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European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, European Papers is conceived of as a cultural project: a tool for reflecting on European integration as a means to create a new political community. European Papers intends thus to be part and parcel of the debate on the process of European legal integration, on its causes and its functioning, on its most remote interconnections with other social events. Its mission is to draw attention to the manifold forms of integrating Europe and to the far-reaching implications of this process. Moreover, such a reflection requires a wider dialogue between the legal experience and other forms of integration, economic, social and cultural. To forge a law journal as an instrument for a cultural mission entails a number of inescapable steps. This conception implies passing over the traditional hurdles of language, nationality and traditions. European Papers could be an ideal opportunity to match this demand, through its multinational governing bodies, whose members share its ideal and cultural philosophy. It further entails the capacity to reconcile antithetical needs. On the one hand, we intend to promote a scholarly debate on the theoretical foundations of the process of European integration in its manifold expressions. On the other hand, the tumultuous development of this process, which takes place on a daily basis, requires an on-going debate on events that incessantly unfold under one’s eyes. To reconcile these apparently antithetical needs, we have thought of European Papers as composed of two parts: a four-monthly e-Journal – i.e. an electronic and open access journal, that emphasises our belief in the open and free character of scientific research – and a “militant” European Forum, designed to be a hotbed of intellectual discussion, a breeding place for ideas, and an indispensable tool for updating and keeping in touch with the latest developments. Finally, the inescapable issue of language. The aspiration of European Papers to be an interlocutor for an open set of recipients entails a multilingual option. Par contre, uniformity reasons, and the need of reaching a wider, potentially universal, readership would plead for a sole common language. The compromising solution, for an uncompromising project, has been the adoption of a dual-track: English, French, Italian and Spanish for the European Forum; English for the four-monthly e-Journal. European Papers is not inspired by preconceived ideas or ideologies. It has been conceived of as an area where every hypothesis about the process of integration in Europe can be freely verified and discussed. It intends to be a living laboratory for the analysis of a social phenomenon whose uniqueness vis-à-vis the contemporary legal and political categories has been widely recognised. Yet, European Papers has the ambition to go beyond this recognition and appreciate, day after day, its technical as well as its conceptual features, in the belief that this is the path through which the scientific knowledge can advance., European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration. European Forum: The Constitutional Dimension of the European Union; Internal Market - Freedoms of Movement and Competition Law; EU Policies and the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice; The European Integration Through Human Rights; The International Dimension of European Integration.

This case study examines the European Transport White Paper of 2011 as an example of a planning domain application. The European Union is an economic and political union of some 28 states in Europe. Some of the key premises of the European Union have been to open up markets to free trade within the region and to seek to harmonise technical standards, laws, and processes to facilitate the free movement of people and goods. It is interesting that sustainability is also emphasized as an overarching goal for all areas of European policy making. The European Union employs a wide range of assessment and monitoring mechanisms to track progress on the implementation and performance of policies in the transport area, which is seen as a keystone for the so-called Single European Market. These mechanisms clearly reflect tensions between the different goals and pose challenges for the interpretation of indicators on transportation trends. Also the sheer size and complexity of the Union raises challenges for the effective application of indicator based evidence. The chapter will place the indicator- and application rich example of the ex ante assessment of the European Transport Policy White Paper in the wider context European Union policy making.

This paper introduces the European Commission's 2007 White Paper on Sport. It examines the themes of the White Paper on the societal role of sport, the economic dimension of sport, and the organisation of sport, and provides an overview of the follow-up actions planned by the Commission. This analysis takes into account both the opportunities presented in the event that the Lisbon Reform Treaty is ratified, and actions that will be pursued regardless of the state of constitutional reform in the European Union.

The article is describing the views of Olgerd Bochkovsky (1885–1939), a distinguished Ukrainian social scientist, specialising on national rebirth, and a theorist of a new sociological discipline — natiology, on the national renaissance period among the non-state nations of Europe.

