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The data presented here are manually encoded characteristics of research papers in the area of Energy-Economy Nexus (empirical investigation of Granger causality between energy consumption and economic growth) that describe the methods, samples, and other details related to the individual estimations done in the examined empirical papers. Data cover papers indexed by Scopus, published in economic journals, written in English, after year 2000. In addition, papers were manually filtered to only those that deal with Energy-Economy Nexus investigation and have at least 10 citations at (at the time of query – November 2015). This data are to be used to conduct meta-analysis – associated dataset was used in Hajko [1] . Early version of the dataset was used for multinomial logit estimation in Master thesis by Kocianova [2] .

The Saudi economy is driven by the energy sector which mainly derived from petroleum-based resources. Besides export, the Kingdom’s consumption of this resource showed a significant increase which linearly promoting CO2 emission increment. Therefore, it is essential to model the Kingdom’s energy consumption to estimate the profile of her future energy consumption. This work explores modelling and multi-step-ahead predictions for energy use, gross domestic product (GDP), and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia using previous data (1980–2018). The dynamic interrelationship of the variable’s nexus was tested using the Granger causality and cointegration method in the short-run and long-run. In the long-run, the models reveal an inverted U-shape relation between CO2 emissions and GDP, validating Environmental Kuznets curve. When energy consumption is increased by 1%, there will be an increase in CO2 emissions by 0.592% at constant GDP, and when GDP is increased by 1%, there will be an increase in CO2 emissions by 0.282% at constant energy used. CO2 emissions appear to be both energy consumption and income elastic in Saudi Arabia in the long-run equilibrium. Granger causality based on vector error correction method reveals unidirectional causality from income to CO2 emissions, and bidirectional causality from CO2 emissions to energy consumption and vice versa in the short-run. In the long-run, bidirectional causality from income to CO2 emissions and vice versa and unidirectional causality from the used energy to CO2 emissions were observed. Also, there is a bidirectional causality from GDP to energy used and vice versa in the short-run, meaning that GDP and energy consumption are interdependent. Saudi Arabia needs to increase energy infrastructure investments and increase energy efficiency by implementing energy management policies, reducing environmental pollution, and preventing the negative effect on economic growth. Graphical abstract

// Chenyan Yue 1 , Yan Li 1 , Yamin Wang 1 , Yan Liu 2 , Linsheng Cao 1 , Xu Zhu 3 , Kathryn Martin 3 , Huaqing Wang 1 and Zhijie An 1 1 The Department of National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China 2 Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China 3 China Office of United Nations Children’s Fund, Beijing, 100600, China Correspondence to: Zhijie An, email: anzj@chinacdc.cn Keywords: varicella vaccine, vaccination, coverage, children, GDP Received: October 20, 2016 Accepted: April 05, 2017 Published: April 21, 2017 ABSTRACT Background: Vaccine is the most effective way to protect susceptible children from varicella. Few published literature or reports on varicella vaccination of Chinese children exist. Thus, in order to obtain specific information on varicella vaccination of this population, we conducted this survey. Methodology: We first used purposive sampling methods to select 6 provinces 10 counties from eastern, middle and western parts of China with high quality of Immunization Information Management System (IIMS), and then randomly select children from population in the IIMS, then we checked vaccination certificate on-site. Principal Findings: Based on the varicella vaccination information collected from 481 children's vaccination certificates from all ten selected counties in China, overall coverage of the first dose of varicella vaccine was 73.6%. There is a positive linear correlation between per capita GDP and vaccine coverage at county level (r=0.929, P < 0.01). The cumulative vaccine coverage among children at 1 year, 2 years and ≥3 years old were 67.6%, 71.9% and 73.6% respectively ( X 2 =4.53, P =0.10). The age of vaccination was mainly concentrated in 12-17 months. Conclusions: The coverage rate of the first dose of varicella vaccine in selected areas was lower than that recommended by WHO position paper. The coverage rate was relatively low in areas of low social-economic status. The cumulative coverage had no significant statistical difference among different age group. Most children received varicella vaccine before 3 years old. We suggest introducing the varicella vaccine into routine immunization program, to ensure universal high coverage among children in China. We also suggest that varicella vaccination information should be checked before entering school, in order to control and prevent varicella outbreaks in schools.

// Takayoshi Kaida 1 , Hidetoshi Nitta 1 , Yuki Kitano 1 , Kensuke Yamamura 1 , Kota Arima 1 , Daisuke Izumi 1 , Takaaki Higashi 1 , Junji Kurashige 1 , Katsunori Imai 1 , Hiromitsu Hayashi 1 , Masaaki Iwatsuki 1 , Takatsugu Ishimoto 1 , Daisuke Hashimoto 1 , Yoichi Yamashita 1 , Akira Chikamoto 1 , Takahisa Imanura 2 , Takatoshi Ishiko 1 , Toru Beppu 1 , Hideo Baba 1 1 Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan 2 Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan Correspondence to: Hideo Baba, email: hdobaba@kumamoto-u.ac.jp Keywords: C5a receptor, CD88, RhoA, gastric cancer Abbreviations: C5aR, C5a receptor; GC, Gastric cancer; rC5a, recombinant human complement component C5a; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate Received: March 14, 2016 Accepted: October 01, 2016 Published: October 14, 2016 ABSTRACT Purpose: Anaphylatoxin C5a is a strong chemoattractant of the complement system that binds the C5a receptor (C5aR). The expression of C5aR is associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. However, the role of C5aR in gastric cancer (GC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the role of C5aR on GC cell motility and invasion. Experimental Design: The mechanism of invasion via C5aR was assessed by analyzing cytoskeletal rearrangement and RhoA activity after C5a treatment. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between C5aR expression and the prognosis of GC patients. Results: Two human GC cell lines (MKN1 and MKN7) had high C5aR expression. An invasion assay revealed that C5a stimulation promoted the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells and that this was suppressed by knockdown of C5aR using siRNA or a C5aR-antagonist. Moreover, overexpression of C5aR in GC cells enhanced the conversion of RhoA-guanosine diphosphate (RhoA-GDP) to RhoA-guanosine triphosphate (RhoA-GTP) after C5a stimulation and caused morphological changes, including increased expression of stress fibers and filopodia. Examination of tumor specimens from 100 patients with GC revealed that high C5aR expression (35 of 100 samples, 35.0%) was associated with increased invasion depth, vascular invasion and advanced stage. The 5-year overall survival of patients with high or low C5aR expression was 58.2% and 68.5%, respectively (p=0.008). Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that C5aR promotes GC cell invasion by activating RhoA and is associated with a poor prognosis in GC patients. Therefore, this study provides a biomarker for GC patients who require an advanced therapeutic strategy.

