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Reading this paper might depress you. Although it is certainly not my intention to write a depressing paper, the fact is that language acquisition research faces a major conceptual problem. The present paper cannot resolve it either. It is known as the ‘developmental problem of language acquisition’.

In view of the preceeding papers, I will make some modifications in my remarks to avoid redundancy and to emphasize issues of approach and strategy in research rather than conclusions reached. I note that my topic and my approach to it are similar to those of Professor Pfaff, whose paper you have just heard.2) He displayed for you an approach which permits the description of dimensional spaces which can be constructed from interview or questionnaire survey data to represent the manner in which people organize their direct experience of the qualities of various aspects of their environment and which, further, allow the construction of indices representing the degree of citizen satisfaction with certain aspects of their environment. In contrast with the earlier papers and discussion, which emphasized metric scales, time-series measurements, and dynamic model construction or application, Professor Pfaff’s approach and mine accomodate to the inherently non-metric properties of certain kinds of data, and utilize procedures of nonmetric scaling, population analysis, factorial analysis, smallest-space analysis, and related methods that are not commonly used or required in economic analysis. Professor Pfaff showed how indices could be constructed to represent citizen satisfaction with postal services, schools, quality of purchased goods. I shall deal in somewhat greater detail, giving examples of research results, with citizen satisfaction in regard to the quality of their employment. In this way, my paper is an extension and elaboration on themes that he has introduced to our discussions.

“Professionalization” — social and psycho-social dimensions In this paper I am occupied with the effect of schooling on the way adolescents are socialized and form an identity as future professionals.l) I am concerned with a socialization process, during which the student both cognitively incorporates the ideas and psychodynamically internalizes the psychic representations of the professional-client (student) relationship. Within the education system, the training of the client by the professional is designed to transform the client into a professional ( a teacher himself of herself; a doctor, lawyer etc.). Although formal professionalization only happens at the top stage of the educational system — at the tertiary, or university level — the sozialization process at all phases is dominated by this ultimate goal of producing and reproducing the educational elite of a society. As my paper deals with college-students at the pre-university level (in a developing country), I use the term professionalization in the wider sense. In reality, the two-year pre-university college-course in the Cameroon is completey designed to prepare the student for professional training in its narrow sense — securing admission to a tertiary education course. The Cameroon College of Arts, Science and Technology (CCAST) at Bambili in the North Western Province of the Cameroon,in which I have been conducting research since 1980, has a pass-rate of ca 50%.2) With such a pass-rate at the best-reputated government college in the English speaking provinces3), successful leavers have very good chances of being admitted to professional or semi-professional training.

Over the past decade, a number of publishers and professional associations in the United States have adopted editorial policies or endorsed guidelines for non-sexist usage. The appearance of these guidelines can be directly attributed to the renewed vigor of the Women’s Movement in the early 1970s. It is consequently a phenomenon of interest both to sociolinguists and to students of the Women’s Movement. In this paper, I trace the origins of the guidelines and attempt to place than in the broader framework of language planning, language reform and linguistic change.1 Beginning with an overview of some relevant literature in the above areas and an examination of the relationships between this body of work and the current efforts to modify sexist usage, I go on to analyze the historic sources of the specific reforms advocated in the guidelines. A brief description of the content and coverage of the guidelines is followed by a review of some of the reactions to them. (A list of selected guidelines appears as an appendix.) The paper concludes with a consideration of the success of the guidelines. Although it is too early to draw any definitive conclusions, it is clear that they have had some effect on published material. If this public campaign to change language usage achieves success, it will represent a remarkable occurrence in the history of language reform.

This paper lies at the intersection of two intellectual fashions that are now popular in the United States. One is the current enthusiasm for futurist studies, with its new journals, associations and conferences. Another is the quality of life discussion that stems from a general turning inward, a journey back from concern with internationalism, economic growth and power. This concern also expresses itself in zero population, social indicator, and corporate social responsibility movements. However, both discussions of the future and of quality of life suffer from serious defects that make them more insubstantial and superficial than they need to be. This paper is an attempt to relate and lay a basis for a deeper understanding of both.

The physiological changes after time shifts have been reported by Elliott, Mills, Minors and Waterhouse (1972). In that paper the authors concluded that “the course of adaptation to time zone shift is irregular and varies widely between individuals”. The present paper presents the psychological findings which were obtained concomitantly with those physiological changes and also some results from more recent experiments. Variability in psychological measurements may be expected to be even greater, particularly since the tests were self-administered.

