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This paper discusses current methods for measuring and analysing occupational mobility, and the way in which methods designed for the analysis of developing countries may need to be modified when applied in other contexts. The paper discusses particular features of some developing societies, such as their large and complex agricultural and informal sectors, and the problem of 'equivalence of meaning', which arises when stratification systems involve rather different institutional arrangements, for example with respect to land tenure.

This paper studies the incidence and heterogeneity of labour informality in six Latin American countries—Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. We divide workers into five work statuses: formal wage-employed, formal self-employed, upper-tier informal wage-employed, lower-tier informal wage-employed, and informal self-employed. We evaluate the patterns of the occupational turnover between these work statuses and assess their impact on wage dynamics. In all the countries, wages are highest for formal workers and lowest for lower-tier informal jobs. The proportion of formal workers who maintain their work status of origin or move up the job ladder is significantly higher than those who transition into lower-paying work statuses. However, despite the high labour turnover experienced by lower-tier informal wage employees, most failed to move up the wage ladder. Education plays an important role, as it increases the probability of transitioning into a better job and, within informality, the chance of better wages.

Though various measures of mobility rate for colleges, e.g., bottom-to-top mobility rate, status maintenance rate, and middle-class mobility rate, have been introduced, they have rarely been reviewed together to see the whole picture of intergenerational mobility, particularly in non-Western societies. This paper fills this gap and characterises mobility rates for 17 different college tiers in South Korea using the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey for 36,192 graduates from 2007 to 2010. It documents two main results. First, mobility rates are higher for males than for females in all three measures, indicating colleges in South Korea are less effective as a social ladder for females. Second, many selective colleges are more likely to play a role as a glass floor than a social ladder due to their lower low-income access, and ‘selective public’ colleges are the engines of upward social mobility for students from the bottom three quintiles. Though people believe education is the single greatest hope to achieve upward social mobility, these findings cast doubt on the idea that college attendance alone can promote social mobility. This paper does not necessarily identify causal relationships that can be manipulated to improve mobility rates; however, it documents various patterns of interest to policymakers.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of an increase in the relative supply of immigrants on natives’ task reallocation, with a focus on Germany. Specifically, it investigates whether natives, as a response to increased immigration, re-specialise in communication-intensive occupations, where they arguably have a comparative advantage due to language proficiency. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses regional data from the German Labour Force Survey between 2002 and 2014. To derive data on job tasks requirements, it employs the US Department of Labor’s O*NET database, the results of which are tested through a sensitivity analysis using the European Working Condition Survey and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data sets. Findings The paper finds that indeed German workers respond to increasing immigration by shifting their task supply and providing more communication relative to manual tasks. Importantly, the decrease in the supply of communication tasks is stronger and more robust than the increase in the supply of manual tasks, pointing to a potential displacement effect taking place between natives and immigrants, alongside task reallocation. This would suggest that countries with relatively more rigid labour markets are less responsive to immigration shocks. Moreover, it suggests that labour market rigidity can minimise the gains from immigration and exacerbate employment effects. Originality/value The paper not only investigates task reallocation as a result of immigration in a different institutional context and labour market functioning, but the results feed into broader policy and scholarly discussions on the effects of immigration, including questions about how the institutional context affects labour market adjustment to immigration, worker occupational mobility in a more rigid labour markets and the fine balance needed between flexibility and rigidity.

Over the past 50 years, occupational segregation by gender has markedly declined in the United States. This paper uses data from the decennial censuses and the National Longitudinal Surveys from 1967 to 2013 to explore how trends over time in the occupational gender composition of women’s jobs vary according to educational attainment. The paper also examines the relative contributions of inter-generational and intra-generational occupational mobility to changes in occupational gender composition over time for high school educated women and women with a bachelor’s degree. The findings indicate that for women with a bachelor’s degree, declines in the likelihood of working in a female dominated occupation are primarily due to changes across cohorts. High school educated women experience smaller changes across cohorts but are more likely than women with a bachelor’s degree to move to gender integrated occupations over the course of their careers. Fixed effects models show that the changes over the life course reflect changes in the gender composition of individual women’s occupations rather than changes in the composition of the labor force. Both occupational mobility across and within broad groups of occupations contribute to changes in the occupational gender composition for high school educated women; for women with a bachelor’s degree, mobility across broad groups of occupations is most important.

Most studies of intergenerational mobility focus on adjacent generations, and there is limited knowledge about multigenerational mobility—that is, status transmission across three generations. We examine multigenerational educational and occupational mobility in India, using a nationally representative data set, the Indian Human Development Survey, which contains information about education and occupation for three generations. We find that mobility has increased over generations for education, but not for occupation. We also find that there are stark differences across social groups, with individuals belonging to socially disadvantaged communities in India lagging behind in social progress. Multigenerational mobility for Muslims in education and occupation have decreased in comparison to Hindus over the three generations. While we find that there is an increase in educational mobility for other disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes compared to General Castes, we do not find evidence of increased occupational mobility over the three generations.

This paper will explore whether and to what extent the (legal) rules of coordination that originated and developed in the EU can be transposed to SADC – a region characterized by high levels of migration, weakly developed social security systems and the absence of suitable portability arrangements. The principle of coordination of social security is primarily aimed at eliminating restrictions that national social security schemes place upon the rights of migrant workers to such social security. One of the fundamental principles of social security coordination is that of portability, which is the ability to preserve, maintain, and transfer vested social security rights or rights in the process of being vested, independent of nationality and country of residence. The best practice around the world to ensure portability of social security entitlements consists of multilateral and bilateral social security agreements. These agreements originated and developed in the EU, and EU coordination arrangements arguably still represent the most sophisticated and developed system of its kind, and one that is worth emulating. In this paper, it is argued that any future attempts at coordinating social security schemes in SADC should start with employment injury chemes, which is the only social security scheme common to all SADC member states. The paper onsiders some of the issues that should be taken into account in designing social security greements in SADC along the lines of the EU model.

