis Results Virtual reality is nowadays both support and a threat to the security of society and individual individuals, and to a large extent it depends on the individual how smart and effective he will use the benefits of programs, applications, simulators and tools based on on virtual reality. In the case of virtual reality, as in the case of all other innovations, it is necessary and justified to find a balance, moderation and prudence in the application, as well as awareness of the dangers and threats resulting from the use of these tools or means. This means that the virtual reality used and used by people prudently can bring many benefits and provide protection and protection, however, used unreasonably or without moderation, it can not only threaten the safety, but also human health. Conclusions Depending on the use of virtual reality, it can bring many benefits and be a danger.

Subject, purpose of work. In the article it was conducted a theoretical generalization of the essence of concepts such as: risk, danger and threat of economic activity, as well as it was revealed their nature and interconnection was established. It is proved the possibility of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise on the basis of realization of the essence of risks, dangers and threats of enterprise economic activity. Method or methodology of work. In the course of the research there were used the following general scientific and specific methods and techniques of cognition such as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, and scientific abstraction. The result of work. It has been established that the competitive environment hides some uncertainty, which requires the enterprise to make economic decisions. Each economic decision, in its turn, is likely to endanger the risks which can lead to dangerous situations in the absence of influence on them. The risk may be justified, which ultimately gives the company new opportunities for development, and may be unjustifiable, which will contain a number of hazards that can threaten the enterprise. Thus, the provision of economic security is seen to mitigate the negative effects of factors that directly or indirectly influence the adoption of risky decisions in order to prevent the threats of the enterprise. Therefore, the threat is a form of danger that arises as a result of a risky economic decision. The approaches to the classification of threats of enterprise activity are summarized, which give an expanded view of the causes of their occurrence and management tools in order to avoid or mitigate negative consequences. The field of results application. The obtained results can be applied at formation, maintenance and increase of economic safety of the enterprise. Conclusions. The combination of approaches to understanding the essence of risks, threats and dangers underline once again the lack of consensus on the nature of these concepts. However, despite this fact, the following can be noted: the presence of risks, threats and dangers compels the enterprise to develop, learn, refine and sharpen its protective mechanisms in order to minimize the influence of these factors on economic activity. Classification of threats enables to identify the tools for managing them in the process of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise.

The article is aimed at improving the theoretical and applied aspects of systematization of dangers and threats to economic security of banks on the basis of further development of criterial features and characteristics. The author’s own approach to systematization of dangers and threats to economic security of banks is proposed. Dangers and threats to banking activity are systematized not only according to the sources of occurrence (internal and external), but also depending on the level structure and levels of management with allocation of dangers and threats of mega-, macro-, meso-and microlevels. It is proved expedient to allocate as a new criterion of classification of dangers and threats in activity of banks a sign of forms of ownership and system importance, in particular – dangers and threats to banks with the State form of property, with foreign and domestic capital. As the newest criterion is also allocated the degree of influence on economic security of the banking activity which can be significant, permissible or minimal. Prospects for further research in this direction are the development of appropriate mechanisms to ensure the economic security of banks, taking account of the impact of real and potential dangers and threats, as well as substantiation of methodical approaches to both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of its level.

Purpose. Currently, there appear more often the reports of penetration into computer networks and attacks on the Web-server. Attacks are divided into the following categories: DoS, U2R, R2L, Probe. The purpose of the article is to identify threats in a computer network based on network traffic parameters using neural network technology, which will protect the server. Methodology. The detection of such threats as Back, Buffer_overflow, Quess_password, Ipsweep, Neptune in the computer network is implemented on the basis of analysis and processing of data on the parameters of network connections that use the TCP/IP protocol stack using the 19-1-25-5 neural network configuration in the Fann Explorer program. When simulating the operation of the neural network, a training (430 examples), a testing (200 examples) and a control sample (25 examples) were used, based on an open KDDCUP-99 database of 500000 connection records. Findings. The neural network created on the control sample determined an error of 0.322. It is determined that the configuration network 19-1-25-5 copes well with such attacks as Back, Buffer_overflow and Ipsweep. To detect the attacks of Quess_password and Neptune, the task of 19 network traffic parameters is not enough. Originality. We obtained dependencies of the neural network training time (number of epochs) on the number of neurons in the hidden layer (from 10 to 55) and the number of hidden layers (from 1 to 4). When the number of neurons in the hidden layer increases, the neural network by Batch algorithm is trained almost three times faster than the neural network by Resilient algorithm. When the number of hidden layers increases, the neural network by Resilient algorithm is trained almost twice as fast as that by Incremental algorithm. Practical value. Based on the network traffic parameters, the use of 19-1-25-5 configuration neural network will allow to detect in real time the computer network threats Back, Buffer_overflow, Quess_password, Ipsweep, Neptune and to perform appropriate monitoring.