Neither within nor beyond the Left in Britain has there been as vigorous or intensive a debate as in West Germany over the relationship between the labour movement and the ‘new social movements’.1 This reflects the fact that the new social movements have not captured as broad a mass basis in Britain as in West Germany or had as great an impact on British, as on West German, politics. It also poses a problem for the author of a paper of this nature, as no comprehensive research has yet been carried out in Britain on the triangular relationship between the Labour Party, the trade unions and the new social movements. The thoughts on this issue outlined in this paper are limited mainly to the period since Labour’s election defeat in 1979 and to the party’s links with the CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament). The focus of the paper is on the social-structural (‘personnel’), institutional and programmatic aspects of the interconnections between the PLP (Parliamentary Labour Party), on the one hand, and the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the new social movements, on the other.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the experience that I have had in analyzing consumer-sentiment and consumer-buying-expectations variables and in using a consumer-sentiment variable in my forecasting work. A more extended discussion of some of the issues discussed in this paper is contained in Fair (6) and Fair (7). In Section II, I will discuss my results in comparing consumer-sentiment variables with consumer-buying-expectations variables in the explanation of consumer expenditures. In Section III, I will discuss the results I have obtained in attempting to explain consumer sentiment. In Section IV, I will discuss my experience in using a consumer-sentiment variable in actual forecasting situations. Finally, in Section V I will present suggestions for future research and my own research plans in this area.

In several of the preceding papers given at this symposium, the use of radioactive tracers to determine transfer rates has been discussed. In very simple systems the mathematical aspects of the relationship between the observable behavior of the tracer and the kinetics of the system are sufficiently simple to permit the required calculations to be achieved on paper (1). With more complicated systems, however, the mathematics becomes too unwieldy for practical applications, and when this is the case, we turn to machines for assistance.

Every speech community includes in its linguistic repertoire particular »forms of discourse« which have characteristic internal, i. e. linguistic, structure and characteristic patterns of use, i. e. sociolinguistic contexts in which they are appropriate. Examples of such forms of discourse might include sudi varied phenomena as polite formulas of greeting, epic poems, ritual mantras, scientific papers, or children’s counting-out rhymes. Such forms of discourse have been studied for centuries by literary critics, literary historians, folklorists, and others, and a wealth of descriptive and interpretive material is available on a very wide range of such forms at various levels of generality and in differing classifications. With increasingly sophisticated tools of linguistic analysis becoming available, new lines of internal analysis of forms of discourse open up, and current linguistic research is slowly extending itself into the analysis of forms of discourse (e. g. Longacre 1972). Similarly new approaches to the study of the use of language offer paradigms of analysis for the role of forms of discourse in socio-cultural systems (e. g. Hymes 1967). In the present paper I would like to encourage students of human language behavior to utilize these new possibilities for the analysis of forms of religious discourse in various societies and from different perspectives, and to offer a fragmentary analysis of certain language phenomena of contemporary English-speaking Christian communities as a sample.

The paper examines the plebiscites that were held in Carinthia in 1920 and in Odenburg in 1921. The two plebiscites can be seen as an expression of the principle of self-determination as proclaimed by US President Wilson in his famous Fourteen Points. The complexities of this concept, which today form part of international law, are weighed against the principle of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of states. The plebiscites in Carinthia and Odenburg provide interesting case studies in support of the argument that disputes over borders in ethnically mixed areas can be managed through the means of direct democracy. The author attempts to prove that the two referenda which were complemented by legal safeguards ensuring the protection of minority rights in the areas concerned greatly contributed to de-escalating the conflicts which broke out between the newly founded Republic of Austria and her neighbours Hungary and the Kingdom of the Southern Slavs in the wake of World War I. In addition to stabilizing the war-torn region, the plebiscites can also be seen as an early realization of the concept of good governance long before this idea entered the political vocabulary.