We examine the intergenerational mobility of women relative to men, using paired mother-daughter and father-son data on occupation and education for Cameroon. We find that both in occupation and education, intergenerational mobility is higher for sons than for daughters. The intergenerational transmission of occupation is particularly strong for women in low-paid occupations as compared with men. In the case of educational mobility, the effect of the mother's education on the daughter's education is strongest at the post-primary levels.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent dynamics of the Brazilian labour market, by analysing occupational mobility patterns, specially the transitions between formal and informal labour, and verify the earnings mobility resulting from these transitions, separately by gender. Design/methodology/approach The changes in the mobility patterns are analysed by performing an estimation of the transition probabilities between different occupational status between 2002 and 2012, using a multinomial logit model and the microdata from the Monthly Employment Survey (PME). The earnings mobility is analysed by using quantile regressions. Findings The results indicate a high degree of mobility from unemployment to formal employment in the period but suggest the persistence of mobility patterns. Women are better off in the period, but only among individuals with better attributes. The earnings mobility results, for women and men, suggest an increase in valuation of the formal labour relatively to informality (informal salaried employment and self-employment), especially at the bottom of the earnings distribution. Originality/value The paper contributes to a better understanding of recent changes in occupational mobility patterns between formal and informal labour and the earnings mobility underlying these patterns, accounting for the differences along the earnings distribution and gender issues. That is, it allows identify which groups of workers benefited more from the formalisation process to infer about trends in formal–informal dynamics over the period and discuss the challenges in conducting policies to promote inclusive and quality employment.

New and emerging technologies pose a serious challenge for the future of employment. As machines learn to accomplish increasingly complex production tasks, the concern arises that automation will wipe out a great number of jobs. This paper investigates the relationship between the risk posed by the automation of jobs and individual-level occupational mobility using a representative German household survey. It provides an overview of current trends and developments on the labor markets due to the automation of jobs. It also describes the most recent dynamics of self-employment and relates it to the risk of the automation of jobs.The results suggest that the expected occupational changes such as losing a job, demotion at one’s current place of employment, or starting a job in a new field are likely to be driven by the high occupation-specific risk of automation. However, the switch to self-employment, both with and without employees, is more likely to occur from paid employment in occupations with a low risk of automation. Hence, the rising level of entrepreneurial activities is less likely due to jobs becoming obsolete over the course of automation, but rather due to the high number of opportunities offered by the digital age.The issues addressed within the paper provide room for further investigation. Particularly, an important question concerns which additional skills workers in jobs with a high risk of automation should acquire in order to make themselves less susceptible to the negative consequences of such a change. More research is needed in order to develop educational strategies to make workers less susceptible to job loss due to automation.

Recent migrations occur in a world deeply transformed by the digital revolution. The technological context of XXIst century is profoundly changing the nature of distant social relations. Nowadays, new migrants’ generations can practice daily a biography liberated from territorial constraints, being “here and there” at the same time and able to take decision and act over the borders. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are intrinsically related to new networked ways of being, generating new patterns of transnational action. They facilitate both a transnational mobilization around local and specific aims, and local actions based on more universal principles. In addition, the use of ICTs by highly skilled migrants, endowed with high human, social and cultural capital, give place to innovative collaborative strategies. This paper aims to approach and explain some outcomes of the Romanian scientific migration by integrating this new reality. First, a short theoretical review will highlight the recent renewal of brain migration approaches, with specific focus on “diaspora networks”. Then, the study of a website and a related virtual network (www.ad-astra.ro) of Romanian scientists scattered around the world will enable the analysis of the role of e-practices in the emergence of a transnational space in which migrants and non-migrants meet and act jointly in a new transnational public sphere. In this way, this paper will account for the emergence of a Romanian scientific e-diaspora, its impact on the scientific and research reform in Romania and its contribution to transnationally enable local change and reverse brain drain.

The first part of the paper presents the evolution of Romanian educated migration during the last years with a special emphasis on the case of Romanian educated migrants in France. We analyze the reasons that lie behind this migration and the strategies employed in order to leave Romania. Furthermore, we proceed at a description of the problems encountered in France and of the changes that occur in the lives of migrants once at destination. We identify three overlapping dimensions that undergo important transformations due to mobility: the spatial dimension, the temporal dimension and the relational dimension. Mobility transforms the way people conceive space, time and relations to others. These transformations are further deepened by the new ICT developments. The second part of the paper puts forward the relations maintained with family and kin in the origin country. The low cost of transportation and its high speed enable migrants to make trips home more often and their family and kin to come and visit them at destination. However, in recent years immaterial flows have gained ground over material ones. Networks built between migrants and their kin and family in the home country are analysed in terms of recent developments in ICTs which affect both the nature and the frequency of the contacts. They enable migrants to act as agents of change in the origin society allowing them to be virtually present while physically absent. These relations of co-presence engender an important two – way flow of information, values and ideas. This flow enables migrants to keep informed of the events occurring in their home country and at the same time brings changes in the lives of those who remained behind.

"This paper examines the macroeconomic consequences of the diversion of migration flows away from Germany towards the UK in the course of the EU Eastern Enlargement. The EU has agreed with the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe transitional periods for the free movement of workers. The selective application of migration restrictions during the transitional periods has resulted in a reversal of the pre-enlargement allocation of migration flows from the new member states across the EU: Germany as the main destination before enlargement attracts only modest immigration flows since 2004, while the UK and Ireland which have been only marginally affected by immigration prior to enlargement absorb about 60Prozent of the inflows in the post-enlargement period. The macroeconomic effects of this diversion process is analysed in this paper on the basis of a CGE model which considers wage rigidities. We find that higher migration is associated with larger GDP and employment gains, but also with a smaller wage increase and a smaller decline of the unemployment rate. The diversion of migration flows away from Germany towards the UK yields thus a higher GDP and employment growth in the UK. The joint GDP of Germany and the UK declines by 0.1 per cent as a consequence of the migration restrictions." (author's abstract) Der Beitrag untersucht die makroökonomischen Auswirkungen der Umlenkung der Migrationsströme im Laufe der EU-Osterweiterung von Deutschland weg in Richtung Großbritannien. Mit den neuen osteuropäischen Mitgliedsländern wurden Übergangsfristen bis zur kompletten Freizügigkeit vereinbart. Die selektive Anwendung von Migrationsrestriktionen während dieser Übergangsfristen führte zu einer Umkehrung der Verteilung der Migrationsströme aus Osteuropa: Während Deutschland vor der EU-Osterweiterung das wichtigste Einwanderungsland für Osteuropäer war, kommen seit 2004 nur noch wenige Einwanderer nach Deutschland. Großbritannien und Irland hingegen, die vor der EU-Osterweiterung nur gering von Einwanderung betroffen waren, nehmen jetzt sechzig Prozent der auswandernden Osteuropäer auf. Die makroökonomischen Auswirkungen dieses Umlenkungsprozesses werden in dem Beitrag mittels eines CGE-Modells, das auch Lohnstarrheiten mit einbezieht, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass Migration auf der einen Seite mit einem höheren Bruttoinlandsprodukt und mit einer positiven Beschäftigungsentwicklung verbunden ist, auf der anderen Seite mit geringeren Lohnzuwächsen und geringerem Rückgang der Arbeitslosenquote. Die Umlenkung der Migrationsströme führt demnach in Großbritannien zu einem höheren Bruttoinlandsprodukt und zu Beschäftigungswachstum. Das gemeinsame Bruttoinlandsprodukt von Deutschland und Großbritannien sinkt um 0,1 Prozentpunkte infolge der Migrationsrestriktionen. (IAB)

