Search

ACHRANICH AND ARDTORNISH ACCOUNTS: SUMMARIES Notes to Achranich and Ardtornish accounts 1853-1874 (overleaf) General . Analysed from the ‘balance sheets’ (actually trading accounts) in Corson's ledgers (AP), made up annually to 31 December. All figures are to the nearest pound. Accounts are for Achranich alone from 1853 to 1859; in 1860 the account was for Achranich alone up to Whitsun, with the addition of Ardtornish after that date; and from 1861 to 1874 for the combined estate of Achranich–Ardtornish. Receipts: sheep and cattle . The figure covers beasts only; dairy products and meat are included under ‘sundries’. Payments: wages . Shepherds', manager's and farmservants' wages only; daylabourers' wages are included under ‘works’. Payments: works . Repairs and improvements of all kinds, including new construction; workmen's wages included. Trading surplus , deficit and balance. These figures are a summary of those under Receipts and Payments; the balance also represents the annual cash turnover of the estate. Valued rent . From the Valuation Rolls; it represents an interest charge of about 3 per cent on the value of the property. Adjusted surplus, deficit and balance . These are the trading figures with the incorporation of the Valued rent.

The great collection of letters and papers comprising the Smuts Papers has been assembled at the University of Cape Town by Dr Jean van der Poel, under Sir Keith Hancock's direction, since Smuts's death in 1950. The first four volumes of selections cover the period 1886–1919. The selections are divided into twelve parts, each with a short introductory section. Dr van der Poel has provided brief introductions to each letter, article or speech and has annotated every document. This volume contains the first five parts up to the peace negociations of Vereeniging and includes the Memoirs of the Boer War.

The great collection of letters and papers comprising the Smuts Papers has been assembled at the University of Cape Town by Dr Jean van der Poel, under Sir Keith Hancock's direction, since Smuts's death in 1950. The first four volumes of selections cover the period 1886–1919. The selections are divided into twelve parts, each with a short introductory section. Dr van der Poel has provided brief introductions to each letter, article or speech and has annotated every document. This volume covers the early years of the Union, the campaigns in the South West and East Africa in 1915 and 1916, and Smuts's membership of the British War Cabinet. It includes his famous speech on the British Empire as a Commonwealth of Nations and his first formulation of the idea of a League of Nations.

A complete collection, in three volumes, of the classical articles and reviews of A. E. Housman. These papers were originally published between 1882 and 1936 in a variety of academic journals, many of which are now difficult to obtain. The editors have checked and, where necessary, supplemented and updated all the references and corrected errors in them, but have otherwise presented each paper, in full, with the minimum of editorial comment. At the end of Volume III there are very elaborate and comprehensive indexes of passages, words and topics discussed by Houston. The Kleine Schriften of great scholars are among the most important and useful tools of the classicist's trade. This edition will be of the first importance among such collections and will provide an essential work of reference. Housman's known virtues as a textual critic are decisively confirmed and emphasized now that his papers can be seen in one complete and connected sequence.

The papers collected in these volumes revolve around the political, constitutional and personal problems of the English government between the end of the fifteenth-century civil wars and the beginning of those of the seventeenth century. Previously published in a great variety of places, none of them appeared in book form before. They are arranged in four groups (Tudor Politics and Tudor Government in Volume I, Parliament and Political Thought in Volume II) but these groups interlock. Though written in the course of some two decades, all the pieces bear variously on the same body of major issues and often illuminate details only touched upon in Professor Elton's books. Several investigate the received preconceptions of historians and suggest new ways of approaching familiar subjects. They are reprinted unaltered, but some new footnotes have been added to correct errors and draw attention to later developments.

I A few weeks ago I was asked to reply to Professor Kuhn this afternoon. Feyerabend and Lakatos were to have given the other papers; but the first could not come and the second found that, in arranging this colloquium, he had brought into existence a many-headed monster attending to whose multiplying demands would keep him busy approximately twentyfour hours a day. This unexpected invitation made me very happy. Kuhn enjoys a unique position in the English speaking world as a philosophically-minded historian and historically-minded philosopher of science. I felt that it would be a privilege and a pleasure to reply to his paper. For Kuhn, however, the programme change was not so agreeable. He had expected that Feyerabend and Lakatos would write independent papers so that his own would not need to be ready until this afternoon. Now he found that I was to reply to his paper, which rather suggested that I should see it beforehand. He responded heroically, rushing bits of his paper across the Atlantic as they left his typewriter. During much of last week I felt like a reader of a cliff-hanging serial, eagerly awaiting the next instalment. Thus my own paper has been written in a rush; and this has, I fear, aggravated my tendency to wave aside details and qualifications in trying to come to grips with someone's ideas.