Uberall da, wo interkulturelles Lernen gefragt und gefordert ist, sollte das Schreiben eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Zu lange wurde meines Erachtens vor allem im deutschsprachigen Bildungsraum auf Mundlichkeit als die hauptsachliche Form interkulturellen Lernens gebaut. Dabei wurden entscheidende Vorteile des Schreibens gegenuber dem Sprechen ubersehen. Der vielleicht wichtigste Vorteil: Schreiben als eine Form des Denkens und Handelns auf Papier hinterlasst Spuren. Ein geflugeltes Wort aus der amerikanischen Schreibpadagogik bringt diese zentrale Funktion des Sichtbarmachens auf den Punkt: „Don’t think in your head – Think on paper!“

This paper advances earlier work on the role of evidence in coaching (see Drake 2009b) by offering a more refined lens through which to view what goes on in the body-minds of coaches as they make choices in conversations with clients. To proclaim one’s practice or profession as »evidence-based« is only meaningful if it is reflected in distinctively and consistently better decisions, practices and outcomes. And even then, I am left wondering as a narrative practitioner if most of our practices are evidentiary largely in retrospect. I would argue that »evidence «, while having the potential to guide our interactions in coaching, is primarily a currency professionals use to tell stories about what has happened in their work. The challenge arises when we try to play forward these retrospectives with any certainty in subsequent situations.

In this paper I will assemble some comments I made in response to Butler's reception of my work, aiming to highlight some differences between her use of Freudian theory and my own perspective on psychoanalytic theory post-Freud. I will thus try to problematize the position she takes regarding the breakdown or difficulties inherent in recognition and trace some of them to her use of psychoanalytic theory. In focusing on this area I will be neglecting large and highly valuable chunks of Butler's work that have, in my view, used psychoanalysis to good effect – for instance the idea of melancholy gender and the repudiation of being that sex which one loves which constitutes it. Her contribution in this respect as well as others have illuminated the way assertion of a uniform identity devalues the life of the Other as well as prohibits mourning.

One of the major theoretical paradigms in sociology and the social sciences is the rational choice approach (RCA). George C. Homans, with his article “Social Behavior as Exchange” from 1958, is the founder of the RCA in sociology. Although in the meantime there is a vast and burgeoning literature applying and extending the approach, it is still not clear what its central assumptions are and what arguments contemporary rational choice scholars adduce that speak in favor or against it. The present paper addresses these questions.

This paper deals with a population dependent on interregional goods exchange for their basic needs, and will discuss the opportunities and restrictions that have arisen from past delimitations of the frontier region and present reconfigurations of the borders enclosing the post-Soviet Pamirs.

The German constitution grants participation as a basic democratic right. But the complexity of modern society makes it hard for citizens to select the relevant information to make an individual judgment. Journalism is supporting the process of public deliberation. But is this actually possible when it comes to courtroom journalism in Germany? The paper suggests a typology of courtroom journalism and discusses its status as a public institution between justice, the media and public relations. The author argues that due to its specific nature and due to the self-perception of journalists courtroom journalism is easy to influence.

Direct democracy as a concept and in practice comprises many institutional varieties. It has its origin in differing historical developments and structural conditions which may have influenced these institutional forms and their relations with the environment of political systems at large, particularly of representative democracy. Beyond individual historical cases, more general patterns of emerging direct democracy can explain how the dynamics of a political process have been linked to specific institutional features. In a typological approach the paper identifies three basic models of emergence of direct democracy: deep internal conflict, national independence, and system transformation, and their possible links to some typical profiles of direct democracy design. In a first illustration we will discuss the positions of minorities in different institutional settings of direct democracy and how they relate to various emergence models.

Approximately 100 years after the first inspection of the concept of ethnocentrism by William Graham Sumner (1906), it is still en vogue in the scientific research. For example, if one googles “ethnocentrism”, one gets about 426,000 hits, thousands of papers, and many definitions in different fields of sciences ranging from medicine to philosophy. However, the core idea of ethnocentrism is almost the same in all fields.

Es gibt in Deutschland bis dato kein Internet-Portal, auf dem Informationen uber (deutsche) Forschungsprojekte, deren Organisationsstrukturen und Ergebnisse mit einem Klick ersichtlich waren. Zwar fehlt eben diese Sammelstelle, aber mittlerweile gibt es keine wissenschaftliche Einrichtung, die nicht im Internet prasent ist: Auf den Forschungslandkarten des Bundesministeriums fur Bildung und Forschung ist vor allem zu sehen, welche Institution in welchem Verbund forscht (vgl. www.bmbf.de/de/5355.php); Wissenschaft im Dialog ist ebenso zu finden wie die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, der Stifterverband der Deutschen Wissenschaft, die Robert Bosch Stiftung und andere Stiftungen, die Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen von Bund und Landern sowie groser Unternehmen. Die Datenbank der Deutschen Akademie der Technikwissenschaften (www.acatech.de) unter der Adresse www.motivation-technik-entdecken.de (auch unter www.tecnopedia.de/ abrufbar) erfasst in erster Linie wissenschaftliche Projekte, die das Themenfeld Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik (MINT) bearbeiten. Fur die Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften ist etwas ahnliches noch nicht entwickelt; aber der Rat fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten befasst sich in einem Working Paper vom August 2011 (www.ratswd.de) mit den Forschungsinfrastrukturen in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften. Das Ziel, Daten wissenschaftlicher Einrichtungen und Projekte zu erfassen, zu sammeln, zu strukturieren und sie im Sinne eines besseren Gesamtuberblicks der Offentlichkeit bereitzustellen, ist also formuliert und fokussiert.