"Continuous full-time work is becoming less frequent in modern societies. Instead, flexible forms of employment such as part-time work, fixed-term contracts, and self-employment as well as phases of unemployment are gaining importance. These trends are supposed to be more pronounced at labor market entry, leading to a prolonged entry process and increasing difficulties in becoming established on the labor market. However, there are vast differences between countries with regard to forms of labor market flexibility and the degrees of uncertainty young people have to face. This working paper provides a theoretical framework for the empirical studies within the flexCAREER research program. The aim of flexCAREER is to study the consequences of employment flexibility strategies on labor market entries and early careers as well as their impact on structures of social inequality in a cross-country perspective. We explain the reasons behind the rise in employment flexibility and develop hypotheses with special regard to nation-based institutional differences. In particular, we describe which role institutional settings such as the educational system, production regimes, employment protection legislations, and labor market policies play in determining the consequences of employment flexibility strategies. We focus on the institutional contexts of Great Britain, the USA, Germany (East and West), France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, and Hungary, which are the countries under study. The hypotheses in this working paper concern the following aspects: 1. the phase of labor market entry in terms of a) the duration of search for the first job and b) the quality of this first job (with regard to the flexibility of the employment contract and the 'adequacy' of the job with respect to the employee's educational qualification). 2. In view of the early career, we outline our expectations in terms of a) the risk of unemployment, b) the chances of reentering the labor force when unemployed (e.g., with regard to the duration of unemployment until finding a new job), c) upward and downward mobility, d) the chances of leaving precarious work at the beginning of the career, and e) the risk of making a transition into a precarious form of employment." (author's abstract)

This paper explores the changes in intergenerational mobility seen in Spain during the last century. It examines educational and occupational mobility, paying particular attention to the existence of a differentiated gender effect. The magnitude of the historical changes that have taken place in Spain during the twentieth century and the scarcity of studies in this field increase the value of this paper. More specifically, the paper seeks to describe how the situation has changed with the social–economic and education policy developments in democratic Spain, especially with regards to women. The main results show that while educational mobility has improved, there has been no such significant change in occupational mobility.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temporary migration on the upward occupational mobility by using a novel database from Estonia.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use a unique data set of the online job search portal of Estonia that includes thousands of employees with foreign work experience. The authors study whether the presence of temporary migration in ones working career is associated with upward movement in the occupational ladder, defined either in terms of wages or required human capital.Findings– The authors did not find any positive effect of temporary migration on upward occupational mobility and in case of females the effect was negative. The results could be related to the short-term nature of migration and the occupational downshifting abroad as well as the functioning of home country labour market.Research limitations/implications– While the uniqueness of the data set is of value, one needs to acknowledge its weaknesses: the job-seekers work histories are self-reported and the authors do not know what information was left out as undesired by applicant.Practical implications– The findings imply that the benefits of temporary migration from Eastern to Western Europe on the sending country via the returnees’ labour market performance might be limited, yet it does not exclude the benefits of return migration through other mechanism.Originality/value– The literature on return migration is not big and there are only a few papers dealing with occupational change or mobility of the return migrants. Compared to earlier studies we have looked at wider set of occupations ranked by different ladders. Using the unique data set the authors have included in the study ca 7,500 return migrants while earlier studies have been based on rather small samples.

The paper compares the regimes of intergenerational occupational mobility in Chile between 2001 and 2009. Data for the study considers published mobility tables for 2001 as well as original data for 2009 from the National Survey of Social Stratification (ENES). The analysis of mobility patterns replicates the constant fluidity model proposed by Erikson and Goldthorpe (1992), considering also special parameters for Chile as proposed by Torche (2005). His depiction of Chilean society as “unequal but fluid” is challenged by the 2009 data in two special respects: First, we find a stronger hierarchical effect and a larger sectoral barriers to mobility than previously reported. Secondly, the latter yields a less fluid mobility regime. The paper also explores the hierarchical dimension of mobility by testing a “vertical” model (RCII), which provides an adequate fit in both samples. Finally, the paper compares the vertical dimension of occupational mobility with income distribution for occupational groups. These findings open a new agenda for the study of the opportunities that Chilean society offers to its inhabitants.El diagnóstico de la sociedad chilena como "desigual pero fluida" (Torche 2005) que caracteriza la visión actual de la movilidad social fue contrastado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Estratificación Social (ENES) aplicada en 2009, lo cual permite apreciar la evolución de la movilidad social intergeneracional a lo largo de la década. El artículo modela las pautas de movilidad ocupacional replicando el modelo de fluidez constante de Erikson y Goldthorpe (1992), así como su adaptación a Chile por Torche. Los resultados que se presentan discrepan de los obtenidos por él pues nuestro análisis muestra mayor rigidez en el régimen de movilidad, especialmente por el peso de las barreras jerárquicas y sectoriales. Dado el peso de la jerarquía y la superposición de ésta con las barreras sectoriales se explora un modelo de movilidad “vertical”, el cual proporciona un ajuste satisfactorio en ambas muestras. Finalmente el artículo explora la asociación entre la dimensión vertical y los ingresos de los grupos ocupacionales. Estos hallazgos abren una nueva agenda de investigación respecto a las oportunidades que ofrece la sociedad chilena a sus integrantes.