"Numerous people in Germany, including politicians and researchers, believe that the gross domestic product (GDP) is an outdated indicator of a society’s prosperity. Therefore, at the end of 2010, the German Bundestag, the federal parliament, established a study commission (Enquete-Kommission) tasked with developing an alternative to the GDP for measuring growth, prosperity, and quality of life. This commission has now submitted a proposal: to supplement the GDP with nine additional indicators, including a wide range of factors such as the distribution of income, biodiversity, and life expectancy. The ten indicators cover three dimensions of well-being-economy, ecology, and social wealth-and hence are called W3 Indicators. Replacing the gross domestic product by a single alternative index was rejected by the commission, however, since it is not possible to reduce citizens' very different wishes and expectations to "a common denominator". A representative survey of registered voters conducted by DIW Berlin and TNS Infratest shows that citizens consider the indicators proposed by the commission to be important. Respondents ranked preserving "democracy and freedom" as the most relevant indicator and "further increasing life expectancy" as the least relevant. The average per capita income -as an indicator of the gross domestic product- is the second least relevant factor as far as registered voters in Germany are concerned. However, the study also shows that opinions on the importance of different indicators vary widely. Moreover, there are systematic differences in the relevance of various policy areas for different social groups." (author's abstract)

Transnational families where one or more members are employed abroad while others remain back home are likely be characterized by a higher degree of private information relative to households where members are co-resident. Consequently, international migrants, who can only imperfectly monitor and control uses of remittances by family members left behind, may remit less money home if intra-household preferences differ. On the other hand, a sending household's inability to monitor the migrant's financial choices may enable him to privately spend more, thereby remitting less. Using a novel dataset of married male Indian migrants working in Qatar and their wives back home that were interviewed simultaneously but separately, the extent of information asymmetry with respect to overseas earnings is measured by the discrepancy between migrant's report of his earnings and his wife's account. We find that the greater the under-reporting of overseas income by the wife, expressed as a ratio of her account to his own, the lower the annual remittances sent home. The finding demonstrates how remittance flows can be affected by the presence of information gaps arising from imperfect monitoring of intra-household allocations. It also shows the mechanism by which remitters may vary the amount transferred home by exploiting the incomplete information recipients have of foreign earnings. Interventions that improve monitoring of intra-household allocations could potentially enhance the amount of remittances sent.

Economic studies jointly carried out by the ILO and the OECD, as well as the work of the economist Thomas Piketty has heightened public attention to the fact that the share of GDP in G20 (and other developed and developing) countries paid out as earned income has dropped since the early 1980s, with a corresponding increase in the share going to capital. To what extent can Labour Law contribute to the reversal of this decline in the labour share? Some commentators argue that reforms designed to strengthen trade unions and encourage broader collective bargaining coverage in the working population will lead to a correction. Others have recommended corporate governance reforms that prioritise more worker representational participation on the boards of corporations to promote the interests of labour. This paper will consider both of these suggestions, alongside others, and advance the proposition that inventive modes of regulatory thinking and new labour law solutions are required, which are tailored to the economic and social exigencies of the prevailing system of liberal meritocratic capitalist market exchange. The claim is that careful analysis of the current incarnation of capitalism (liberal meritocratic) can help us to identify the appropriate nature, scope and content of any labour law reforms that are motivated by a desire to resist the labour share decline. This paper will provide a preliminary basic sketch of how those adaptations of the rules of labour law should be configured.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is believed to be an indicator of a country’s economic condition. Bangladesh’s GDP increased at a pace of 8.15% in fiscal 2018-19 as per the base year 2005-06. By the year 2019, Bangladesh has become the seventh fastest-growing economy in the world. This paper used multiple regression analysis model for the macroeconomic factors. The aim of this study is to measure the effects of macroeconomic factors considering GDP as the dependent variables and inflation rate, import, and export are considered as independent. This paper represents that import and export are positively associated factors with GDP whereas inflation rate is a negatively associated factor. This study concluded with revealing the importance of conducting further study by considering more economic variables to measure the economic growth as a whole.

The rapid growth of financial deepening raises the problem of its effect, beneficial for economic development. This paper aims to demonstrate the relationship between economic growth (GDP per capita growth, GNI per capita) and financial depth (domestic credit to private sector and credit availability) in 142 countries, split into four income groups, over 2000–2020, using correlation analysis and data from the World Bank and the IMF. Besides, a comparative analysis of domestic credit to the private sector, economic freedom, Gini index, total government expenditure and national savings of countries that increased their income group status over 2011–2020 is presented. Financial deepening (increased credit availability and expansion of domestic credit to the private sector) encourages economic growth (via GNI per capita and GDP per capita growth). Although the presence of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth (GDP per capita growth) and financial depth (domestic credit to private sector and credit availability) over 1991–2020 is insufficient, there is a linear relationship between GNI per capita and credit availability, between credit availability and domestic credit to the private sector for the same sample of countries over 2000–2020. Meanwhile, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the correlation between GNI per capita and GDP per capita growth. Given the revealed linear correlation between domestic credit to the private sector and GNI per capita, financial deepening positively impacts income growth, and this dependence strengthens with increasing income levels. Target values of domestic credit to the private sector are proposed for the income group transition. AcknowledgmentThe paper was funded as a part of the “Relationship between financial depth and economic growth in Ukraine” research project (No. 0121U110766), conducted at the State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine”.

Exploring the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions is an increasingly important research issue. The paper examines the association between gross​ domestic product per capita, CO2 emissions and energy consumption from renewable sources for the 27 countries of the European Union and the Western Balkans for the period 2008–2018. The panel vector autoregressive approach (PVAR) was used in the analysis, and the panel VAR model with three variables was evaluated based on the generalized method of moments (GMM). The main findings of the paper are that there is a relationship between the investigated variables: (1) two-way relationship between gross domestic product and CO2 emissions, (2) two-way negative relationships between CO2 emissions and energy consumption from renewable sources, (3) no causality has been established between gross domestic product and energy consumption from renewable sources (4) the sign of the relationship in the direction from gross domestic product to CO2 emissions is negative, while in the opposite direction is positive. The results indicate that most of the variations in CO2 emissions are determined by variations in GDP, so reducing CO2 emissions in the long run can be achieved by continuously increasing GDP. Increasing consumption from renewable sources will lead to a direct drop in CO2 emissions which will have desirable environmental effects. Findings obtained in this research can be important for decision makers in managing energy policy, environmental policy and economic growth and development.