The comparison between court trials and a theatre play is an old one – and in fact a lot more than a mere comparison. Carrying out a trial is in itself a performance as well as a battle. Drawing insights from the work of German scholar Cornelia Vismann the paper deals with the effects that arise from this double nature of play and battle. A court trial does not reconstruct the actual delict as much as it renarrates it, thereby creating an own reality. It is a widespread misunderstanding that a trial focuses a sentence: the main issue is the trial as play, there are but a few situations where the battle disposition rules and dominates the perception. This has significant consequences for the intended influence that the use of Litigation-PR tries to evoke.

Many scholars consider that the European integration model could be a future model for cross-Strait integration, with regard to the integration of China and Taiwan. However, very few authors have discussed this issue in a systematic way, by examining the nature of EU integration with reference to its legal institutions, the reasons why China and Taiwan should adopt the European model and how it could be implemented. This paper places this discussion within a systemic framework by recognizing the European integration model as a legal model, founded on different legal theories, concepts, principles and legal instruments, and arguing that the adoption of such a model would be a form of legal transplant.

This paper focuses on the use of referendums that decide on the future status of a given territory: namely whether or not such a territory will become independent. I first identify two fundamentally different sub-types of such a referendum: the referendum-as-a-weapon, which is a device used by political elites to augment their own powers, and the referendum-as-a-solution, which is a device agreed to by all sides as part of a conflict resolution process. Empirical evidence appears to show that the referendum-as-a-weapon is more frequently used in a non-democratic context. Moreover, the referendum-as-a-solution is rarely used after a period of violent conflict, despite its potential for conflict resolution. Using examples from the former Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia, I argue that, far from being a solution to fundamental conflicts within society, the referendum-as-a-weapon, when used to decide the status of a given territory, can often exacerbate such conflicts. I conclude that if such a referendum is held in deeply divided societies in which state institutions are weak and the state’s capacity to maintain a monopoly over the use of force is challenged, there is a high risk of civil war.

“What makes a person a subject who both has a sense of self and makes sense of objects?” This question is central to Bildung. In this process of self-determination, narration plays a key role. The process of Bildung, which I view as reflexive and aimed at the formation of the self, is closely linked with narration, as a fundamental aspect of human experience and understanding. The thesis on which I base this paper is that narration, especially also telling a person’s life story, strengthens the sense of self and makes sense of objects. In my discussion, I clarify and justify this thesis.

This story of petty traders seeking markets across the border between Azerbaijan and Georgia is typical for border regions and also for post-socialist economic formations. Azerbaijani traders were known during late socialism in the former Soviet Union (SU) as having a special inclination and even talent (if not disrepute) for engaging in petty trade and informal economy and for travelling to many parts of the Soviet republics, from Moscow to Vladivostok. Caroline Humphrey (2002, chapter 4) and Georgi Derlugian (2005: 150-154) write that Azerbaijani traders were specialized in trading certain agricultural products or sold illegal products such as alcohol during the late socialist era and immediately after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (see also Yalcin-Heckmann 2010). In this paper we focus on their activities primarily across the Azerbaijani-Georgian border. Nino Aivazishvili has worked in a border region in Northwest Azerbaijan and Lale Yalcin-Heckmann has been studying petty-trade and scales of trade in Agstafa, a West Azerbaijani small town, also close to the Georgian border.