This paper presents new evidence on the evolution of job polarisation over time and across skill groups in the UK between 1979 and 2012. The UK has experienced job polarisation in each of the last three decades, with growth in top jobs always exceeding that in bottom ones. Overall, top occupations have gained over 80% of the employment shares lost by middling occupations. The decline of middling occupations is entirely accounted for by non-graduates who have seen their relative numbers decrease and the distribution of their employment shift towards the bottom of the occupational skill distribution. The increase at the top is entirely accounted for by compositional changes, as a result of the increase in the number of graduates since the 1990s. Employment has not polarised for graduates, but has become less concentrated in top occupations, especially in the 2000s. The paper also documents that job polarisation has not been matched by wage polarisation across the occupational distribution in any decade and discusses how these new findings relate to the existing evidence for the US and to the prevailing technology-based explanation for job polarisation. Overall, the importance of occupational changes between skill groups and the performance of occupational wages over time cast doubts on the role of technology as the main driver of polarisation in the UK. In particular, the evidence suggests that supply-side changes are likely to be important factors in explaining why high-skill occupations continued to grow in the 2000s even as they stalled in the US.

For square contingency tables with ordered categories, there may be some cases that one wants to analyze them by considering collapsed tables with some adjacent categories combined in the original table. This paper proposes three kinds of new models which have the structure of point-symmetry (PS), quasi point-symmetry and marginal point-symmetry for collapsed square tables. This paper also gives a decomposition of the PS model for collapsed square tables. The father's and his daughter's occupational mobility data are analyzed using new models.

This paper examines how Peruvian migrants fare economically in two historically and culturally distinct host countries, Japan and the US, drawing upon a survey and interviews conducted in both countries. Peruvian migrants surveyed share similar socio-economic backgrounds and migrated to both countries for similar reasons roughly around the same time. Yet, over time, they achieved more occupational upward mobility in the US than in Japan. Japan has not done quite as well as the US in providing immigrants with occupational opportunities due to its less diversified immigrant labor market, limited entrepreneurship opportunities, and restricted modes of immigrant incorporation. Does it mean, however, that Peruvian migrants are less successful in Japan than the US? Although occupational mobility is a commonly used measure of social mobility, the definitions and meanings of “success” are context-dependent. Peruvians in the US do experience more occupational mobility, but diverge more greatly in economic achievement amongst themselves. In Japan, on the other hand, while they experience little occupational mobility, they have had more economic equality with relatively stable and high wages. The paper examines Peruvian migrants’ distinct economic trajectories over time, focusing on their occupational mobility. We conclude that occupational mobility matters, not necessarily because it accompanies higher income, but because it shapes migrants’ aspirations. In the context where immigrants’ destinations have become more diverse in the world, the paper provides insights into how immigrants “make it” and what it means to “make it” in recent destinations, such as Japan, in comparison to more traditional immigrant countries, such as the US.

The aim of this paper is to bridge the gaps in existing accounts of the evolution of intergenerational social mobility in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. The study makes a potentially valuable contribution to the literature by extending the spectrum of institutional and historical contexts, in which (in)equality of opportunity has been considered so far, and a chance to re-examine existing evidence by using alternative datasets and a slightly different methodology. Following the conventions in the social mobility literature in this study I approach social destinations and social origins in terms of educational and occupational attainments of children and their parents respectively. For empirical part I utilize data from four representative cross-national surveys conducted in Russia in 1994, 2002, 2006 and 2013. To study historical change in the patterns of social mobility I identify four cohorts whose educational and occupational careers unfolded during four different historical periods (two for the Soviet and two for the post-Soviet period). Being informed by several earlier studies on post-socialist countries including earlier research on Russia, I anticipated (1) a trend towards lesser (rather than greater) openness in the late years of the Soviet era, (2) a temporary discontinuity of mobility patterns during the turbulent 1990s and (3) the ‘tightening up’ of social mobility regime in the more stable years of Russia’s post-Soviet history. If any such trend existed, my findings would rather suggest that it was directed towards decreasing intergenerational transmission of educational advantage in the post-Soviet era, rather than the other way around. Also, surprisingly and quite contrary to earlier findings and theoretical considerations, the changes in the pattern of occupational mobility remained surprisingly invariant to the changes in historical and institutional context. The paper concludes with highlighting some of the remaining puzzles and possible directions for future research.

The paper analyzes effects of occupational and regional mobility on the matching rate using the monthly panel disaggregated on regional and occupational level. The main contribution of the paper is measuring the effect of substitutability between vacancies for different occupations and vacancies in different regions on matchings. The estimates indicate higher regional mobility in West Germany but higher occupational mobility in East Germany. The results show that if occupations were perfect substitutes, the number of matches could increase by 5-9%. Perfect regional mobility could increase matchings by 5-15%. It is also shown that partial aggregation causes a downward bias in substitutability estimates.

According to standard human capital theory firm financed training cannot be explained if skills are of general nature. Nevertheless, investments of firms into general training can be observed and there has been a large literature to explain this puzzle, mostly referring to imperfect labor market issues. In German speaking countries firms invest heavily into apprenticeship training although it is assumed to be general. In our paper, we study the question to what extent apprenticeship training is general at all. Our paper for the first time studies how specificity of training may be defined based on Lazear's skill-weights approach. In our empirical part we use a unique German Qualification Survey, containing extensive information about the required skills at a workplace. We build occupation-specific skill-weights and find that the more specific the skill portfolio in an occupation is in comparison to the general labor market, the higher are the net costs firms have to bear for apprenticeship training in the respective occupations. At the same time, the more specific the skill requirements are in an occupation, the smaller is the probability of an occupational change during an employee's entire career. Due to the new definition of occupational specificity, we thus find that apprenticeship training - formerly seen as general training - is very heterogeneous in its specificity.

On the basis of inter-cohort comparisons, this paper describes patterns of intra-generational occupational mobility in Germany and their long-term trends since World War II. It also presents conceptual links between individual mobility and developments of inequality along the life course, with a special focus on the question of the extent to which employment careers are characterised by specific forms of cumulative advantage and disadvantage. Finally, it is asked how intra-generational developments are related to inter-generational social mobility. The paper also discusses how mobility patterns can be linked to specific institutions which – together with labour market conditions – are crucial determinants of the development of inequality within a cohort. In its empirical part, the paper presents evidence from cohort-specific analyses based on life-course data from a broad range of West German birth cohorts.