Digital technology development caused the digital transformation of the economy and society. E-commerce, the most widespread among digital innovations, reached a significant share, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting economic growth. The progress of digital technologies and the evolution of e-commerce can contribute to the more sustainable development of organizations and worldwide economies. This paper analyzed the influences of digital transformation and e-commerce on GDP and sustainable development. The study used the Eurostat database to gather the research variables for the EU countries. The paper used artificial neural networks and cluster analysis to reveal the significant influence of digital transformation and e-commerce on GDP and sustainable organizational development. Countries with a low level of digital transformation and e-commerce should propel these activities to increase economic performance sustainably.

Public spending as an important component of the composition of GDP has an impact on economic growth and development. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of disaggregated public expenditures, to measure the impact of current expenditures, transfers and subsidies, and capital expenditures as part of total government expenditures on economic growth and development of the Republic of Kosovo. To achieve the main goal of the paper was used the multiple linear regression model (OLS) and Pearson. The regression model has been modified and adapted to measure the regression of public spending on economic growth in Kosovo. The data used in the paper are secondary and collected from the Ministry of Finance of Kosovo, Agency of Statistics, and the Tax Administration of Kosovo. Data processing was done with SPSS. The results of the analysis show that the trend of Kosovo public spending for the analyzed period is increasing. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the results show that current public spending; transfers, and subsidies have a strong positive correlation to Gross Domestic Product. Whereas capital (investment) expenditures have a weaker positive correlation with GDP. The results of OLS regression, in our case, did not show the significance of independent variables, which means that the pubic expenses do not have an impact on economic growth in Kosovo.

Purpose: Nepal is small and buetiful country with a great deficiency in infrastructure development. Foreign aid is believed as key component for development in Nepal. The Paper aims to assess foreign aid contribution for developing Nepal. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is based on secondary data from 2001/02 to 2014/15 with special reference to Swiss aid. The correlation and regression with normality test have been applied to conform the contributory association among GDP, Swiss Aid and total Aid. Findings/Result: The real GDP and Aid are highly associated. The regression line is well fit and explained that 85 percent real GDP depends on Swiss aid and the remaining 14 percent other variables. The coefficient of LNTAD is 0.35 and it shows that one percent increase in the total aid increases real GDP by 0.35 percent. The coefficient of LNTAD is positive and significant, meaning that the increase in the total aid increases economic growth in Nepal. By using Brush- Godfery LM test, the P value is more than 5 five percent, which is 32 percent indicates that there is no autocorrelation among the error terms. Originality/Value: It is an empirical research to signify the contribution of aid for development of Nepal using inferential model. Paper Type: Analytical Policy Research

In order to promote ecological sustainability, the issue of sulphur dioxide emissions is of increasing interest to researchers. Majority of the current research, however, focuses on the relationship between sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade, as well as the effects of trade on SO2 emissions, thus rarely takes it into account that the greater impact of the institutional environment and economic growth on SO2 emissions. Using the 2008–2017 provincial panel data, this paper uses a fixed effects model to empirically test the institutional environment and economic growth of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The results show that GDP growth and SO2 emissions had an inverted “U”-shaped relationship. The institutional environment and the higher level of government intervention in the region led to SO2 emissions decreasing significantly, and the institutional environment and the level of government intervention on economic growth and SO2 emissions form a negative regulatory role. In this paper, environmental governance research, specified by the regional environmental governance, and government environmental performance audit policy provide empirical evidence, thus promoting sustainable ecological and environmental development.

The paper investigates the nexus of tourism spending (i.e. leisure and business tourism spending) with economic performance (i.e. GDP and employment) for the Eurozone countries, during the period 2000-2018, employing sophisticated panel data analysis techniques. The issue is salient, given that within the Eurozone economic space the abolition of border impediments has released dynamics and brought into surface a new mix of opportunities, threats and challenges that has been changing the balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces. The findings of the paper identify the long-run equilibrium and confirm the bi-directional relationships among the variables considered, thus contributing to the discussion on the relationship between tourism and economic performance.

Aim/purpose – The aim of the paper is to compare and create a ranking of alternative trading systems and to investigate if there is a relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and stock indices of those markets and correlation between GDP and turnover value. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a comparative analysis of 13 European trading systems in such categories as: capitalisation, value of share trading, number of listed companies, number of new companies and companies removed from the market between the years 2016 and 2018. In addition, the paper includes a ranking of alternative trading systems in Europe which was created on the basis of the variables mentioned. The paper examines the correlation between GDP and indices of alternative trading systems and also between GDP and turnover value. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation. Findings – The ranking shows that the 1st place was taken by the British AIM market, which turned out to be the best in all categories under the comparison, the next two positions were occupied by the markets whose characteristic feature is that they cover several countries of the western Europe; these are the markets of First North and Alternext. The Polish market was at a fairly high 5th position among the 13 compared markets. The Greek and Russian markets came last. The relationship between the impact of GDP and index value as well as GDP and turnover value has also been examined. The research regarding the first aspect of the study confirmed the hypothesis about the correlation of GDP with the index. However, in the second case of the GDP and turnover value there is a very weak correlation. Research implications/limitations – The limitation in the correlation study was the difficulty in obtaining data for all 13 alternative trading systems taken for the study, thus comparing four markets in the GDP correlation and the value of the index and three markets in the relation GDP and turnover value. Originality/value/contribution – The added value of the paper is the ranking of alternative trading systems and study of correlations between Gross Domestic Product and stock indices of Alternative Trading Systems and turnover value of these markets.

Purpose: This research paper assesses the effect of Corona Virus or COVID-19 on Indian tourism industry and also focuses on restoring Indian tourism by suggesting/recommending tourism industries to change their approach towards tourists which brings back the departed glory. According to WTCC, the Covid-19 epidemic is depended upon to cost the movement business basically USD 22 billion achieving a lack of 50 million situations all throughout the world. India is no special case; the travel industry has seen a critical decay during 2020.In such a circumstance India is no exemption; the travel industry has seen a huge decrease during 2020. GOI has an urgent job to carry out in recovery and development of the travel industry. To avoid the spread of the covid-19 government of India imposed lockdown in all the states including union territories, travel restrictions, national international flight restrictions which made worst effect on Indian tourism by causing huge damage towards country’s GDP and also many peoples lost their employments. Objectives: we aim to present the restoration of Indian tourism industry which got worst affected by COVID-19 pandemic by providing recommendations to restore the same. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data are collected from various scholarly articles, web articles, and this paper presents Strength, weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT analysis) as a way promoting approach for the Travel sector within the aspect of the Covid-19 Epidemic. Findings/Result: Based on the SWOC analysis of the tourism industry, restoring the tourism industry in India have got many challenges, threats and opportunities are discussed. Originality/Value: Built on secondary data available, this paper analyses the impact/Consequence of Corona Virus or Covid-19 on travel/tourism industry in India. paper Type: Case Study Analysis.