It was extraordinary to observe that Nazi Germany constantly lost sympathy yet won admiration: opinion in Europe evidently shirked the discreditable evidence which was painful, and jumped at the impressive slogans. After the Enabling Act all political parties other than that of Hitler were abolished, and the rights of Bavaria and the other Lander destroyed in favour of rigid centralisation under the Nazi party. The trade unions were suppressed in the spring of 1933 in favour of the Nazi Labour Front, and employers and workers transformed into leaders and following. The press was strangled. Every newspaper that survived became some sort of organ of the National Socialist party except for the Frankfurter Zeitung: this great liberal paper was allowed a little unreal liberty and survived until 1941. It suited the Nazis to parade this curious mascot—before the end, indeed, it became Hitler's property, a birthday present from his publisher, Max Amann, in April 1939. The effect of seeing and hearing party slogans at meetings, in the press, on the wireless, everywhere, warped the attitude of convinced anti-Nazis in spite of themselves. Anti-Semitic action was at first sporadic. It began to be systematised in a boycott of Jewish shops ordered by the Nazi party for 1 April 1933. There was not much violence on that day. If foreign papers reported anti-Semitic incidents, the Nazis pointed out how peaceful things were on 1 April and blamed the Jews for stirring up world opinion against Germany.

The Ecclesiastical History Society has devoted two meetings to the theme of 'Councils and Assemblies'; this seventh volume of Studies in Church History, covering a wide span of time, contains twenty-two papers on varying aspects of the subject. Starting in the early Middle Ages, it moves through the great medieval councils to Vatican I and II. Geographically the gatherings range from Byzantium to Cornwall, from Edinburgh to Cape Town. Some produced valuable legislation in the fields of welfare or education, others were sterile debates between irreconcilable viewpoints. Some of the papers raise issues of the first importance, others fill gaps in our knowledge. All are well worth the attention of historians.

A message from H. R. H. The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Editor's acknowledgements Part I. A Congress Survey: 1. Preliminaries and planning 2. The programme 3. The congress in action 4. The work of congress 5. The congress in retrospect Part II. The Invited Papers: 1. As I read them George Polya 2. Comments on mathematical education Jean Piaget 3. The Presidential Address James Lighthill 4. What groups mean in mathematics and what they should mean in mathematical education Hans Freudenthal 5. Nature, man, and mathematics David Hawkins 6. Some anthropological observations on number, time and common-sense Edmund Leach 7. Mathematical education in developing countries - some problems of teaching and learning Hugh Philp 8. Some questions of mathematical education in the USSR S. L. Soblev 9. Modern mathematics: does it exist? Rene Thom Part III. A Selection of Congress Papers: 1. Investigation and problem-solving in mathematical education Edith Biggs 2. Intuition, structure and heuristic methods in the teaching of mathematics E. Fischbein 3. Mathematics and science in the secondary school Anthony J. Malpas 4. Geometry as a gateway to mathematics Bruce E. Meserve 5. The International Baccalaureate J. B. Morgan 6. The role of axioms in contemporary mathematics and in mathematical education Toshio Shibata 7. Implications of the work of Piaget in the training of students to teach primary mathematics Mary Sime 8. Are we off the track in teaching mathematical concepts Hassler Whitney Appendices Index.