Most studies on discrimination against migrants in Chinese cities focus on wage differentials. This paper endeavours to develop an alternative way of explaining the institutional discrimination against migrants by studying workers' job mobility rates in three cities: Beijing, WuXi and Zhuhai. Migrants are commonly perceived to have high occupational mobility; however, Cox proportional hazards regressions in this paper show a different picture. Institutional discrimination reduces the number of jobs available to the migrants, increases their job search costs and the cost of losing jobs. Even though migrants take jobs unacceptable to local residents, the effects of this institutional discrimination still constrain migrants in changing jobs. The regressions show that temporary migrants have longer job durations and shorter unemployment durations than local people or permanent migrants. Moreover, migrants start to change jobs more often only after they have stayed in the city for some time and have accumulated enough assets to be able to survive when unemployed.

To άρθρο αυτό διερευνά τη διαγενεακή συσχέτιση του επαγγελματικού στάτους στο πλαίσιο των τεσσάρων καθεστώτων ευημερίας στην ΕΕ. Αξιοποιώντας μικροδεδομένα της EU-SILC 2005 μέσω πολυωνυμικών μοντέλων logit, το άρθρο αναδεικνύει την επίδοση διαφορετικών συστημάτων κοινωνικής προστασίας απέναντι στη διαγενεακή επαγγελματική στασιμότητα. Οι χώρες του φιλελεύθερου καθεστώτος ευημερίας επιδεικνύουν την υψηλότερη στασιμότητα και εκείνες του σοσιαλδημοκρατικού καθεστώτος ευημερίας τη χαμηλότερη, ενώ οι χώρες του συντηρητικού-κορπορατιστικού και του νοτιοευρωπαϊκού καθεστώτος ευημερίας βρίσκονται κάπου ενδιάμεσα. Τα ευρήματα αυτά υποδηλώνουν ένα επιτυχημένο παράδειγμα στην αναχαίτιση της διαγενεακής επαγγελματικής στασιμότητας από τους ρυθμιστικούς και αναδιανεμητικούς μηχανισμούς του σοσιαλδημοκρατικού κράτους πρόνοιας., This paper investigates the intergenerational persistence in the occupational status across the four EU welfare regimes. Utilizing EU-SILC 2005 microdata through multinomial logit models, the paper brings to the forefront the performance of different social protection systems vis-à-vis intergenerational occupational persistence. The countries of the Liberal welfare regime exhibit the highest persistence and those of the Social-democratic welfare regime the lowest one, while the countries of the Conservative-Corporatist and the South-European welfare cluster place themselves somewhere in between. These findings imply a success-story in intercepting the intergenerational persistence in occupations by the regulatory and redistributive mechanisms of the Social-democratic welfare state.

This paper examines the intergenerational occupational mobility patterns for five cohorts of male and female university graduates who received degrees between i960 and 1976. After 1964 there is a marked decline in the prospects of both males and females for upward intergenerational mobility. Males still experience more mobility than females in all time periods, although the sex difference appears to be diminishing over time. This pattern reflects worsened mobility prospects for males rather than any improvement for females. Regional comparisons in the 1976 national data identify differences in the distribution of father's occupational prestige across Canada and, therefore, different structural conditions by region for intergenerational occupational mobility. This paper examines three issues in intergenerational social mobility as measured by occupational achievement. Using new and earlier published data on five cohorts of graduates, we examine the extent to which university education has declined over time as a route to upward intergenerational mobility. Changes in the labour market for graduates are identified as the major reasons for such declines. Second, we examine the extent to which sex differences in intergenerational mobility have diminished over time and the extent to which this is a consequence of worsening mobility prospects for males rather than improving prospects for females. Third, we examine some differences in intergenerational mobility patterns for the five economic regions of Canada.

This paper investigates the patterns and determinants of women's mobility into and out of male-dominated occupations in Puerto Rico during a period of rapid development between the 1950s and the early 1980s. The paper uses data from the Puerto Rico Fertility and Family Planning Assessment of 1982, which includes detailed retrospective calendar histories of women's employment and other life-course changes. An event history approach allows an examination of the effects of human capital, family status, socialization, and opportunity structure in the labor market on women's entry into male-dominated occupations and their subsequent shifts to other occupations. The findings indicate that women's entry into male-dominated occupations increased for first jobs during this period of economic development, and there was modest cross gender-type mobility among women who experienced job changes. Finally, the variables more directly tapping labor-supply factors show stronger effects on women's labor-force beha...

PurposeThis purpose of this paper it to explore the extent to which female part‐time workers experience occupational mobility in UK service sector firms, particularly promotional opportunities, since the implementation of the Part‐time Workers' Directive in 2000.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts a qualitative methodology. In‐depth interviews were carried out with 62 women and 12 of their managers in five case study workplaces in the service industry, so as to better understand individuals' perceptions of part‐time work and the processes that shape part‐time working at an organisational level.FindingsThe findings are not particularly encouraging in terms of female part‐time workers' perceptions of their opportunities for career progression in four of the five case studies. Distinctions were found between legislation, organisational policies and informal workplace practices. It is argued in this paper that each of these levels is important in understanding patterns of change and continuity in the use and structuring of part‐time work.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in its use of occupational closure to explain the stratification of part‐time workers and this paper has significance and value for debates surrounding the progression and career prospects of non‐standard workers and diversity management more broadly.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the “darker side” of what it means to engage in an international academic career. Extending beyond well‐documented themes relating to the difficulties of cross‐cultural adjustment and unfulfilled expectations/opportunities for promotion, this paper seeks to introduce “transience and risk” as two important dimensions of this very specific career choice. The paper draws especially on the contemporary “new” careers literature, including conceptions of career exploration as a framework to understand the research findings.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a qualitative methodology, drawing on semi‐structured interviews conductedin situwith 30 expatriate academics in four different countries.FindingsTransience and risk were identified as two important dimensions of the “darker side” of pursuing an international academic career. However, these two dimensions also had further positive aspects, thus signalling the complex and often contradictory nature of this specific career form.Research limitations/implicationsIntroduces a more cautionary note to the contemporary literature on international careers and career exploration more generally.Practical implicationsCareers that evolve across international boundaries require support that extends beyond cross‐cultural training.Originality/valueThe paper contends that in as much as an international academic career offers a broad range of opportunities for fulfilment it also presents significant challenges that should be acknowledged.