This paper seeks to examine the impact of population growth on carbon dioxide emission in Nigeria. Time series data from 1975 to 2016 was adopted. Variables such as population, affluence and technology were used as independent variables which were extracted from the IPAT equation. Econometric tools such as Ordinary Least Squares were adopted. The findings show that there is a positive association between CO2 emission, population and technology whereas affluence has a negative relationship with CO2. The study concluded that the population growth has a marginal impact on the level of CO2 emission. The paper recommended that there is need for the government to adopt a climate friendly technology that will minimize the increasing CO2 emission, improve on its GDP alongside controlling her population growth.

Currently, there is a fourth Industrial Revolution known as Industry 4.0. This industrialization is characterized by structural changes in the substitution of labour by new technologies and capital. The paper focuses on the industrial sector, which is dominant in the Czech Republic and has a signifi cant contribution to GDP and value added. It describes the current economic situation in Czech Republic and in European Union. Many companies use absolute indicators (such as sales, profi ts, ...) or fi nancial indicators (such as asset turnover, return on assets, ...) to evaluate their performance and effi ciency. A Performance Indicator or Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a term used by industry or professionals for assessing or type of performance measurement. The aim of the paper is to critically assess the performance evaluation of individual industries based on the absolute monitored indicators compared to the key performance indicators (KPIs). The paper contains a proposal for a KPIs system that would allow performance assessments of industry sectors, including a correlation analysis of these indicators, to allow for long-term relations. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the performance of individual industry sectors by means of their aid. At the same time, KPI provides suffi cient information on whether to invest more in individual industrial sectors and replace human work by modern technologies or, on the contrary, whether these investments bring no added value and that it is therefore appropriate to stop them and leave this sector to other (more competitive) countries. KPI indicators gain in importance in Industry 4.0. Primary and secondary sources were used in the processing of the article.

Spatial interaction is the process that individuals interact with each other at different geographical locations. It attracts much research interests for the increasing data and applications related to spatial interaction. In this paper, a method is proposed to construct the spatio-info network with the dataset from WeChat. The correlation between human factors and statistics characteristics of the network is analyzed and confirmed, and then, the gross domestic product (GDP) and demographics are integrated into gravity model to model the spatio-info network. The likelihood method is used to solving the parameters and evaluates the four models; it is found that the GDP-GDP-distance (GGD) and population-population-distance (PPD) are similar and much better than the other two models. Finally, topological characteristics and community structure of the evolution network are analyzed to evaluate the models. It is found that evolution networks of the two models are almost consistent to origin network, and PPD models are better. It is concluded that the gravity model and human factors can be used to model the spatio-info network. This paper can be used to predict the communication amount of different regions in online social media dynamically. Naturally, this will help the mobile communication infrastructure construction, especially for a new generation of technology, such as 5G, or for regions with poor infrastructure. In addition, it will also help the software service providers configure server and advertising resources.

The paper proposes an insight into the relation existing between economic development and resource consumption and the associated implications and challenges for forested areas in Romania. In accordance with this purpose, the methods used are both qualitative and quantitative by using a relevant literature review, including international and national reports. In the 1950s and 1960s, Simon Kuznets introduced to modern economic theory the idea that there are certain market forces directly correlated with economic development. After almost two decades of a market economy in Romania, we are witnessing a relative decoupling process between economic development and social inequality. Moreover, the country strives to make the transition to a circular economy by involving all relevant stakeholders and by attracting the necessary financial support. Sustainable development offers the perspective of reaching an equilibrium between economic, social, and environmental aspects. Finding the right tools to assess multiple impacts has always been challenging as regards decoupling the economic development from natural resource consumption. Although there are multiple interpretations of the outcomes of a decoupling process, this paper aims at assessing the evolution of forested areas through econometric research using the Environmental curve of Simon Kuznets. As our main results, we have observed a decoupling process in the GDP growth that will not lead to a decrease in wooded areas in our country, mainly due to rural–urban migration, shifts in consumption patterns (from firewood toward natural gases, etc.) and improvement in the legislative framework in the case of forestry products. Among the weaknesses of the model used are the limited data availability and the reduced number of observations with annual frequency (data were taken only for 22 years), the use of a square pattern instead of a cubic one (it is possible for the results to differ and consequently another form of this curve, either N or N-inverted) or the use of data with a low accuracy related to the total forest areas in Romania. Among the conclusions of the papers, the decoupling process is not a single action process. Our research focused on forest area and the need to connect it with other policy actions related to mainstreaming sustainability, promoting a circular economy or bioeconomy, or developing innovative public policies and instruments.

India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (IPB) are the largest South Asian countries in terms of land area, gross domestic product (GDP), and population. The growth in these countries is impacted by inadequate renewable energy policy and implementation over the years, resulting in slow progress towards human development and economic sustainability. These developing countries are blessed with huge potential for renewable energy resources; however, they still heavily rely on fossil fuels (93%). IPB is a major contributor to the total energy consumption of the world and its most energy-intensive building sector (India 47%, Pakistan 55% and Bangladesh 55%) displays inadequate energy performance. This paper comprehensively reviews the energy mix and consumption in IPB with special emphasis on current policies and its impact on economic and human development. The main performance indicators have been critically analyzed for the period 1970–2017. The strength of this paper is a broad overview on energy and development of energy integration in major South Asian countries. Furthermore, it presents a broad deepening on the main sector of energy consumption, i.e., the building sector. The paper also particularly analyzes the existing buildings energy efficiency codes and policies, with specific long-term recommendations to improve average energy consumption per person. The study also examines the technical and regulatory barriers and recommends specific measures to adapt renewable technologies, with special attention to policies affecting energy consumption. The analysis and results are general and can be applied to other developing countries of the world. Dirección General de Universidades, Investigación e Innovación of Castilla-La Mancha, under Research Grant ProSeaWind project (Ref.: SBPLY/19/180501/000102). 3.004 JCR (2020) Q3, 70/114 Energy & Fuels 0.598 SJR (2020) Q2, 39/886 Control and Optimization No IDR 2019 UEM

In this paper we present a model description of the impact of labor migration on the development of economic systems in countries of migration attraction. It should be emphasized that labor migration is one of the major factors in the development of the labor market. The inflow of migrants into a region should correspond to the labor resources demand of the labor market. To estimate and predict the migration flows between countries with different level of socio-economic development we elaborated a dynamic multi-factor model, which is based on the assumptions of the positional games theory and allows to predict the behavior of each individual, depending on economic factors. According to the model idea, potential migrants have the information on the difference of living and working conditions in both countries of origin and migration attraction. This model takes into account several economic theories of migration and describes the migrant's behavior in terms of migration barriers absence. At the final step of modeling we provide an assessment of migration impact on the development of socio-economic systems in the countries of migration attraction using an approach, which is based on a production function of Cobb-Douglas type. © 2018 The research was supported by Act «211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, agreement № 02.A03.21.0006».