The British paper and board industry opposed plans to establish the Western European free trade area and the more modest EFTA, arguing that British producers would be unable to compete successfully against their Nordic rivals. The paper industry did support British entry to the EEC, but only because this was considered to be a less bad option than continued membership of EFTA. It is argued that while the British government could not fundamentally change its European policy solely because it harmed the interests of one particular industry, pressure from business and fears that increased competition would lead to increased unemployment gradually persuaded it to find ways to reduce competition. However, this policy probably encouraged many companies to delay efforts to modernise production.

In 1998 the European Commission introduced into the political arena the concept of a ‘European model of sport’ in the build up to the Helsinki Report on Sport, the Commission's first attempt to formulate a comprehensive approach towards sport in the ‘post-Bosman era’. In the recently adopted White Paper on Sport (July 2007), the Commission however considers it ‘unrealistic’ to define a single model of sport for Europe. This article argues that the Commission's departure from its previous position deserves attention because it is an explicit acknowledgement of the transformations in the governing structures of European sport over the last two decades. The article suggests two possible motives for the Commission's new understanding of European sport. First, the Commission is responding to the politicisation and redefinition of the concept of the ‘European Model’ by sport governing bodies, who are attempting to forestall legal intervention by the European courts and the Commission. Second, the Commission is ...

E. Rost, J. Sonnenburg, R. Hanatschek, K. Heinz, P. Barre, R. Fuchs, A. Gjonaj, F. Gruber, S. Koprivica, S. Krusic, P. Mayr, I. Mihail, H. Panjeta, N. Sidiropoulos, V. Stefov, A. Stoklaska, S. Szigeti, J.-L. Teffo, I. Videnovic, A. Vutsova, D. Simon, H. Matthies White Paper on Gaps, Overlaps, and Opportunities in View of the Extension of Bilateral RTD Programmes and Initiatives towards Multilateral Approaches 3

This note introduces eight studies presented at the second International Workshop on Financial Markets and Nonlinear Dynamics (FMND), organized in Paris on June 4–5, 2015 (www.fmnd.fr). These studies focus, first, on the main effects of the recent financial crisis of 2008–2009. Second, they discuss consequences of the global economic downturn of 2008–09. To do this, the authors focus on the main effects on real economies and financial systems of the financial crisis and then sum up the key reforms, recommendations and new rules and challenges that emerged from the crisis. For each paper under consideration, the economic theory and/or hypothesis suggested is illustrated through an empirical investigation.

At present, European contract law constitutes one of the most controversial debates in the European Union, particularly as far as the extent of the Union’s competence to take farreaching action in the field of contract law is concerned. Since the Commission’s seminal 2001 Communication, there has been a steady stream of documents issued at the European level which continue to refine the Union’s role in European contract law, including most recently the Commission’s 2010 Green Paper ‘on policy options for progress towards a European Contract Law for consumers and businesses’ (hereinafter Green Paper). Yet, as the various activities envisaged for European contract law progress, detailed assessment of its constitutional dimensions continues to lag behind. This is illustrated by the Green Paper in which the analysis of potential legal bases to support the various options for Union action presented therein is not explicitly dealt with. Certainly, to some extent, the Commission’s reticence to discuss constitutionality in the Green Paper can be explained by the fact that this subject is linked to issues which have yet to be decided relating to, inter alia, the legal form and the scope of the instrument concerned, as already acknowledged in a previous Communication with respect to the optional instrument. Still, the Green Paper advances important issues bearing on the limits and the exercise of Union competence in connection with the proposed options for the adoption of a European contract law instrument.

Bratu offers a much-needed analysis of the consultants’ roles, trainings and motivations in the area of EU funding. Engaging with topics like clientelism, informality in economic transactions, brokerage and its role, she argues that EU funding is commodified by consultants through the exploitation of its symbolic, technical and economic space as a terrain on which to (re)construct market relations. Consultants are chameleonic actors that become agents of change due to their double quality of by-products and exponents of European integration. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the porous boundaries between corruption and informality in the creation of the new market of consultancy.