The French national archives have preserved a splendid collection of documents relating to the demographic and economic life of the island of Corsica after its accession to the territory of France in 1769. There are five series of papers which have survived and it might be useful to briefly describe each series. 1. Papers relating to a Census in 1758, and to a subsequent undated Census. 2. Papers relating to a nominal Census begun in July 1769 in Bastia and finished in 1771 in Ajaccio. The people responsible for this count were the Commissioners of the King for the ‘ Departments ’ (Ajaccio, Corte and Bastia). Some villages were undoubtedly left out of this Census; at least two of the pieves belonging to Aleria and two villages belonging to Bastia. In the final returns the population which the omitted communities had had in 1758 was allotted to them. Fig. 11.1 presents a particularly interesting extract from one of the original returns. It is this Census which we have chosen to analyse in the present chapter, in spite of these omissions and the fact that particulars as to names are not entirely regular. The results were eventually collated by hand on printed forms and seem to have been submitted to the French sovereign in 1773. The Census is described in detail below.

This volume covers a wide range of topics in Athenian intellectual history, drawing on the methods of various other disciplines to provoke a reconsideration of outstanding problems and controversies in classical studies. The papers have been organised by the editor around three natural groupings. The first five chapters will be of interest to those who have no specialist knowledge of Greek. There is a fresh look at Socrates' doctrine of the soul, a twentieth-century reappraisal of Protagoras' relativism and an examination of the primary function of myths. A second group analyses more specific problems, considering the two burials of the Antigone, the stylistic characterisation in the speeches in Thucydides and the Socratic paradox as it seems to be stated in the Hippolytus. The final papers critically examine controversial passages from Iphigenta in Aulide and the Trachiniae. The papers, by distinguished scholars, will be important reading for all who are interested in the thought and literature of fifth-century Athens.

The early stage history of Titus Andronicus comes within the darkest period in the annals of Shakespearian drama. Little is known when, by whom and for whom the tragedy was performed. There is concrete evidence that it was acted five times in public theatres for London playgoers. Now, further fresh and conclusive evidence is available to prove that by January 1596 it had been produced at a private house in Rutland. We may well start with the new record itself: Le Jour de lan fut monstree la liberalite de ces bon[s gens] & principalem t de Mad: la Contesse [Russell] car depuis le plus [grand] iusques au plus petit elle en donna bon tesmoignage, mesm[e] i'en puis dire quelque chose. Les commediens de Londres son[t] venus icy po r en auoir leur pt. on les feit iour le soir [de] leur venue & le lendemain on les despecha On a fait icy vne mascarade de linuention de Sir Edw: wingfild on a aussi ioue la tragedie de Titus Andronicus mais la monstre a plus valeu q le suiect. This eyewitness report, registered in the terse style of a chronicle, was written down for the ubiquitous and omniscient, though gout-stricken, Anthony Bacon—which accounts for its having been preserved among his papers in Lambeth Palace Library. The body of this collection is made up of Anthony Bacon's correspondence, carried on in his function of secretary to the Earl of Essex. It includes many French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese letters written by agents in the pay of Essex's secret intelligence service. Even although Thomas Birch utilized some of the material for his Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth , these papers remain largely unknown and unused. Among them is the letter from which the above quotation has been made—a letter from Bacon's Gascon servant Jacques Petit.

These two volumes are the proceedings of a major International Symposium on General Relativity held at the University of Maryland in March 1993 to celebrate the sixtieth birthdays of Professor Charles Misner and Professor Dieter Brill. The volumes cover classical general relativity, quantum gravity and quantum cosmology, canonical formulation and the initial value problem, topology and geometry of spacetime and fields, mathematical and physical cosmology, and black hole physics and astrophysics. As invited articles, the papers in these volumes have an aim which goes beyond that of a standard conference proceedings. Not only do the authors discuss the most recent research results in their fields, but many also provide historical perspectives on how the subjects have developed and offer individual insights in their search for new directions.

I. EXTRACTS FROM THE ASTLEY DIARY, 1872, 1873 [The following extracts describe the visits made in 1872 and 1873 to Ardtornish by Gertrude Susan Astley (1849–1920) and her sister Constance Charlotte Astley (1851–1935) as the guests of their friend Gertrude Craig Sellar. The diarists refer to themselves in the third person, first as ‘G’ and ‘C’, and later as ‘F’ and ‘J’ (for the nicknames ‘Flotsam’ and ‘Jetsam’); the name ‘Gertrude’ full refers to Mrs Craig Sellar, and ‘F-in-law’ or ‘Friend in-law’ to her husband Alexander Craig Sellar. The chronology of the sisters' visits was as follows: they arrived at Ardtornish on Friday 4 October 1872, stayed there for 5 weeks and 4days, and left on Tuesday 12 November; the next year they arrived at Oban for the Argyllshire Gathering on Wednesday 3 September, proceeded to Ardtornish 2 days later, and left for the north on Tuesday 9 September after a stay of 4 days; they then returned to Ardtornish on 23 September 1873, stayed for 3 weeks and 3 days, and left on Friday 17 October. The sisters' ‘1 st Journal’ consists of lined quarto sheets quired into a leather-bound book of blank paper, and the text is supplemented by numerous drawings and photographs. Most of it was written out by Gertrude, but Conny wrote a few passages and contributed most of the illustrations.