The aim of the article is to systematize scientific approaches concerning the impact of negative factors on the state of economic security of a region, determine the criteria for the transition of the regional economic system from one state to another, with consideration for the intensity of the impact of negative factors of influence, as well identify the sources of threats to economic security of a region. There studied the essence of factors that negatively influence the state of economic security of a region: risk, threat, challenge. The characteristic of the elements of the system for diagnosing economic security of a region is given. A review of the position of scientists regarding the impact of negative factors on the state of economic security of a region is conducted. Based on the generalization of scientific approaches, the areas of manifestation of threats to economic security of a region are singled out. As a result of the research, the threats to economic security of a region are typologized according to their functional components. The directions of further research in this area are related to the calculation and analysis of the state of economic security in the regions of Ukraine, determining the degree of the impact of threats on the main components of the economic security of the regions for developing an effective program for ensuring the security of regional development.

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The status of economic security of Poltava region in 2012–2016 was analyzed, the analysis was conducted using the developed methodology for assessing economic security of region, which is based on the joint use of indicative and functional methods. In order to assess the status of economic security of region, a system of indicators, divided by economic security components, has been formed using functional approach. The information-analytical provision of assessment has been formed using statistical information on the socio-economic development of the region. The influence of factors of destabilizing and destimulative nature on the status of economic security of the region has been researched. It has been concluded that the economic security of Poltava region is unsatisfactory, despite the existence of some positive tendencies, which at present are not sustainable.

The article is aimed at researching the approaches to assessing financial flexibility and the ways to improve it as a constituent part of financial security. Both the external and the internal threats to financial security have been defined. The indicators of assessment of the financial status of enterprise that are being calculated on the basis of value of equity were analyzed. It has been determined that the growth of equity has a positive impact on all coefficients, with the exception of the ratio of non-negotiable assets and the equity funds. It has been suggested that the ratio of non-negotiable assets to equity funds should be used as an indicator of the sufficiency of own capital gains. The relationship between the maneuverability coefficient of the own negotiable capital and the ratio of non-negotiable assets to the equity funds has been considered. It has been found that formation of the own financial resources is one of the main ways of increasing the financial flexibility of enterprises and organizations. A number of measures to increase equity have been proposed; the sources of the equity funds and the factors influencing the money flows have been defined.

It is proved that the main tool that will provide adequate information resources e economic activities of social and economic relations are documenting quality control processes as the basis of global information space. Directions problems as formation evaluation information resources in the process of documentation, namely development tools assess the efficiency of the system components – qualitative assessment; development of mathematical modeling tools – quantitative evaluation. A qualitative assessment of electronic documentation of economic activity through exercise performance, efficiency of communication; document management efficiency; effectiveness of flow control operations; relationship management effectiveness. The concept of quality control process documents electronically economic activity to components which include: the level of workflow; forms adequacy of information; consumer quality documents; quality attributes; type of income data; condition monitoring systems; organizational level process documentation; attributes of quality, performance quality consumer; type of management system; type of income data; condition monitoring systems. Grounded components of the control system electronic document subjects of economic activity. Detected components IT-audit management system economic activity: compliance audit; audit of internal control; detailed multilevel analysis; corporate risk assessment methodology. The stages and methods of processing electronic transactions economic activity during condition monitoring of electronic economic activity.

The aim of the article is to develop a model for quantitative assessment of risks in anti-crisis management of a machine-building enterprise. The quantitative assessment will allow to identify among the risks the threats that can be considered as catastrophic risks. To assess the integral risk of anti-crisis management of the enterprise, there used a process approach distinguishing the process of anti-crisis management activity and the process of implementation of the anti-crisis program. Within the framework of the process the types of activity are singled out, for each of them risks are identified with revealing their reasons. There built a fuzzy hierarchical model comprising the following elements: terminal nodes — indicators (factors) of risks; non-terminal nodes — separate risks that are characteristic for the processes and risks of each process as a whole; root of the tree — the integral risk of anti-crisis management. The expediency of building a hierarchical fuzzy model, within which conclusions are formed for intermediate variables, is substantiated. Based on the own research and taking into account the opinion of experts, the parameters of the trapezoidal membership functions for assessing indicators and risks are determined. Fuzzy bases of knowledge about the correlation are formed using the Mamdani algorithm. The adequacy of the model is estimated on the basis of the learning sample. The built fuzzy model makes it possible to obtain risk assessment based on the set values of the indicators, thus providing an analysis of the sensitivity of risks to various factors. It is easily adjusted to other conditions and types of economic activity of the enterprise.

The article analyzes the threat of transnational terrorism coming from fragile states. Key body of knowledge on the topic in question has been covered as well as most recent issues of Global Terrorism Index (GTI) and Fragile States Index. The author has tried to establish whether there is the link between state fragility and the threat of transnational terrorism in the international security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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