This article analyzes the function of referendum campaigns as a feature of agenda setting for minority issues. Theorists of direct democracy have often argued that people’s rights show indirect effects in addition to the mere results of popular votes. Thus, popular votes are not only decision-making processes, they also have indirect effects on the political system, most notably the activation of a public debate about social issues. The present study therefore investigates the agenda-setting function of referendums by examining the media coverage of minority interests in direct democratic campaigns. The methodological basis is a systematic and standardized content analysis of 1013 newspaper articles, which cover three popular votes on eased naturalization rules in Switzerland between 1983 and 2004. Thus the paper does not look at media effects on voting behaviour, but on minorities’ chances of articulating their interests and their mediation through public communication in referendum coverage, no matter what the outcome of the vote may be. Our results show that (1) the presentation of the pros and cons of referendums on minority issues favours the position of minorities, as the media show sympathy with their concerns and do not generate feelings of cultural separateness; (2) minority rights are still an issue primarily of the major political actors; (3) media coverage of referendums functions as a means of agenda setting for migrants and conveys their affairs in quite a positive way, even though the electorate ultimately decided against the minority position; (4) the mediation of minorities’ interests through public communication can be expected to be fair.

The Call for Papers for the Symposium Vernetzung als soziales und technisches Paradigma stipulates the optimistic view that self-organized, „networked“ systems are to become a preferred choice over centrally organized, hierarchical systems. This assumption seems justified by some developments originating from contemporary computing technologies, particularly by the success of meta-heuristics for asymptotically solving NP-complete search problems. Genetic algorithms or ant colony systems (De Jong 2006; Dorigo and Stutzle 2004; Kennedy et al. 2001; Bonabeau et al. 1999; Lin and Lee 1996) are suitable for solving optimization problems that cannot be solved exactly by a deterministic algorithm. But communicating simple agents can find a very good approximate solution. The power of agents cooperating in some network seems also justified by Milgram’s letter forwarding experiment (Travers and Milgram 1969). A recent study by Jon Kleinberg analysing link-data from the Internet provides further evidence in this direction (2008).

Judges, state prosecutors and lawyers use media reports about their lawsuits very intensively and expose themselves to accordant influences. Most important sources are local papers at the seat of the court. Media reports about criminal proceedings with their attendance have a strong influence on themselves and especially on lay judges, the accused, victims, witnesses etc. This influence is reflected in the courtroom atmosphere and the degree of penalty. Prosecutors and lawyers should use this influence and practice an active information policy.

Litigation PR takes place in the conflict areas between media and law. By comparing the "legal" and the media framework conditions in the U.S. and Germany, the question whether litigation PR practiced in the U.S. can be transferred to Germany can be clarified. The paper describes relevant features of U.S. law and the U.S. media, that are crucial for the development and the characteristics of litigation PR. These are class actions, punitive-damages, pre-trial discoveries and the jury system on the one hand and special interest channels and journalistic standards of the U.S. media on the other hand.

Revisiting this paper after a period of six or more years, it is striking how the issues it discusses have become even more salient, controversial and polarising. Across Europe, increasingly shrill demands are being made to the effect that migrant communities should conform to dominant social norms. However, with the exception of the political far right, these demands are framed not in the language of prejudice but in the apparently much more rational and ethical language associated with the conventional ‘republican’ concept of citizenship.

Die Qualitatspresse bietet – wie die Beitrage dieses Sammelbands verdeutlichen – ein reichhaltiges journalistisches Angebot an Nachrichten und Hintergrunden zu einer breiten Themenpalette aus Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur, Gesellschaft und Sport (Blum 2008). Sie ist national wie international ausgerichtet, offeriert jedoch zugleich regionale sowie lokale Splitvarianten fur Ballungsraume bzw. grose Stadte (Raabe 2006). Neben der nationalen und internationalen Perspektive bietet sie also eine lokale Heimat, was bspw. fur Quality Papers wie die „Suddeutsche Zeitung“ oder „Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung“ kennzeichnend ist.

The present study is part of a research project on social networks and fertility in northern Germany led by Laura Bernardi (Bernardi, Keim, & von der Lippe, 2006; Bernardi et al., 2008). This research project has been designed to compare social networks and fertility-related attitudes and intentions in two settings: in one city in eastern Germany (Rostock), and in one highly comparable city in western Germany (Lubeck). I have been working on this comparative project from the beginning in 2004. I was involved in designing the study and constructing the guideline, I carried out the field work in Lubeck, and analyzed the data – partly together with my colleagues, when comparing the two settings (Bernardi & Keim, 2007; Bernardi, Keim, & von der Lippe, 2007), and partly alone when concentrating on the Lubeck data only. The language in this chapter (using “the research team” and “we”) reflects the fact that the methodological approach and research design have been developed and discussed within the research team. From this work, two methodological papers have evolved (Bernardi et al., 2006, 2007). When I discuss experiences from my fieldwork, my evaluations, and my analysis of the Lubeck data only, I return to the first person. Team research is not without challenges, as it involves bringing together the ideas and perspectives of different researchers. Nevertheless, this present study benefited considerably from being embedded in a comparative research project, and from the discussions and reflections in the research team.