The KU-KIEP-SBS EU Centre, an education & research consortium sponsored by the European Commission, was established on May 2014 by three partners: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP), Korea University, and Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), The KU-KIEP-SBS EU Centre is dedicated to make contribution to enhancing interest in Europe and to expanding research base in EU area studies. Therefore, the KU-KIEP-SBS EU Centre hosted "The 2nd KU-KIEP-SBS EU Centre Research Paper Competition on EU Studies" and this book includes two best papers from the competitions. The KU-KIEP-SBS EU Centre will contribute to analyzing issues on European integration, the economic and political dynamics in EU and promoting cooperation between Korea and EU through this research competition.

From the perspective of the European Union (EU), the justification for the support it lends to CSR lies in the fact that it regards it as the contribution of business to sustainable development. As a business strategy, CSR is directly linked to the achievement of the strategic objective established in the Final Declaration of the Lisbon European Council (March 2000): by 2010, ‘to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion’. Each sector of society can contribute to this strategic objective from its own activity, characteristics and capacities. In this context, CSR expresses the engagement of the business sector in the construction of a Europe characterised by sustainable economic development and social cohesion. The EC considers that companies can, by incorporating CSR into their business values, practices and policies, at least help to minimise the negative social and environmental consequences of their activity, thus contributing to the objective mentioned above.

The Commission will present four proposals with a view to eliminate the remaining barriers to the free circulation of medicinal products throughout the European Community. Certain of the problems faced are very delicate. Therefore, the results that should be achieved are described in the proposals and it is up to the Member-States to decide how these results will be achieved

In the aftermath of the Great Recession, long-run issues about planetary boundaries, progressing environmental degradation, emerging inequality and poverty have been partly displaced by short-run issues as, for example, income losses, unemployment and social problems. From a European policy perspective these issues need to be considered simultaneously. This was the main topic of the conference ‘‘Modelling Growth and Socio-Ecological transition’’ organised within the 7th Framework Programme project ‘‘WWWforEurope’’. So far, the majority of current growth models focus on traditional growth drivers (e.g. total factor productivity), incorporating environmental boundaries only on an aggregate level in a simple specification. They do not take into account that the (growing) economic system cannot be considered separately, but is embedded in a social system that is part of an environmental system itself. In order to tackle the challenges mentioned above and to move towards a more economically dynamic, socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable European society/economy a socio-ecological transition is needed. The availability of models incorporating social and environmental dimensions is an important prerequisite to objectively and realistically evaluate potential consequences of such a transition. Particularly, the intended but also non-intended economic, social and environmental effects of different economic instruments and policy options related to a socio-ecological transition need to be identified. On March 12th and 13th, 2013, the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) addressed this important topic at a Conference on ‘‘Modelling Growth and Socio-ecological transition’’ in Vienna, where the participants presented, compared and discussed existing and yet to be developed economic models that also consider

Students of European integration have produced an enormous amount of literature on the intergovernmental negotiations that led to the establishment of such organizations as the OEEC, the EEC and EFTA. However, only a few have devoted substantial attention to the international contacts between companies that attempted to undermine the integration process by building private trade barriers that would replace those that governments had agreed to remove. The paper producers began to build such barriers soon after EFTA and the EEC had been set up. Although these attempts were not always successful, the industrialists did manage to create arrangements that were substantially more extensive in their geographical and product scope than those that had existed before. The British government and the EEC were reluctant to challenge these arrangements, and in some cases even actively promoted them. The interwar decades are widely considered to be the ‘golden era’ for international cartels; but for the paper cartels, the ‘golden era’ began in the 1960s, when previous bilateral links were replaced with multilateral ones.