Eleven of the fourteen invited speakers at a symposium held by the Oxford Mathematical Institute in June 1972 have revised their contributions and submitted them for publication in this volume. The present papers do not necessarily closely correspond with the original talks, as it was the intention of the volume editor to make this book of mathematical rather than historical interest. The contributions will be of value to workers in topology in universities and polytechnics.

In the government of Elizabeth, the Exchequer, reformed in 1554, once again handled the bulk of the Crown's revenues; it was the dominant ministry of finance, though two lesser offices, the court of Wards and the Duchy of Lancaster, remained outside its control. The Exchequer was divided into two departments, a treasury and pay-office (Exchequer of Receipt) and a court of audit (Exchequer of Account), which had almost developed into separate institutions. The administration of the Queen's money was indeed shared by them, but each operated as a unit, contacts between them were interdepartmental rather than casual, and only one man (the chancellor of the Exchequer who was also always undertreasurer of the Receipt) had a standing in both sections. The various early-Tudor experiments in financial administration, which had in the end produced the reformed Exchequer, had left that office with an increased jealousy of irregular or novel procedure and a more specific interest in its own venerable methods; respect for their indisputable safety would admit no recognition of their devilish clumsiness and soon grew into an unthinking affection for any established practice. The feeling appeared in the number of notes and accounts of the Exchequer's vast organization and esoteric ways scattered through the papers of the time; one of these, written by Thomas Fanshawe who was queen's remembrancer under Elizabeth, appeared in print in 1658. Departmental devotion was further encouraged by the needs of the Exchequer's staff.

Introduction. In [1], [2] and [7] the classification of rank 2 H-spaces was practically completed. The fact that there are only finitely many (homotopy classes of) such spaces is due primarily to the fact that the number of possible mod-2 cohomoloty rings of such spaces is very limited as the Steenrod algebra (as well as higher order operations) act on such rings in a very definite way. In [4] it was shown that modulo odd primes non classical mod-p H-spaces of rank 2 exist: i. e. there exists an H-space X such that H*(X, Z P ) is an exterior algebra on two generators. (Modulo odd primes we consider odd dimensional spheres as classical H-spaces.) Consequently, the mod odd classification of mod odd rank 2 H-spaces is yet to be considered. Its implication for the classification problem of finite CW complexes is obvious, as the corollary to Theorem A illustrates. Throughout this paper let n and m be fixed odd integers such that 3 ≤ n ≤ m. As S n × S m is a mod odd H-space there are mod odd H-spaces of type (n, m) for any given such pair, and the classification has to be carried out separately for each such pair.

Why was there a civil war in seventeenth-century England? The question continues to exercise historians, especially as the coherent explanations of S. R. Gardiner, echoing in reality only the partisan account of the Grand Remonstrance of 1641, no longer command easy acceptance. Of late, discussion has mostly concentrated on social analysis, on the supposition that the division which became manifest in 1642 reflected definite and ascertainable groupings within the nation. This paper is not going to treat once more of the much battered problem of the gentry; that controversy has found enough summaries, of varying degrees of sympathy, to deserve the decent rest and respect accorded to old age (if not old hat). Those who took part in the war believed themselves to be defending opposing views on Church and state; they thought– or often said– that religious and political convictions divided them from one another. This interpretation has taken some bad knocks from historians investigating what was actually said and done in the years before 1640. Even the existence of a distinguishably Puritan point of view in the Church of England has been called in doubt, though it should be said that such arguments lead more properly to the conclusion that within the Church there existed both high and low streams of opinion, and that at least before the age of Laud these did not represent a conflict between Anglican and Puritan so much as a struggle for ascendancy between two sections of the English Church.