According to the functionalist argument, party systems that show moderate fragmentation, high institutionalization and rather low polarization are more conducive to democracy than others. This hypothesis is systematically tested in four country cases in Francophone West Africa that share many historical, social and economic characteristics but differ in their level of democratization, thus providing an at least approximate most-similar-systems design that is best suited to isolating the impact of party-system characteristics. The employment of pertinent and innovative indicators for the three dimensions of party systems reveals that the central hypothesis must be rejected. At best, four indicators confirm the assumptions, while 13 show no relationship and five show inverse findings. The case with the most favourable fragmentation and institutionalization values, Niger, has in between experienced a substantial decline in democracy. The paper concludes that the link between party systems and democracy is, at least in Africa, less simple and straightforward than the literature suggests.

In order to harmonise its climate and energy policies, the European Commission (EC) has set itself ambitious goals which do not lack determination. In order to counteract the political and economic risks involved in the dependence of the European Union (EU) on energy imports, the EC wishes to start a new industrial revolution. Low-carbon growth is to be accelerated, own energy production dramatically increased and competitiveness maximised. This is to be achieved by increasing the share of renewable energies in total energy consumption by 20% and reducing CO2 emissions by 20%, both by 2020. The EU wishes to be a pioneer and model for sustainable development in the 21st century. Europe’s agreement on precise, legally binding targets symbolises its determination to reconcile climate policy and energy policy. The Commission wishes to shape the Europe of 2050. In the view of the EU, the success of this enterprise will depend not least on how respectfully we treat the world around us. This is set out in the strategy papers of the European Union (European Commission 2007: An Energy Policy for Europe; European Commission 2008a: 20 20 by 2020. Europe’s climate change opportunity).

There have been longstanding conflicts between scientific theories and more humanistic perspectives in the history of deviance studies (Matza 1969; Schur 1980). As well, in recent decades the trajectory of this history has been influenced by the development of criminology and criminal justice (Dotter 2004). With this backdrop, the present paper has three purposes. First, I will argue that interactionist labeling remains today a crucial theoretical perspective for the study of deviance and crime. With regard to the former, interactionism has arguably been the primary theoretical focus for nearly a century (Becker 1963/73; Faris 1970). As such, the centrality of a causal model of deviance (i. e., “why” questions, of the antecedents to misbehavior) has, especially since the 1960s, been continually challenged by various interactionist perspectives examining the meaning context of deviance as stigmatization (Douglas 1984; Goffman 1963/86). Mainstream criminology, and more recently the field of criminal justice, have always had a primary place for scientific and rationalistic models (Akers and Sellers 2009); the perspective of cultural criminology has developed as a counter-argument to the dominant “boring” causal analysis of the mainstream, as well as its largely uncritical acceptance of classical and neo-classical legalisms (Ferrell and Sanders 1995; Ferrell, Hayward, and Young 2008; Hayward and Presdee 2010).

The object of this research paper, decentralization, has been well analyzed in the past. This is a result of different disciplines that operate in the field of decentralization. The analysis of decentralization by political science, political economy, sociology, economics, management and administrative science and organization theory has led to a wide dimension of the content in the analysis of the concept of decentralization (Bunte 2003: 18).

There exist different linguistically, culturally and politically associated definitions and semantic meanings of the term “internationalism”. Internationalism in Olympic education has a very different meaning compared to Internationalism of Olympic education. As far as internationalism is concerned as a part of Olympic education or as an element in Olympic education, the nature or the body of knowledge of Olympic education is the topic. Internationalism of Olympic education means the geographical wide-spread diffusion and implementation of Olympic education programmes in different cross-cultural settings of learning and education. The topic of this paper is internationalism in Olympic education which means: to investigate how far a certain approach of internationalism has become a part of Olympic education concepts.