Over the past several centuries, the West has emerged as a global leader economically, militarily, scientifically and technologically. This article explores why it has been so successful in the past in order to determine where its strengths lie at a time when the West's advantage is melting away. This article will argue that the West was the only civilisation that took advantage of the communications revolution involving cheap paper and the printing press in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and could do so because of its values and ethics. Compared to other parts of the world, the West offered more freedom to its peoples, and its societies were the most vertically mobile. This is an important lesson for today when we are in the midst of the digital and Internet communications revolution and another wave of globalisation, and when the whole world seems to be adopting Western values. It is important not to forget where these values originated.

This article links the discussions which are currently centring on the future design of the European Union legislative process to modern constitutional political theory as exemplified in the Federalist Papers. It argues that, to better understand the European Union policy–making process, analysts are well advised to consult the Federalist’s objectives as well as its method of reasoning. Considering institutional design in general and legislative decision–making in particular, Jean Monnet, one of the principal architects of modern–day Europe, perceived the early developments which led to the Treaty that established the European Coal and Steel Community of 1952 as an unprecedented process. However, although the European Union is indeed novel, and not a state in the traditional sense, the dialogue in Europe would benefit from a more constitutionally oriented assessment of the potential effects of the Union’s institutional arrangements on legislative outcomes. Modern constitutional theory can provide...

Early studies of European integration presumed either the erosion and gradual disappearance of the nation-state (neofunctionalism) or its persistence and continued capacity to shape the integration process (intergovernmentalism). In both cases, the focus was on the supranational (European) level. For neofunctionalists, institutions and processes at the European level would eventually supplant those at the national level in importance, while for intergovernmentalists, the supranational level was the arena of bargaining and deal making between relatively coherent and self-interested states. The directional flow of activity and influence was from the national to the supranational, with national bureaucratic and nongovernmental actors shifting their interests and loyalties to the European level, or domestic actors seeking to shape national bargaining goals and strategies in the European arena.

As with the common European project to which these book speak they are united in their diversity. In their diversity they each tackle distinct aspects of the ongoing process of European integration: democracy, enlargement and citizenship. However, in spite of their diverse points of departure, these books are united in their endeavour to comprehend the contested nature of the emerging European Union polity and in bringing the distinctly political dimension of the integration process to the fore.

AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PAPERS IN HONOR OF HENNING WODE. Petra Burmeister, Thorsten Piske, and Andreas Rohde (Eds.). Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2002. Pp. xxv + 552. 40.00 € paper.Wode's lifetime of scholarship can be divided loosely into three general research areas, each of which comprises one section of this edited volume: theory-building in first (L1) and second (L2) language acquisition, the development of speech production and perception skills in L1 and L2, and immersion education and foreign language teaching. This first area of work, dating from the 1970s and early 1980s, draws in part from Wode's detailed analysis of the language of his four young children. The second, initiated in 1989 with Pieper, stems from a large-scale study of early phonological development. Finally, the third, begun in the wake of European integration, came out of his work to support immersion programs and language learning in preschools and elementary and secondary institutions.

In recent decades, European integration has made major steps forward. Yet, since the financial crises 2008/2009 severe disequilibria became manifest questioning the sustainability and the further development of European integration. Specifically, within the European Monetary Union these disequilibria are reflected in large trade deficits, capital outflows, fiscal deficits and the accumulation of large amounts of debt in some of its member states. The conference took a long-run view of the European integration process focusing on the economic mechanisms and policies required to promote sustainable growth and further integration in Europe. The 2013 Annual Meeting of the Austrian Economic Association took place at the University of Innsbruck on 10–11 May 2013. Two papers taking up these issues from different perspectives contribute to the present special issue of Empirica. The paper by Matthias Firgo and Peter Huber ‘‘Convergence as a heterogeneous process: what can be learnt about convergence in EMU from regional experiences’’ analyzes the anatomy of regional growth and convergence processes in Europe from 1991 to 2009 focusing on within-country, regional developments in the framework of currency unions. The findings suggest that the road to unconditional withincountry convergence is a discontinuous process and far from being granted. Furthermore, the econometric analysis identifies human capital and innovation as the main driving forces for unconditional long-run convergence. Reinhard Neck and Dmitri Blueschke study a dynamic game between two countries in a monetary union in their paper ‘‘Haircuts’’ for the EMU Periphery: Virtue or Vice? In their simulations, they find that a haircut is disadvantageous for both countries of the monetary union, even when the countries are heterogeneous with respect to sovereign debt levels.