This paper examines the career progress of female principals in Greek secondary schools and the under‐representation of women in management positions. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with six women principals in Athens, the paper considers the factors affecting women's participation in school management. The findings demonstrate that women are greatly under‐represented in secondary school management positions. The main reasons for this disadvantage are personal factors, covert discrimination, gender stereotypes and constraints experienced through their socially defined roles.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine repatriate career exploration as a continuing growth‐oriented process and introduce repatriate hope as its crucial driver.Design/methodology/approach – Through a review of relevant literature, the framework of hope theory is introduced to argue for a more “agentic” view of the repatriate that can act as an independent career agent in the increasingly boundaryless career environment.Findings – The paper extends current knowledge of the repatriation process by describing ways in which repatriate hope drives career exploration toward valued outcomes of career growth and career success. It is also described how this repatriate career success will depend on the repatriate expectations and the social and organizational support received by the repatriate.Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is a new view of the repatriation process through the lens of the hope theory that emphasizes positive psychological perspective indicating career growth/su...

This paper employs the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, a nationwide panel, to inquire into the magnitude, determinants, and consequences of occupational mobility in Russia from 1985 to 1998. We show that the restructuring process increases the rate of occupational reallocation. Structural changes account for a substantial part of the increase in gross occupational flows. A model built in the paper outlines the major explanatory factors of increased mobility during transition. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the destruction of existing jobs and occupations and the creation of new opportunities are important explanations for increased occupational mobility in transitional Russia. The econometric results also indicate that the local outside opportunities and the scale of structural change largely determine the probability of occupational switching.

Using IHDS-II (2011–2012), the main issue addressed in the present paper is: to what extent the choice regarding the sectors of employment has changed across two generations for different social groups. The job reservation policy is termed as effective if the chances of representation in public sector jobs increase for those individuals who belong to the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes category. Using the mobility measures and Altham Statistics (Long and Ferrie in American Economic Review, 103(4):1109–37, 2013), we found sons belonging to the scheduled caste (SC) are significantly more mobile than the sons belonging to the General category or scheduled tribe (ST). Between SC and ST, the latter shows greater persistence in father’s sector of employment if father is a public sector employee. We have performed regression analyses to examine the extent of mobility between sectors of employment and study the effectiveness of job reservation policy. Ours findings are as follows: sons are more likely to be in business sector if father is also in business sector rather than jobs sector, the chances of representation in public sector jobs increases for Scheduled Tribe sons. This indicates that job reservation policy is partially effective for ST sons. We also found that the likelihood of sons being employed in different sector than that of their fathers’ increases with the increase in education of son and for those sons who lives in urban household.

The paper compares the regimes of intergenerational occupational mobility in Chile between 2001 and 2009. Data for the study considers published mobility tables for 2001 as well as original data for 2009 from the National Survey of Social Stratification (ENES). The analysis of mobility patterns replicates the constant fluidity model proposed by Erikson and Goldthorpe (1992), considering also special parameters for Chile as proposed by Torche (2005). His depiction of Chilean society as “unequal but fluid” is challenged by the 2009 data in two special respects: First, we find a stronger hierarchical effect and a larger sectoral barriers to mobility than previously reported. Secondly, the latter yields a less fluid mobility regime. The paper also explores the hierarchical dimension of mobility by testing a “vertical” model (RCII), which provides an adequate fit in both samples. Finally, the paper compares the vertical dimension of occupational mobility with income distribution for occupational groups. These findings open a new agenda for the study of the opportunities that Chilean society offers to its inhabitants. El diagnóstico de la sociedad chilena como "desigual pero fluida" (Torche 2005) que caracteriza la visión actual de la movilidad social fue contrastado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Estratificación Social (ENES) aplicada en 2009, lo cual permite apreciar la evolución de la movilidad social intergeneracional a lo largo de la década. El artículo modela las pautas de movilidad ocupacional replicando el modelo de fluidez constante de Erikson y Goldthorpe (1992), así como su adaptación a Chile por Torche. Los resultados que se presentan discrepan de los obtenidos por él pues nuestro análisis muestra mayor rigidez en el régimen de movilidad, especialmente por el peso de las barreras jerárquicas y sectoriales. Dado el peso de la jerarquía y la superposición de ésta con las barreras sectoriales se explora un modelo de movilidad “vertical”, el cual proporciona un ajuste satisfactorio en ambas muestras. Finalmente el artículo explora la asociación entre la dimensión vertical y los ingresos de los grupos ocupacionales. Estos hallazgos abren una nueva agenda de investigación respecto a las oportunidades que ofrece la sociedad chilena a sus integrantes.

Inequality and labour informality are still distinctive characteristics of Latin America. However, most of the countries have succeeded in reversing the upward trends in both informality and inequality in the 1990s. These positive dynamics have been noteworthy in Argentina and Brazil. This paper analyses the processes of labour formalization in these countries and its interrelation with the evolution of income inequality over the 2000s. It contributes to two current debates. The first one refers to the role of labour market flexibilization in employment formalization. The second one is related to the reduction of income inequality. Most of the literature places emphasis on the evolution of the returns to education. This paper complements this approach by analysing the contribution of formalization to the reduction of inequality in these countries.

The paper discusses the extent to which longitudinal surveys are able to expose occupational mobility and the dynamics of these processes. It compares two survey designs: the repeated panel design and the retrospective life history design. This comparison details the strength and the weaknesses of the two designs. The paper particularly calls attention to the unique features of the two designs with respect to the exploration of occupational mobility – pointing to three general problems of quantitative social research: item-nonresponse, design effects of single and multi-measurement occasion, and the strong assumption that researchers and respondents share the same definition of concepts. The main conclusion of the paper is that both designs offer unique opportunities to study social change, yet the differences between the two should be kept in mind when choosing the data set for particular research questions.

HARDILL I. and MACDONALD S. (2000) Skilled international migration: the experience of nurses in the UK, Reg. Studies 34, 681-692. This paper reports on a study of the most feminized of professions, nursing. Current shortages of nurses within the UK National Health Service (NHS) have resulted in the recruitment of increasing numbers of overseas-qualified nurses. The study is based on the biographies of overseas-qualified nurses, obtained through in-depth interviews carried out in one case study hospital. Using these personal narratives, this paper illuminates the complex interweaving of economic and non-economic factors involved in migration decisions. Most nurses migrated as solos, experienced downward occupational mobility, and are used as a temporary stop-gap to fill labour shortages. HARDILL I. et MACDONALD S. (2000) La migration internationale des ouvriers qualifies: etude de cas des infirmieres britanniques, Reg. Studies 34, 681-692. Cet article fait un compte-rendu d'une etude de la profession la pl...