This paper investigates the empirical relationship between inequality and per capita GDP for the US using panel data for 50 states over the period 1960–2015. The paper uses new recently released data for inequality and a novel panel estimator with interactive fixed effects. The empirical results seem to suggest the existence of a S-shaped relationship between inequality and per capita GDP.

The paper is based on an analysis of companies and entrepreneurs who have made business (performed their activity) in the period of 2010-2014. We also analyzed the number of entrepreneurs, micro, small and medium enterprises, number of employees, gross social value, exports, imports, number of importers and exporters. The aim of the paper is the projection of macroeconomic indicators by 2025 in the Republic of Serbia, with emphasis put onto improvement of business conditions with the aim of Serbian economy growth. The result of the research should show that the macroeconomic projections in the SME sector are on the path of recovery and growth, but they are conditional on the quality of fiscal policy, reforms implementation pace, financial incentives, and creating an environment whose ultimate goal would be strengthening of the private sector and creating even favorable business conditions.

Social accounting matrix (SAM) is the linkage bridge between economic data and policy analysis in the general equilibrium models. While the empirical SAM is built upon economic data from the system of national accounts, the theoretical SAM is built upon the relation between economic actors in the economy. This paper proposes the SAM framework for the data linkage between the empirical SAM and the theoretical SAM, in which the SAM structure is defined with endogenous and exogenous blocks. The endogenous activities involve the production, income generation, and expenditures in the economy. The exogenous activities involve income redistribution, asset transfer, and capital accumulation of the economy. From the SAM framework, the general equilibrium model with the objective function of GDP, the equilibrium price system, and the constraints of macro balances are developed for experimental simulation and economic policy analysis. The paper contributes to the SAM framework that provides fundamental insights into economic data, SAM structure, and general equilibrium model for economic policy analysis.

The paper deals with issues of national mergers carried out in the year 2015 and 2016. The development of the mergers is characterized by the fact that it is a multidisciplinary areas (tax, accounting and legal), in practice the most widespread method is Mergers through consolidation. The analysis is therefore focused just on this type of merger. It examines the development of mergers carried out in the Czech Republic as well as globally. In the global perspective,is processed the number of mergers and acquisitions, and the trends in company transformations are monitored. For the Czech Republic is analyzed the number of mergers, number of merging companies, including their legal form, the number of registered mergers by individual Regional Courts, the date of entries, determination of the appointed date of merger and date of completion of merger project. Consequently are presented features typical of the implementation of national mergers. The paper also examines the relationship between the number of mergers and GDP and PX index from 2002 to 2016. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

This paper starts from the idea that the key determinants for economic growth can be: smart growth (promoting knowledge, innovation, education and the digital society), sustainable growth (a more competitive production, with a better use of resources) and an economic growth that promotes togetherness (higher workforce participation, acquiring skills and the fight against poverty). I have also considered the fact that economic growth cannot be made at random, but has to consider the characteristics, as well as strong and weak points of the counties that are being analyzed. Notes so far are complemented by the analysis of some benchmarks for the economy of the EU countries (GDP, employment rate of labor, employment rate of dropping school, amount of GDP allocated to Research&Development, human poverty index). EU interest in obtaining long-term prosperity lies in analyzing the factors that contribute to this objective. Evaluation of the benchmarks and factors impacting economic growth highlights the purpose of this paper and its importance for the XXI century society. Proposed strategies involve a thorough research on the current situation in Romania and in the EU and in this case I consider that the economies are intrinsically linked and no member state can effectively address global challenges in an isolated action.

This paper investigates the association between the level of carbon emission (CO2), economic growth and scholarly education levels in the countries chosen according to some specific characteristics using multivariate time series approach. It considers the impact of GDP and education enrollment, as a proxy of human capital, on the level of CO2 for the countries classified according to their economic developments and regional distribution. The analyses are assessed in three different cases two of which consider the structural breaks for certain periods. The paper enables policy makers to consider the influence of education level and GDP in CO2 issues.

A method of managing working capital significantly affects the performance of enterprises. It is be possible to assume that this influence might vary with the sector and economic cycle. The paper presents an empirical research which aims to identify individual links between working capital and company's sales. The results indicate a relatively strong positive correlation of these variables or their individual components. Findings complement the gap in the literature written by both Czech and abroad authors since the issue is not widely discussed. The research presented in this paper was carried out on medium-sized enterprises located in the Czech Republic and dealing with the manufacture of machinery and other equipment.

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002. In 1997, the global value of ecosystem services was estimated to average $33 trillion/yr in 1995 $US ($46 trillion/yr in 2007 $US). In this paper, we provide an updated estimate based on updated unit ecosystem service values and land use change estimates between 1997 and 2011. We also address some of the critiques of the 1997 paper. Using the same methods as in the 1997 paper but with updated data, the estimate for the total global ecosystem services in 2011 is $125 trillion/yr (assuming updated unit values and changes to biome areas) and $145 trillion/yr (assuming only unit values changed), both in 2007 $US. From this we estimated the loss of eco-services from 1997 to 2011 due to land use change at $4.3-20.2 trillion/yr, depending on which unit values are used. Global estimates expressed in monetary accounting units, such as this, are useful to highlight the magnitude of eco-services, but have no specific decision-making context. However, the underlying data and models can be applied at multiple scales to assess changes resulting from various scenarios and policies. We emphasize that valuation of ecoservices (in whatever units) is not the same as commodification or privatization. Many eco-services are best considered public goods or common pool resources, so conventional markets are often not the best institutional frameworks to manage them. However, these services must be (and are being) valued, and we need new, common asset institutions to better take these values into account. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