Dutch agriculture has benefited in the past 40 years from significant increases in production efficiency and the market opportunities of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Marketing cooperatives, while often controlling significant market shares, have also concentrated on processing efficiency, encouraged to do so both by market conditions and members' expectations. During the 1980s operating conditions changed as the direction of the CAP came under pressure, the GATT round proceeded, and both processors and retailers responded to the possibilities of European integration. To meet these new challenges cooperatives will have to change both their funding methods and market strategies. Failures to do will lead to them becoming increasingly peripheralized in the market place. Copyright 1991 by Oxford University Press.

"In der europäischen Beschäftigungsstrategie stehen quantitative und qualitative Beschäftigungsziele gleichberechtigt nebeneinander. Andererseits gibt es die weit verbreitete These, dass beide Ziele in einem Spannungsverhältnis stehen und jedes einzelne nur zulasten des anderen verfolgt werden kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel der beschäftigungspolitisch erfolgreichen nordischen Länder, dass dieser trade-off nicht generell gültig ist. Gerade diese Länder schneiden im Vergleich der Arbeitsbedingungen nämlich besonders gut ab. Anhand von 15 Teilindikatoren bilden die Autoren einen Gesamtindikator zur Qualität der Arbeit, mit dem Arbeitsbedingungen in 31 europäischen Ländern verglichen werden können. Auf dieser Basis kann gezeigt werden, dass die nordischen Länder ein Cluster guter Arbeitsbedingungen bilden, dass sich signifikant und positiv vom Gesamtdurchschnitt und noch stärker von Deutschland unterscheidet. Zudem belegen die Auswertungen, dass sich die Qualität der Arbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern sowie zwischen atypischen und Normalarbeitsverhältnissen unterscheidet, allerdings mit schwächeren Unterschieden auf höherem Niveau in den nordischen Ländern. Insgesamt ergeben sich Hinweise, dass offenkundig Spielraum zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen besteht." (Autorenreferat), "In European employment strategies both quantitative and qualitative employment targets are of equal importance. On the other hand there is a widespread theory that there is tension between the targets and one can only be pursued at the expense of the other. Examining the example of the successful labour policies of the Nordic countries this article shows that this theory is not generally applicable. It is exactly these Nordic countries that do particularly well in a comparison of labour conditions. The authors set up an index of the quality of labour, based on 15 indicators which can be used to compare labour conditions in 31 European countries. On this basis it can be seen that the Nordic countries form a cluster of good working conditions that are significantly more positive than the average and more positive than in Germany. In addition, the evaluations reveal that the quality of work differs between men and women, as do atypical and normal working relationships, but with less differences at the higher level in Nordic countries. All in all, there are indications that there is room to improve working conditions." (author's abstract)

The collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, and the emergence of the European Union (EU) have all raised questions regarding the United States transatlantic relationship and the subsequent role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The author takes a brief look at past US-European relations and provides an enlightening and provocative analysis of the current state of affairs. Recent tensions in the relationship, he concludes, are a result of the EU's growing role as a state actor in the international system. Policy differences between the United States and the EU are merely symptoms of the changes resulting from the EU's new role. The author proposes a tentative typology of alliances and concludes that the United States and the EU have a codependent relationship, with the United States subsidizing the EU's pursuit of policies that, whether by accident or design, undermine US interests. The author calls for a reformulation of the alliance that allows both the United States and the European Union to pursue their own interests while forcing the EU to take responsibility for its own defense.