The papers collected in these volumes revolve around the political, constitutional and personal problems of the English government between the end of the fifteenth-century civil wars and the beginning of those of the seventeenth century. Previously published in a great variety of places, none of them appeared in book form before. They are arranged in four groups (Tudor Politics and Tudor Government in Volume I, Parliament and Political Thought in Volume II) but these groups interlock. Though written in the course of some two decades, all the pieces bear variously on the same body of major issues and often illuminate details only touched upon in Professor Elton's books. Several investigate the received preconceptions of historians and suggest new ways of approaching familiar subjects. They are reprinted unaltered, but some new footnotes have been added to correct errors and draw attention to later developments.

An account of the activities of British merchants in China in the crucial years before the Treaty of Nanking (1842), which transformed the relations between the Celestial Empire and the Western 'barbarians' and placed them upon a footing that was to last for 100 years. Mr Greenberg shows how this change was brought about by the pressures of the expanding British economy of the early nineteenth century. Much of the material is based on the papers of Jardine Matheson and Co., the only firm of pre-treaty days to survive, and the largest of the British firms then established in Canton.

Many suggestions have been made about the identity of ‘Mr W. H.’ in the Dedication to Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Amongst the candidates occurs the name of William Hervey, third husband of Mary, Countess of Southampton, the mother of Henry Wriothesley, the 3rd Earl. The Countess died in 1607 and the suggestion is that she, the Earl’s mother, would have been a natural collector of the Sonnets addressed to her son and that her husband, William Hervey, sole executor of her will, may have come across the Sonnets amongst her papers and passed them on to Thomas Thorpe. Little is known about Hervey and both Dr Rowse and the D.N.B. are in error; the first of making him a member of a 'good Kent family' and the second by confusing him with two cousins who served in Ireland, Gawen and Roger Hervey. The facts so far published are that he distinguished himself against the Armada in 1588, was knighted at Cadiz in 1596, sailed on the Islands Voyage in 1597, married the Countess of Southampton in 1598 or thereabouts, served in Ireland, remarried in 1608, was raised to a Baronetcy in 1619, was created Baron Hervey of Rosse in Ireland in 1620 and Baron Hervey of Kidbrook in Kent in 1628 and that he died in 1642 and was buried in St Edmund's Chapel in Westminster Abbey.

An account is given of four gall midges whose larvae damage the seed of cocksfoot, viz. Contarinia dactylidis (H. Lw.), Dasyneura dactylidis, Metcalfe, Sitodiplosis dactylidis which is described from England and Ireland in the present paper, and Stenodiplosis geniculati, Reuter. The occurrence of predacious midges of the genus Lestodiplosis is also noted.A short section is devoted to characters by which these midges can be distinguished.Stenodiplosis geniculati is recorded from one English and two Irish localities on cocksfoot grass for the first time, hitherto it has always been recorded from foxtail. These midges, together with some experimentally bred on cocksfoot from foxtail parents, exhibit the typical characters of this species.A new variety, Stenodiplosis geniculati var. dactylidis, is described from cocksfoot in New Zealand.In a discussion of the host-plant specificity of gall midges attacking grass seeds, it is suggested that the present discovery of S. geniculati on cocksfoot in England and Ireland and the occurrence in New Zealand of this new variety exhibiting distinct morphological characters are two steps in the evolution of a new species.I am indebted to Miss F. M. L. Sheffield for taking the photographs used to illustrate Plate IV. They were taken to show the comparative lengths of the antennal segments and not the chaetotaxy. I am also indebted to Mr. P. S. Milne who took the photographs used to illustrate Plate V.