This paper examines evidence on occupational movement in England using data from the New Earnings Panel Dataset. Although most occupations are characterized by a high degree of immobility, there is some evidence of an increase in occupational mobility between 1990 and 1994. Using a compound Poisson modelling approach for count data combined with a gravity model, the paper investigates the incentives and constraints upon aggregate movement between occupations over two time periods, 1985–90 and 1990–94. Results suggest that the responsiveness of movement into a wide range of occupations as a result of a rise in wages is relatively elastic for males and relatively inelastic for females. The paper also demonstrates that significant barriers to movement exist, which either prevent a response to market signals or inhibit the extent of that response.

This paper explores the debate on emerging career forms, focusing on the notion of portfolio working. It comments that while the language used about careers is changing, there is a dearth of empirical studies about career trends. This study focuses in depth on a group of ex‐public sector managers who have left organisational employment for independent working. Drawing inductively on the interviews with them, the paper seeks to explore how they account for this move. It concludes that there is more evidence of push from the organisation than the intrinsic pull of portfolio working. However, once involved in this way of working most people become more reconciled to it.

This paper studies the extent to which the cyclicality of occupational mobility shapes that of aggregate unemployment and its duration distribution. We document the relation between workers' occupational mobility and unemployment duration over the long run and business cycle. To interpret this evidence, we develop a multi-sector business cycle model with heterogenous agents. The model is quantitatively consistent with several important features of the US labor market: procyclical gross and countercyclical net occupational mobility, the large volatility of unemployment and the cyclical properties of the unemployment duration distribution, among many others. Our analysis shows that occupational mobility due to workers; changing career prospects, and not occupation-wide differences, interacts with aggregate conditions to drive the fluctuations of the unemployment duration distribution and the aggregate unemployment rate., This working paper combines main text and online appendix (page 46) of "Unemployment and Endogenous Reallocation over the Business Cycle" (accepted in Econometrica in Feb. 2023) with the supplementary appendices that provide further background and investigation. Supplementary appendix A (code error correction) starts on p.73, Supp. appendix B (data) on p.117, Supp. appendix C (theory) on p.218

The new social reality increased public interest in the issues of occupational mobility of the youth. The research objective was to determine the tendencies of social practices in this sphere. The author analyzed and generalized scientific publications on the problems of occupational mobility of young population and the related labor market. The paper introduces various interpretations of the concept of "social practices" and systematizes them. The author identified four trends in the social practices: 1) an increase in the flexibility of social practices, 2) an expansion of channels of professional mobility, 3) the development of the Internet industry, and 4) a change in the attitude of young people to employment. The research results can improve the management of the occupational mobility of young people in modern society, as well as provide targeted management impact on social facilities by revealing their resources and potential. By taking into account modern trends in social practices of occupational mobility of young population, organizations can ensure professional growth and competitiveness of young employees in the labor market.

The paper analyzes effects of occupational and regional mobility on the matching rate using the monthly panel disaggregated on regional and occupational level. The main contribution of the paper is measuring the effect of substitutability between vacancies for different occupations and vacancies in different regions on matchings. The estimates indicate higher regional mobility in West Germany but higher occupational mobility in East Germany. The results show that if occupations were perfect substitutes, the number of matches could increase by 5-9%. Perfect regional mobility could increase matchings by 5-15%. It is also shown that partial aggregation causes a downward bias in substitutability estimates.

'Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist die Frage nach der Möglichkeit zur Nutzung von Adelsgenealogien als sozialwissenschaftliche Quelle für eine Untersuchung der sozialen Wirklichkeit von ausgewählten Adelsgruppen im Verlauf des Übergangs von der ständischen zur bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Genealogien adeliger Familien werden seit dem 19. Jahrhundert im Rahmen der Gotha'schen Genealogischen Taschenbücher veröffentlicht. Die Veröffentlichung musste 1942 aufgrund von Papiermangel gestoppt werden, wurde 1951 unter dem Namen Genealogische Handbücher des Adels wieder aufgenommen. In den Genealogien werden folgende Angaben zu jeder Person veröffentlich: Vor- und Familienname, Lebensdaten, Angaben zum/r Ehepartner/in, Ausbildung, berufliche Stellung, Gutsbesitz und Mitgliedschaft in ehrenamtlichen Organisationen. Die Analyse dieser statistischen Massendaten ermöglichen Aussagen zur intergenerationellen beruflichen Mobilität, Zahl der geschlossenen Ehen und Standesmobilität des Konnubiums, zur Kinderzahl, zum Heiratsalter und in einem gewissen Rahmen zur Teilnahme am gesellschaftlichen Leben. Es fehlen jedoch Angaben zu den Ausbildungsverläufen (besuchte Schulen und Universitäten), zu den beruflichen Karrieren und zur Ausbildung und den ausgeübten Berufen der Töchter. Diese Angaben lassen sich in eine Reihe von Fällen aus Familiengeschichten entnehmen und die Unterschiede zwischen Familiengeschichten und Genealogien sollen herausgestellt werden. Schließlich wird exemplarisch ein begrenzter Datenbestand zu Angehörigen des sächsischen Adels ausgewertet. Ausgehend von einer Anpassung des Adels an die Normen der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft wird nach dem Wandel in Erziehung und Ausbildung gefragt und deren Auswirkungen auf die Berufstätigkeit des sächsischen Adels im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert analysiert.' (Autorenreferat) 'This paper examines the possibility of using genealogies of noble families as a source for social sciences, to analyse the social reality of noble families, during the transition from a class structured to a civil based society. Genealogies of noble families have been published since the 19th century, but they were stopped during the Second World War. These publications were resumed in 1951. In these genealogies the following information of each person are published: Name and family name, date of birth and date of death. The same data, concerning the spouse, education, profession, information concerning an estate and membership in voluntary organisations was collated. The analysis of this mass data enables Statements concerning the change of professions, to the number of marriages and to the mobility of marriage, to the number of children, to length of marriage and, to a certain extent, social participation. But there is a lack of data concerning the education, the professional career and the professions of the noble daughters. As an alternative source, there may be family histories, which were published for a number of families, which could be used. In this paper the differences, between family history and genealogies, will be presented in detail. Finally, with the help of a limited database, an exemplary inquiry can be made concerning the adaptation of the Saxon nobility to the norms of the civil society. In particular, the changes that have taken place in general and vocational education as well as the effects of the modified ways of vocational training on the occupation of the Saxon nobility during the 19th and 20th century will be analyzed.' (author's abstract)