It is not easy to find a common theme in five papers that present a rich analysis of the international monetary system. Let me try though, by presenting a story of the main changes and challenges that we are likely to face in the future international monetary system. I will then use that story to make links with the five papers, thereby also demonstrating that I read the papers.

As the implementation of the European single market has continued, it has become increasingly clear that a more closely integrated Europe cannot simply have an exclusively economic dimension. For a harmonious overall development, a large number of other policy areas clearly have to be included. One of these is spatial policy (spatial development policy), which aims to contribute to a more balanced spatial development. In the view of the ARL, the time has now come to initiate the institutional steps which have thus far emerged from the Europe-wide debate. The "territorial cohesion" of the Union cannot be achieved until we have clear legal foundations and definitions, which must also apply to spatial development policy in Europe. For that reason, the constitutional aspects of a European spatial development policy must form part of the agenda of the European Constitutional Convention. Mit der fortschreitenden Verwirklichung des Europäischen Binnenmarktes ist im Laufe der Zeit immer deutlicher geworden, dass das zusammenwachsende Europa nicht lediglich eine ökonomische Dimension haben kann, sondern dass für eine harmonische Gesamtentwicklung zahlreiche weitere Politikfelder einbezogen werden müssen. Dazu gehört auch die Raumpolitik (Raumentwicklungspolitik) mit dem Ziel einer ausgewogenen räumlichen Entwicklung. Nach Auffassung der Akademie ist es an der Zeit, aus dem bisherigen europaweiten Diskussionsstand endlich institutionelle Konsequenzen zu ziehen. Der "territoriale Zusammenhalt" der Union kann nicht gesichert werden, solange es keine klaren rechtlichen Grundlagen und Abgrenzungen auch für die Raumentwicklungspolitik in Europa gibt. Deshalb gehören die konstitutionellen Fragen einer europäischen Raumentwicklungspolitik auf die Agenda des Europäischen Verfassungskonvents. L'achèvement progressif du Grand marché intérieur de l'Union européenne a fait ressortir de plus en plus clairement au fil du temps que l'Europe, en s'intégrant, ne doit pas se limiter à la seule dimension économique. Son évolution harmonieuse globale requiert plutôt une approche qui englobe de nombreux autres champs politiques comme par exemple la politique spatiale (politique de développement de l'espace) envisageant un développement spatial équilibré. De l'avis de l'ARL, il est temps de tirer enfin des conclusions d'ordre institutionnel de l'état d'avancement des discussions en Europe. Il ne sera pas possible d'assurer la "cohésion territoriale" de l'Union européenne sans avoir créé des bases et des délimitations juridiques claires pour la politique du développement de l'espace européen. C'est pourquoi il appartient à la Convention européenne de traiter les questions constitutionnelles relatives à la politique européenne de développement de l'espace.

Let me start with a broad discussion on the general topic of the conference, which is “ideas for the future of the international monetary system,” and then come to a more focused discussion of the euro and the European Central Bank (ECB). I will discuss the papers as I go along, drawing on their results to emphasize my points. I would also like occasionally to refer to the Nordic and Asian crises.

The economic pressures of a global downturn, a lack of sovereign government budget balancing and excessive debt, severe austerity measures, and deep social tensions have riven the European Union (EU) and put into doubt the survivability of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in its current state or in any state. The so-called ‘sovereign debt crisis’ in Europe has brought to the fore the real risks of ‘black swan’ political and economic events. Some theorists have even suggested a risk to the continent’s democratic institutions and stability. This article explores some of these issues through an analysis of the structures of the EU and EMU and the ‘special case’ of Greek austerity; this offers a synthesised systems theory, game theory, and social network analysis (SNA) abstraction of the macro political, economic, and social systems at work in order to highlight some of the ‘black swan’ risk potential of an endgame.

Since its inception in 1982 the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE) has grown steadily, first to attain and then to consolidate its position as the leading futures and options exchange in Europe and the third largest in the world. With 153 million contracts traded in 1994, LIFFE has been closing on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) with 220 million contracts and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) with 205 million contracts.