International trade is characterized as highly dynamic: multiplechanges manifested in trade rapidly, constantly requiring responseto new challenges. This paper analyzes international trade-relatedchanges in three different ways. First, the paper discloses thetheories of economic growth. Second, it provides insights howtrade-related changes in some countries affect economics in othercountries through the transfer mechanism. Third, named a specificpotency of international trade to economy. To reveal the effectseconometric model is used. This model is applied to the workof twenty-four countries around the world. Based on the resultsof the regression analysis for the different 24 world countries,the period is defined during which the impact of internationaltrade is the strongest. Santrauka Tarptautinė prekyba – sudėtingas dinamiškas socialinės ekonominės raidos reiškinys, jam būdingi daugialypiaipokyčiai. Trimis skirtingais aspektais analizuojami su tarptautinės prekybos pokyčiais susiję klausimai. Pirma, pristatomosžinomos ekonomikos augimo teorijos. Antra, pateikiamos įžvalgos dėl vienų šalių tarptautinės prekybos pokyčių perdavimokitoms šalims mechanizmo. Trečia, apibrėžtas konkretus tarptautinės prekybos poveikis ekonomikai. Remtasi ekonometriniumodeliu. Šis modelis darbe taikytas dvidešimt keturioms pasaulio šalims. Pagal skirtingų pasaulio šalių regresinės analizėsrezultatus nustatytas laiko periodas, per kurį tarptautinės prekybos poveikis ekonomikai buvo stipriausias. Reikšminiai žodžiai: tarptautinė prekyba, bendras vidaus produktas, ekonometrinis modelis, ekonomika.

The aim of this paper is to explain why a small part of shadow economy was absorbed by the Greek GDP once in 2008 and the necessity to do so again in order to overcome the current economic/debt crisis in Greece. It is believed that the negative result of the austerity measures that were imposed to the countries which have been hit by the sovereign debt crisis create a decisive European issue. The size of the shadow economy in Greece is debateable although there is research that estimates it between 28%-30%. Also, the majority of people in Greece during the current economic crisis are trying to balance “the lost part” of their income through their participation in the shadow economy. In the previous years, Eurostat had expressed its reservations on the credibility of the quality of the Greek debt and deficit figures. Specifically, Eurostat had publicly expressed doubts on the debt and deficit figures transmitted by the Greek authorities since 2002 by the way of “footnotes” or specific comments in the press releases where these figures are published. Also, Eurostat continued to express its reservations on the data presented at the notification of March 2004. Because of the present Greek sovereign debt crisis, the authors of this paper present their opinion that part of the shadow economy must be adopted in the Greek GDP and become part of the official economy.

The global economic crisis, intensely debated, started almost six years ago, subjected the EU to new resistance tests because of the macroeconomic imbalances in the Euro Zone, generated by the increase of sovereign debts, especially in the PIIGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain). The situation has degenerated because of the lack of legal leverages through which the member countries should be forced to correct the fiscal imbalances and to meet the macroeconomic convergence criteria imposed. The Treaty on Fiscal Governance in the EU, signed on 2 March 2012, appears to be the key to the macroeconomic recovery in the Euro Zone, due to the more severe budgetary discipline it imposes. This paper, by means of deductive analysis and causal explanations, outlines the current economic situation of the Euro Zone, under the impact of the member countries’ sovereign debt crisis, focusing on Spain and Portugal. In addition to reliable statistics, the paper also presents the EU’s economic recovery strategy that anticipates its future. Unfortunately, the perspective of the Euro Zone is still in a fairly high degree of uncertainty, strongly influenced by the economic development of the member countries and by solving the problems they face. Spain and Portugal are the actual example.

The Ease of Doing Business (EDB) is one of the standard tools for quantifying the impact of regulations on economic activities. It acts as a kind of "cholesterol test" for nationwide economies and seems to be used to determine the requisites of borrowing countries. The paper discusses that the EDB computation is too simplistic and might be misleading. It aims at proposing a non-linear statistical data modelling to classify business regulatory systems and magnify differences. Moreover, the paper intends to investigate the association between business regulatory systems on one side and, respectively, GDP levels and growth rates, on the other. Results seem to support the intuition that differences in countries' regulatory environment might be significantly determined by the public policy goal of stimulating or sustaining economic growth.

Purpose: Indian Agriculture is 3rd most significant contributor to GDP and more than 50% of the population is dependent on agriculture, Indian agriculture accounts for15% of the country’s Gross Value added to the economy, and agriculture policies and schemes implemented by the government to increase the production, income level of farmers, employment, growth of the rural area, provide Digital agricultural stack in area of IoT, block chain, Geographic Information System(GIS) Kisan Drones, Big data, as per the report of NITI Aayog AI in agriculture would be worth $ 2.6 bn and Agri-Startups promote the circular economy with sustainable farming in the area of Millet, organic farming and vertical farming. It is an important pillar of sustainability and it is recognized as 7 out of 17 Sustainable development goals. Sustainable agriculture farming is the order of the 21stcenturyin India which currently has 4.43 million organic farmers, according to the Economic Survey 2022-23 and a much-needed alternative to conventional for protecting the well-being of the farmers and Society, Economy and Ecosystem. India is Self-reliant in the production of Sugar, Rice, Wheat and food grains. Due to Government Schemes like Atmanirbhar, Minimum Support Price(MPS), PM Kisan Scheme, PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), PM Gati-shakti, National Agriculture Market(e-NAM),Young –Entrepreneurs Accelerator Fund for Agri-Startups, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PMVY), establishing more Farmer producers Organizations(FPO), National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Agricultural Technology Management Agency(ATMA), NABARD in providing finance for farm and non-farm sector, PM-PRANAAM for protecting mother earth. These initiatives are to increase the investment opportunities in agriculture, efficiency, and productivity in agriculture for doubling the income of the farmers. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research article is a descriptive study with exploratory research and secondary data collected from News articles, Journals, Government websites, Books, magazines, and reports for the analysis. Findings: Organic farming and sustainable agriculture is good for the economy and environment. The study reveals that in India Sustainable green revaluation in Agriculture Technology and moving towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDG). Type of Paper: Case Study.

Contemporary economic thinking does not acknowledge that the human economy is embedded in Nature; it instead treats humanity as a customer that draws on Nature. In this paper, we present a grammar for economic reasoning that is not built on that error. The grammar is based on a comparison between our demand for Nature's maintenance and regulating services and her ability to supply them on a sustainable basis. The comparison is then used to show that for measuring economic well-being, national statistical offices should estimate an inclusive measure of their economies' wealth and its distribution, not GDP and its distribution. The concept of ‘inclusive wealth’ is then used to identify policy instruments that ought to be used to manage such global public goods as the open seas and tropical rainforests. Trade liberalization without heed paid to the fate of local ecosystems from which primary products are drawn and exported by developing countries leads to a transfer of inclusive wealth from there to rich importing countries. Humanity's embeddedness in Nature has far-reaching implications for the way we should view human activities—in households, communities, nations and the world. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions’.