In a number of cereal experiments, three on wheat, three on barley and one on oats, the yields of grain and straw per plot were estimated by weighing the total produce on each plot and taking samples, usually from the sheaves, to estimate the ratio of grain to total produce. This paper discusses the sampling errors of this method. The method proved considerably less accurate than was anticipated from previous calculations made by Yates & Zacopanay. Amongst the reasons which are suggested to account for this are the larger sizes of plot and sampling unit used in these experiments and the additional variability introduced by the presence of weeds, undergrowth and moisture.Nevertheless, the method appears to be substantially superior to the older method of cutting small areas from the standing crop, without weighing total produce, only about one-quarter of the number of samples being required to obtain results of equal precision.The samples were taken both by an approximately random process and by grabbing a few shoots haphazardly from each of several sheaves. The grab samples gave on the whole a slightly higher yield of grain, the greatest positive bias being 6%, but were otherwise just as accurate as the random samples. Since the grab samples can be selected and bagged in about one-third of the time required for random samples, their use is recommended for the majority of the samples required in any experiment.The validity of an approximate formula for calculating the variance of a ratio (in the present instance the ratio of grain to total produce) is discussed briefly in an appendix.

The paper includes a description of studies on Anopheles gambiae Giles in the insecticide-free Umbugwe area of Tanganyika, and the results of dissections of A. gambiae and A. funestus Giles for sporozoite infections.The densities of A. gambiae and A. funestus were assessed in houses by pyrethrum spray catches in 90 houses distributed in ten villages in the Umbugwe area between March 1960 and February 1962. A. gambiae was seasonally abundant, a sharp increase in density being associated with periods of rain. A. funestus type form was scarce in houses throughout the year, although a larval survey showed it to be the most common member of the complex of A. funestus in the area.The average ratio of fed to gravid individuals of A. gambiae was 2·3:1 from June 1960 to November 1961, with peaks reaching 7:1 in March 1960 and 7·5:1 in January 1962. The peaks were attributed to rapid increase in production of adults during the limited period of the rainy seasons that followed very dry conditions.Thirteen per cent, of recently fed individuals of A. gambiae were found in the exit window traps of experimental huts, having attempted to leave the huts on the night of feeding.Two distinct types of huts are commonly found in the area, the tembe, which is large, divided into an average of five rooms by walls that are usually incomplete at the top, and accommodates large numbers of cattle as well as humans; and the banda, which is smaller, divided only into two rooms and seldom housing any domestic animals. Precipitin tests showed that whereas only 20 per cent, of individuals of A. gambiae taken in tembe had fed on man, in banda huts the percentage was 77. It was also shown that there was a dispersal of A. gambiae within a hut shortly after feeding. In a tembe. one-third of the individuals positive for man, and one-quarter of those positive for cattle had moved to rooms other than those in which they had fed.A sporozoite rate of 1·47 per cent, was found among 3,746 specimens of A. gambiae dissected. Of the total number of 55 sporozoite-positive females of A. gambiae, 39 were found among the 424 individuals dissected in February 1962, thereby indicating unusually heavy transmission during the early part of 1962. A. funestus type form appeared to be of virtually no importance in malaria transmission in the Umbugwe area. Transmission by A. gambiae was highly seasonal, for although the percentage of gland-positive specimens was slightly higher in the long dry season than in the rainy season, the much larger mosquito population in the latter led to a higher number of infective bites in the rainy seasons. The highly seasonal transmission by A. gambiae was reflected in the results of examination of blood-films of people attending the Government dispensary.

The financial administration in about 1530 We have already traced the history of the financial machinery from Richard II to Wolsey, from the decay of household finance in the late fourteenth century to its revival in the late fifteenth and its apogee in the statutory general surveyors of the 1520's. It will, however, be advisable to preface the account of the reforms begun by Cromwell and continued by his successors with a summary description of the financial administration as it stood about the time of Wolsey's fall. We are fortunate in possessing a document which makes such a description easy. The paper is headed ‘A Memoriall for the Kinges Highnes, declaring the kynde of thingis Wherin Risith yerelye aswell his Certein Reuenue as his Casuall Reuenues, and who be officers to his highnes in that behalf’. Some additional notes on it in Cromwell's hand, and the fact that one of the last two paragraphs was first drafted by Cromwell himself, suggest strongly that he was responsible for having it drawn up; the state of affairs it describes (without the new revenues taken from the church) dates it into the early part of his ministry. It is probable that when he first took charge of affairs he found it necessary to acquaint himself in detail with the financial administration and had the statement prepared both for his master and for himself. It gives a detailed and clear account of the sources of the royal revenue, though it does not arrange them by administrative departments. The revenues themselves are divided into two parts—certain and casual, terms which had a perfectly precise meaning in the technical language of the day.