New accounting standards were introduced for Canadian non-profit organizations in 1998. The change in Canadian standards paralleled similar changes in other countries at about the same time. The intended purpose of the changes was to improve financial reporting by non-profit organizations and thereby enhance the usefulness of the financial information for the benefit of external users. The new standards impose accounting rules that were designed for profit-oriented, private sector organizations. The change in standards provides an opportunity to examine the before-and-after reporting for the single transition year of 1997. This paper looks at York University's financial statements for 1997, as prepared under both the old and the new accounting regimes. The changes are very noticeable, changing both the format of reporting and the content of the reports. A substantial surplus originally reported was converted into a deficit, using the same data for the same year. A comparison of the beforeand- after 1997 statements reveals that much less information is provided in the new format, and that external users are not being well served by the new accounting. It is impossible to separate the operating results of restricted versus unrestricted funds, thereby substantially decreasing transparency. The sources of surplus and/or deficit is impossible to discern under the new standards because all funds are combined in a grand total without disaggregation.

A predicted effect of demographic change is that there will be most likely a shortage of high skilled workers in the European labour market. Against this background the article presents five distinct approaches a firm can take towards personnel development and uses them for investigating the likeliness that companies will pay for the necessary human resource development programmes. Furthermore it looks into possible consequences for European universities as a provider of tertiary education. The paper focuses in particular on entrepreneurial incentives to invest in university degrees offered by European universities. The research suggests that neither European universities nor European politician can take it for granted that companies will contribute to a substantial extent on financing university programmes.

This paper on Slovenia's local referendums deals with a basic paradox: Slovenia is one of the leading countries in terms of the number of national referendums, but at the same time it is grouped in the class of countries with a low rate of local referendums.

Goffman beschreibt in seinem Aufsatz „Spas am Spiel“ am Beispiel der Interaktionssituation der Spielrunde, welche Charakteristika „zentrierte Versammlungen“ (Goffman 1973: 20) aufweisen. Er verwendet eine konkrete Interaktionssituation, um an ihrem Beispiel eine Beschreibung einer bestimmten Kategorie von Interaktionssituationen (‚focused gathering‘) vorzunehmen. In ahnlicher Weise ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, anhand einer speziflschen Kommunikationssituation – derjenigen der Pen-and-Paper-Rollenspielrunde –, die aufgrund ihrer Struktur geradezu pradestiniert dafur ist, Aussagen daruber zu erarbeiten, wie die in ihr beispielhaft vertretene Form kommunikativen Handelns, die sich durch eine starke Bezugnahme auf imaginare Welten auszeichnet, beschaffen ist. Es geht also um die Frage, wie Kommunikation funktioniert, innerhalb derer Akteure gemeinsame Vorstellungen zu entwickeln trachten, die sich aus dem Imaginaren speisen.

Wie vermutet bringen Internet-Suchmaschinen zum Thema „Soziologie des Privaten“ - noch (2010) - nicht viel. Aufgeschlagen werden Seiten etwa zu Privathaushalt und zur Familiensoziologie. Bei dem vorgegebenen Thema - das an Jurgen Habermas' „Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit“ (1962) denken lasst - darf also zu einer „Soziologie des Privaten“ die eigene Vorstellungskraft bemuht werden. Es geht dabei um die Benennung von Aspekten, Perspektiven, Gebieten oder Kategorien. Anregend konnte auch die differenzierte, wenn auch derzeit nicht gerade im Zentrum von Soziologiekongressen stehende „Soziologie der Berufe“ - also des Beruflichen - sein. Allerdings lassen sich in vielen Texten uber Offentlichkeit und Beruf Uberlegungen finden, die zur „Soziologie des Privaten“ passen. So beispielsweise auch in einem working paper, das ich 1969 im Rahmen eines von mir koordinierten multinationalen Projekts „Educational Biographies and Life Conceptions of Graduates“ schrieb. Das Papier enthalt Reflexionen zum Verhaltnis der privaten, beruflichen und offentlichen Bereiche zueinander. Was ich dabei zum Privaten uberlegte, mochte ich ausschnittsweise wiedergeben, weil es mir nicht uberholt zu sein scheint.

This research paper has examined the progress of the decentralization progress with the challenging reforms that Yemen is undertaking. In particular the UWSS sector has been studied, coming to the conclusion that overall, since the UWSS reform process was initiated and especially since 2000 when the first LC was decentralized, service delivery and the functioning at the local level have improved significantly. Nevertheless it remains questionable whether these positive developments are primarily attributed to decentralization or rather to the increased donor support and the general effort to reform the UWSS sector. In order to achieve the development goals that were set in terms of improving the access, the quality, the reliability, and the affordability of UWSS services as well as to improve the efficiency of service delivery the service was assigned to whomever can deliver it in best quality and less cost. However, if the former NWSA branches would have received the same support and attention as the decentralized UWSS utilities, maybe their improvements would be similar. According to statistics of the NWSA headquarters (NWSA 2005, NWSA 2008), the remaining NWSA branches have expanded their UWSS coverage and improved their performances. However, as previously illustrated in section 6.4, remaining NWSA branches are only responsible for 5% of the urban population. Further, it has been indicated that NWSA statistics do not always display the actual performance of the NWSA branches (Sahooly 2009: 1). Therefore, to compare the decentralized utilities' performance with the NWSA branchesɹ performance site visits and a more extensive study would have been necessary.