The goal of this paper is to provide new insights to elucidate the inconclusive results from the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) empirical literature. For the first time in empirical literature, an econometric analysis includes the relative prices for several energy sources. The paper provides strong evidence on the relevance of energy prices to CO2 emissions. Accordingly, one reason for the lack of agreement in the EKC literature may be the absence of energy prices in empirical exercises. The presence of relative energy price changes in the econometric specification confirms a monotonic and positive relationship between CO2 and gross domestic product (GDP). Therefore, we may conclude that there is a decoupling process but without reaching any turning point on that relationship. The policy implications are straightforward. Direct climate action by policy makers is required to break the positive relationship between CO2 and GDP. That conclusion has been reinforced by the reduction of energy prices since the middle of 2014. Otherwise, the trend in energy prices may reverse the relative decarbonisation processes accounted for in recent years in major developed countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

RESUMEN En este trabajo muestra la relación entre economía, geografía y medio ambiente a través del estudio de la evolución espacio-temporal del CO2 y del producto interior bruto (PIB) mundial por un lado, y del análisis empírico de la relación entre las dos variables mencionadas en lo que se conoce como la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets medioambiental (EKC). Asimismo se destaca la importancia de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y en especial del CO2 en el aumento del calentamiento global del planeta y la degradación ambiental. Para mostrar la relación entre la actividad económica y la contaminación, se lleva a cabo un análisis espacio-temporal de la evolución del centro de gravedad mundial del CO2 y del PIB, del mismo modo, se realiza un análisis de la evolución de la eficiencia ambiental del PIB y de la contaminación per cápita. Finalmente se formaliza un análisis econométrico para probar la hipótesis de la EKC. Los resultados del estudio constatan el desplazamiento hacia el Este de los centros de gravedad económico y contaminante mundiales entre 1960 y 2010. Por su parte, el análisis empírico confirma la existencia de una relación con forma de U invertida entre la actividad económica y las emisiones contaminantes como predice la curva de Kuznets medioambiental. ABSTRACT This paper shows the relationship between economics, geography and the environment through the study of space-time evolution of CO2 and world gross domestic product (GDP) on the one hand, and the empirical analysis of the relationship between the two variables abovementioned in what is known as the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). It also highlights the importance of greenhouse gases emissions (GHG), especially CO2, in increasing global warming and environmental degradation. To show the relationship between economic activity and pollution, I carry out a space-time analysis of the evolution of the global center of gravity of CO2 and GDP. Additionally, this paper also analyses the evolution of GDP environmental efficiency and pollution per capita. Finally an econometric analysis is formalized to test the hypothesis of the EKC. The results of the study indicate a displacement of global economic and polluting gravity centres to the East between 1960 and 2010. Meanwhile, the empirical analysis confirms the existence of an inverted U shape relationship between economic activity and emissions as predicted by the environmental Kuznets curve. Grado en Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio

This paper represents a judgment that the relator of per capita income of the countries is a rough indicator of the ratio of labor productivity in these countries. Accordingly, the analysis of the dynamics of per capita income in the United States and Russia for the period from 1861 to present time is made. The described statistical data shows that the ratio of per capita income in the U. S. and Russia has not changed from 1861 to 1913. Consequently, the nowadays widespread claim that capitalist development in Russia led the country into the category of rapidly developing countries for 50 years after the abolition of serfdom is not true. The gap in labor productivity in Russia compared to the United States, Germany, Britain and other developed countries remained unchanged. The sharp decline in per capita income was based on the country's industrialization and appropriate agricultural sphere mechanization. As a result, the gap has narrowed to the mid-sixties of the XX century up to two times, despite the fact those ten years of this period fell out from the normal development in connection with the Second World War and post-war reconstruction of the national economy. After the collapse of the socialist economy, this gap increased up to five times in 2000, and now after the first decade of the XXI century it is about three times. The reasons for these changes in respect to per capita income are analyzed in this paper.

Policy makers must base their decisions on preliminary and partially revised data of varying reliability. Realistic modeling of data revisions is required to guide decision makers in their assessment of current and future conditions. This paper provides a new framework with which to model data revisions.Recent empirical work suggests that measurement errors typically have much more complex dynamics than existing models of data revisions allow. This paper describes a state-space model that allows for richer dynamics in these measurement errors, including the noise, news and spillover effects documented in this literature. We also show how to relax the common assumption that "true" values are observed after a few revisions.The result is a unified and flexible framework that allows for more realistic data revision properties, and allows the use of standard methods for optimal real-time estimation of trends and cycles. We illustrate the application of this framework with real-time data on US real output growth. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

There are many concepts and methods trying to accommodate the growth of cities without impairing sustainability. However, most are too complex, cannot measure green performance over time and fail to deliver actionable advice to decision-makers. The Green City Concept (GCC) is one of the latest of these concepts. This paper introduces a Green City Conceptual Framework (IHS-GCCF) and a harmonized method to measure Global Green City Performance over time (GGCPI). The IHS-GCCF highlights the importance of energy as a steward of resource efficiency and green performance. IHS-GCCF and GGCPI can be used to measure green performance, to explain possible factors influencing the calculated green performances over time, set targets and track achievements. They are adaptable to individual city needs. By applying the method to fifty cities worldwide through desk research, the paper shows that a green city is also sustainable and liveable. It also shows that GDP influences Green City Performances positively, population size influences it negatively and sanitation and air quality sectors influence green city performance the most. The paper addresses a range of gaps in the green city field. It consolidates prior research into one actionable conceptual framework and method.