Preface 1. Personal identity and individuation 2. Personal identity and bodily continuity 3. Imagination and the self 4. The self and the future 5. Are persons bodies? 6. The Makropulos case: reflections on the tedium of immortality 7. Strawson on individuals 8. Knowledge and meaning in the philosophy of mind 9. Deciding to believe 10. Imperative inference 11. Ethical consistency 12. Consistency and realism 13. Morality and the emotions 14. The idea of equality 15. Egoism and altruism Bibliography.

This is the second of a series of papers dealing with zoophagous gall midges of the world. The first, “Gall Midges as Enemies of Aphids,” appeared recently (Bull. Ent. Res., xx, 1929, pp. 433–442), while the third dealing with gall midges as enemies of mites is in course of preparation.

We use a λΦ 4 scalar quantum field theory to illustrate a new approach tothe study of quantum to classical transition. In this approach, the decoherencefunctional is employed to assign probabilities to consistent histories defined interms of correlations among the fields at separate points, rather than the fielditself. We present expressions for the quantum amplitudes associated with suchhistories, as well as for the decoherence functional between two of them. Thedynamics of an individual consistent history may be described by a Langevin-type equation, which we derive. Dedicated to Professor Brill on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, August 1993 1. Introduction1.1. Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics and Paradigmsof Statistical Mechanics This paper attempts to bring together two basic concepts, one from the foundationsof statistical mechanics and the other from the foundations of quantum mechanics,for the purpose of addressing two basic issues in physics:1) the quantum to classical transition, and2) the quantum origin of stochastic dynamics.Both issues draw in the interlaced effects of dissipation, decoherence, noise, and fluc-tuation. A central concern is the role played by coarse-graining –the naturalness of itschoice, the effectiveness of its implementation and the relevance of its consequences.On the fundations of quantum mechanics, a number of alternative interpretationsexists, e.g., the Copenhagen interpretation, the many-world interpretation [1], theconsistent history interpretations [2], to name just a few (see [3] for a recent review).

A knowledge of the topography of Meerut Cantonment in 1857 is essential for any understanding of the events of 10 May or of the depositions and narratives relating to those events. The sources from which the topography in 1857 can, to a great extent, be recovered are descriptions by various writers and a few surviving maps. Descriptions actually contemporary with the Mutiny are those of Mrs Muter, Surgeon O'Callaghan, and an anonymous document printed in Chick. The American traveller Minturn gives a brief account of the place in the preceding year, 1856. It is also very worth while reading the much fuller account of Meerut and its ways of life presented by Thomas Bacon twenty years earlier. In England at any rate, there does not appear to survive any copy of a full map of Meerut prior to 1857 and there is only one partial sketch map dating from 1857, which is preserved among the Kaye Papers in the India Office: it shows the Dam-damma or Artillery School of Instruction, where the European population took refuge after the outbreak, and part of the northern face of the European lines. It was prepared by Lieutenant E. Jones of the Bengal Artillery to show the temporary defences of the Dam-damma, but it furnishes some interesting details. Next, and much the most important, is a map prepared in 1860 from actual survey by Lt.-Col. F. Alexander, the Executive Engineer at Meerut, on the scale of one mile to eight inches.

O vid's knowledge of the law was first discussed in 1811 by J. van Iddekinge. This was pioneer work; unfortunately it was antiquated almost at once by the discovery of the Verona codex of Gaius in 1816, and in any case Van Iddekinge exaggerated, as pioneers will, certain aspects of his subject. That Ovid was deeply learned in the law—“juris scientia consultissimus”—can hardly be demonstrated and will not be maintained in this paper. If legal words and ideas crop up not infrequently in his poetry, the same is true of, for instance, Propertius. One fact, however, distinguishes Ovid from the other Roman love-poets who drew on the sphere of law for metaphor and illustration, his attested practical experience of legal matters. It was part of the elegist's credo to despise official, established values and occupations, all the activity summed up in that most Roman word, negotium . But Ovid's father, as he tells us, was ambitious for his son, and pointed out that poetry was all very well but that there was no money in it; and in spite of his dislike of business the future poet of the Metamorphoses was embarked on the initial stages of an official career. It was not long before the tuta otia of literature reclaimed him, but in the interval he had figured in several capacities connected with the administration of the law.