For the analysis of square contingency tables with ordered categories, Agresti (1988) introduced a model having the structure of uniform association plus a main-diagonal parameter. This paper extends that model. The extended model has the structure of uniform association plus two-diagonals-parameter, and it is a special case of the quasi-uniform association model introduced by Goodman (1979). The Danish occupational mobility table data are analyzed using the models introduced here.

This paper examines evidence on changes in the pattern of land-ownership and in household occupations based on a longitudinal study of a village in the relatively advanced agricultural region of Tamil Nadu, India. The question motivating the paper is whether the occurrence of mobility moderates the high levels of inequality observed in the region. The matrix approach is used to examine mobility. Matrices of occupations and land-holdings are constructed for the eighty-three panel households, spanning a period of eight years, to indicate the degree and direction of mobility. The investigation suggests that agricultural modernization within the existing structural framework has provided restricted opportunities for occupational change and has not mitigated the extreme polarization in the distribution of land.

espanolEste trabajo analiza los cambios en la movilidad ocupacional intergeneracional durante un periodo crucial en la historia economica de Espana. Para ello utilizamos nueva evidencia empirica en Valencia, una region que siguio un patron de crecimiento basado en el capitalismo agrario centrado en los mercados internacionales. Nuestros resultados muestran que la movilidad ocupacional mejoro entre 1841 y 1850, situacion que se revirtio durante las siguientes decadas. Las oportunidades ofrecidas a los individuos procedentes de familias pobres desaparecieron rapidamente. Puestos en perspectiva internacional, los niveles de movilidad ocupacional en Valencia eran significativamente menores que en otros paises europeos, que experimentaron movilidad hacia abajo y especialmente hacia arriba mucho mas altas. En 1870 Valencia se habia convertido en una sociedad polarizada, donde la parte mas baja de la distribucion de ingresos sufrio una creciente pauperizacion y movilidad hacia abajo. EnglishThis paper sheds light on a crucial period of Spanish economic history, analysing changes in intergenerational occupational mobility. We use newly collected empirical evidence from Valencia, a region that followed a path of growth based on agrarian capitalism focused on international markets. We show that occupational mobility improved between 1841 and 1850, but that this situation reversed during the following decades. The opportunities offered to individuals from poorer families quickly disappeared. Put in international perspective, occupational mobility in Valencia was far lower than in other European countries, where both downward and especially upward mobility were considerably higher. By 1870, Valencia had become a polarised society, where the lowest part of the income distribution suffered increasing pauperisation and downward mobility.

"Using a linked employer-employee dataset and taking the perspective of individuals rather than firms, this paper analyzes some effects of joining start-ups. We show that entrants in new firms differ from those joining incumbent firms, and we use a matching approach to compare a group of employees joining new firms in 1995/96 with a control group entering incumbent firms. Our results indicate that individuals' employment stability was higher in incumbent than in newly founded firms while their risk of becoming unemployed was lower. In particular in eastern Germany, joining firms that were older than six years was the best strategy." (author's abstract) "Die Arbeit analysiert unter Verwendung eines verbundenen Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Datensatzes einige Auswirkungen des Eintritts in Neugründungen, wobei die Sicht von Individuen statt von Firmen eingenommen wird. Wir zeigen, dass Personen, die in neue Firmen eintreten, sich von Eintretenden in bestehende Firmen unterscheiden, und wir verwenden einen Matching-Ansatz, um eine Gruppe von Personen, die 1995/96 in Neugründungen eintrat, mit einer Kontrollgruppe von Eintretenden in bestehende Firmen zu vergleichen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Beschäftigungsstabilität der eintretenden Personen in bestehenden Firmen höher als in Neugründungen ausfiel, während ihr Risiko arbeitslos zu werden geringer war. Insbesondere in den neuen Bundesländern bestand die beste Strategie darin, in Firmen einzutreten, die älter als sechs Jahre waren." (Autorenreferat)

"Funktionale Regionen, sogenannte regionale Arbeitsmärkte, spielen in der nationalen und internationalen Regionalforschung eine besondere Rolle. Im Gegensatz zu administrativen Regionen ermöglichen sie es, wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten und Pendlerverflechtungen in geeigneter Weise abzubilden. Für die Abgrenzung dieser Wirtschaftsräume können verschiedene Verfahren herangezogen werden. In diesem Discussion Paper werden Abgrenzungen auf Basis der Kennziffernmethode, der Cluster- und der Faktorenanalyse anhand von Pendlerdaten auf Kreisebene des Jahres 2005 miteinander verglichen und beurteilt. Als Gütekriterien werden dabei die Modularität Q, die von van der Laan und Schalke (2001) verwendeten Kennziffern ESC und HSC für die Balance von Arbeitsangebot und –nachfrage sowie Maße zur Größenhomogenität herangezogen. Clusterverfahren und auf der Kennziffernmethode basierenden graphentheoretischen Verfahren gelingt es am Besten, die Pendlerverflechtungen zwischen den Kreisregionen zu erfassen. Faktorenanalytische Verfahren produzieren dagegen eher größenhomogene Abgrenzungen, die die Pendlerverflechtungen allerdings weniger gut abbilden. Mit allen hier vorgestellten Verfahren können Wirtschaftsräume so bestimmt werden, dass sie die Pendlerbewegungen in Deutschland deutlich besser wiedergeben als dies für regionalpolitische Zwecke bisher genutzten Abgrenzungen erlauben. Anhand der in dieser Studie vorgestellten Bewertungsmöglichkeit für die Güte von Abgrenzungen ist es weiterhin möglich, die optimale Anzahl von Regionen für eine adäquate Abbildung der Pendlerverflechtungen zu bestimmen." (Autorenreferat)