The global financial and economic crisis presents significant challenges for Romania. It has exposed the weaknesses in the functioning of the global economy and led to calls for the reform of the international financial architecture. Although the crisis was triggered by events in the US housing market it has affected all regions of the world, with direct consequences for international trade, investment and growth. This paper wants to present a comprehensive analysis of the global economy, followed by a review at European level and to identify the key channels of transmission of the crisis in Romania. The second part of the paper focuses on a quantitative and qualitative study that examines the evolution of Romanian economy in 2005-2009. Finally, we conclude with some perspectives and forecasts of global economic recovery, at European and national level.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo se enmarca en el sector del automóvil con el objetivo de realizar una justificación de las ayudas a las ventas de vehículos, comprobar que esas ayudas han sido efectivas para remontar la situación del sector tras la crisis y estudiar alguno de los efectos que ha provocado esa situación económica y las propias ayudas. Para este análisis, se realiza una descripción de las principales características económicas del sector para tener conocimiento del cambio que ha sufrido, también se describirán los planes de ayuda que se han realizado durante el periodo de crisis por el Gobierno y cómo funcionan. Enlazando con los planes de ayuda, se comprobará la efectividad de dichos planes y la estimulación en el mercado total de matrículas, el estudio de sus efectos sobre las marcas low-cost, y en consecuencia, la situación de las empresas del sector 29 comparando algunos datos con respecto al resto de la industria y del sector 45. Por último, se analizará si los planes de ayuda son realmente un gasto para el Gobierno o una inversión, y el efecto en las arcas del Estado por la mejora del sector. Los principales colectivos interesados en este trabajo son organismos, empresas y trabajadores del sector del automóvil, así como público en general que tenga interés en informarse del tema tratado. ABSTRACT: This paper falls within the automotive sector with the goal of justifying the public aids to the sale of vehicles, verifying the effectiveness of this aids to overcome the situation of the sector after the crisis, and studying some of the effects which the economic situation and the aids caused. To this analysis, a description of the main economic characteristics of the sector was made in order to understand the change it suffered, it was described the different aids were run by the Spanish Government during the period of crisis and how they work. Linking to the rescue package, the effectivity of that package will be checked with the stimulation in the market, the study of the effects in the low-cost brands, and as a consequence, the situation of the 29 and 45 sector companies in contrast to the rest of the industry. Finally, it will be analyzed if the rescue packages are an expense or an investment, and the effect on the national budgets. The main interested collectives in this paper are organisms, companies and workers of the automotive sector, as well as the general public interested in the subject matter. Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas

For 2020, the EU has made a unilateral commitment to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions from its 28 Member States by 20% compared to 1990 levels. Also, the EU has also committed to reduce its emissions by 20% under the Kyoto Protocol's second period. The basic aim of this paper is to analyze the relation between environmental protection expenditure and total greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in the EU (28) in the period 2001-2012. This paper confirms the negative relationship between environmental protection expenditure and total greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in EU (28) in the period 2001- 2012. Za 2020, EU je zaključila unilateralne dogovore sa 28 zemalja članica o ukupnom smanjenju emisije 'gasova staklene bašte' za 20% u odnosu na nivoe u 1990 godini. Osim toga, EU je postigla dogovor o smanjenju emisije 'gasova staklene bašte' za 20% u drugom periodu Kjoto protokola. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je analiza relacije između rashoda namenjenih zaštiti životne sredine i ukupne emisije 'gasova staklene bašte' po sektorima u EU (28) u periodu 2001-2012. Ovaj rad pokazuje da postoji negativna relacija između rashoda namenjenih zaštiti životne sredine i emisije 'gasova staklene bašte' po sektorima u EU (28) u posmatranom periodu.

Magnitude of resistance to mega-industrial & other developmental projects by the project affected peoples has gradually been noticed in a greater scale in India. The present paper attempts to focus on the emerging issues related to the out raged protest movement launched by a large number of local inhabitants against land acquisition & other process for POSCO project in Jagatsingpur district of Odisha (India]. Since there appears to be two conflicting groups on the rationale for POSCO project, this paper also examines & analyses the perception of pro-project local peoples on the potential development prospects of the region during post –project implementation period. Since this study is explorative & descriptive, data collection was made using qualitative research methodology through both primary & secondary source. The study reveals that the economic & socio-cultural factors associated with the resistance of large number of local people are attributed to the issues like threat for land alienation, threat for loosing their agrarian structure of permanent livelihood source, threat for socio-cultural disintegration due to proposed displacement from their ancestral home, threat for water crisis due to poor water management policy & threat for ecological imbalance in the region etc. The study also suggests that the other section of peoples who supports the project, on the contrary, found very much optimistic regarding the positive impact of the project on the quality of lives of the local community in particular & inclusive growth of the state in general.

The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the optimal scenario to develop agriculture for the effective diversification of the Azerbaijani economy. By constructing an intersectoral balance model and using regression analysis, we propose the approach for determining optimal agriculture development scenarios taking into account the current development trends of the industry: innovative, inertial, and balanced. Using the balance model helps to account for the cause-and-effect relationships between the indicators of the development of all sectors of the Azerbaijani economy and comprehensively assess the impact of agricultural development on the diversification of the national economy. In contrast to the classical balance model, the modified model proposed in our article provides possibilities to assess not just the production potential of industries but also their contribution to the formation of the country's GDP and diversification of the economy on the way to neutralizing oil dependence.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investments net inflows on changes in GDP value in Poland in the period between 1994 and 2012 with the use of the Cobb-Douglas production function. The paper consist of five parts. Parts I and II present some aspects of the FDI influence on economic growth from the theoretical and empirical point of view. Part III defines conditions indispensable for the positive FDI impact on the economy of the host country. Part IV outlines changes of FDI flows in Poland in the period of 1994-2012. Part V includes the main assumptions of the Cobb-Douglas production function and an estimate of changes in GDP value for Poland in the period 1994–2012 with the use of the VECM. The factors significant for economic growth are also identified, including the significance of the net FDI inflows. Eventually, the effect of gross fixed capital formation, employment, FDI net inflows, exports and R&D on changes in the GDP value are determined. Aneta Kosztowniak

The COVID-19 health and economic crisis has affected all areas of social life globally, including the economy. The world economy has declined due to purchasing power for individuals who have been forced to stay at home and cannot perform work. These restrictions to prevent the spread of SARS-Cov-2 have led to an increase in electronic commerce and mobile commerce as tools for procuring goods and services. In this paper, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of mobile commerce as an essential electronic commerce component, establishing the main drivers of mobile commerce and the intensity of their influences. The research focuses on mobile commerce in the United States (U.S.). It covers the period 2010–2020, the last year of this period capturing the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on electronic commerce (e-commerce) and mobile commerce (m-commerce). In the macroeconomic analysis of competitiveness, we established the main drivers of m-commerce, using artificial neural networks and the mediation effects found between the variables that describe m-commerce, e-commerce, and total sales, using structural equation modeling. The research results indicate an increase in the share of e-commerce in total sales and a predominance of the m-commerce share in e-commerce on the background of traffic restrictions and social distance rules imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Stakeholders in the m-commerce area should consider the following enhancing drivers: increasing internet speed, expanding 5G and Wi-Fi networks, and increasing accessibility and trust in mobile devices and applications.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the movement of non-performing loans in the banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on them. For this purpose, secondary data from the banking sector of BiH were used, over which a multi-regression analysis was performed. The variables non-performing loans, GDP, loan loss provision, and dummy variable COVID-19 were used in the analysis. The results of the analysis showed a significant influence of all three mentioned variables. The existence of a significant positive link between non-performing loans and the state of the country's economy has been proven. In addition to the above, it has been proven that the variable COVID-19 has a delayed effect on NPLs, due to the current application of the moratorium on loans.