Die Entwicklung zum liberaldemokratischen Verfassungsstaat ist nicht nur vom Ringen um eine legitime Reprasentation und deren Stellung bestimmt worden, sondern auch von der Sorge um den Schutz der Minderheit und die Freiheit des Burgers. Angesichts einschlagiger Schwachen der antiken Athener Demokratie haben die amerikanischen Verfassungsvater, die 1787/88 die »Federalist Papers« veroffentlichten (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison u. a. ), auch die Gefahr einer tyrannischen Mehrheit gesehen: »Wenn Engel uber die Menschen herrschten, dann ware weder eine innere noch eine ausere Kontrolle der Regierungen notwendig«.

In this paper I explore the relationship between education and social capital in the context of the ageing of many of the world’s populations, including almost all European countries. This major demographic trend requires a fresh approach to lifelong learning. I present a new model for the structuring of the educational lifecourse, drawing on work carried out as part of a UK enquiry into the future of lifelong learning. I present the case for analysing the distribution of learning opportunities by four different age groups, but I also argue that learning provides important bonds between different generations.

Der nachfolgende Beitrag verortet die soziologische Frage nach der gegenwartigen Konjunktur und Erscheinungsweise von „Kompetenz“ in einem erweiterten bildungssoziologischen Forschungsrahmen und in Diskussionen uber zukunftige Ausrichtungen der Bildungssoziologie. Einem aktuellen Call for Papers der Sektion Bildung und Erziehung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Soziologie (zur Herbsttagung 2009; vgl. Scherr 2008) ist zu entnehmen, wie schwierig es geworden ist, genuine Aufgaben der Bildungssoziologie zu benennen. In der Folge des „Aufschwungs und Ausbaus der empirischen Bildungsforschung (…) ist das Profil einer eigenstandigen soziologischen Bildungsforschung gegenwartig kaum erkennbar“, heist es ebd. Und weiter: „Welche Theoriebezuge und Forschungsfragen, welches Bildungsverstandnis, welche methodischen Vorgehensweisen konturieren eine sich als genuin bildungssoziologisch verstehende Forschung und Theorieentwicklung?“ Auch wenn zugestanden werden kann und sollte, dass die damit angesprochene ‚prekare Lage‘ des soziologischen Zugangs keine Einzelerscheinung in der wissenschaftlichen Landschaft darstellt – die allseitig spriesende Flora der ‚XX Studies‘ mag dafur als knapper Beleg gelten – so lasst sich diese Frage doch mit einiger Berechtigung stellen.

This paper is concerned with gender and academe in Britain, and considers the new public management (NPM) and its impact on the ways in which women and men academics negotiate their daily working lives. An assessment is timely as managerial techniques and ideas have been in favour in Britain’s public sector from the late 1970s (Hood 1995), with this periodisation significant. It marked the opening of an era labelled Thatcherism that, like its Reaganite counterpart in North America, heralded the rise of a new discourse of neo-liberalism in world affairs (Harvey 2005). The linking of politics and economics, to energise a moribund right wing political conservatism in Britain with a dynamic Hayekian economics that favoured market competition and a politics of choice (MacPherson 1980), led to an emphasis on individualism and inequality and, according to some academic commentators (Leys 2001), a debilitation of public services.

Among other aspects, cultures may differ with regard to the relation between the individual and his/her environment. The most prominent dichotomy in crosscultural research is known as individualism/collectivism. These concepts are related to questions regarding the position of the human being to the universe or the relationship of the individual to the society. The person may feel as an integral part of the world, of nature, of the family or the group, or as independent and as separate from the world and other people or even in conflict with them. The person may want to maintain this position or change it by changing the environment or by changing own needs and beliefs (Trommsdorff, 2007). Accordingly, these different ways to deal with problems should be related to the ways of dealing with stress, loss, or disappointments. In other words, these cultural characteristics are related to different coping strategies. In this paper, we give a brief overview of selected conceptions of coping and discuss cross-cultural differences in coping strategies by reviewing examples of selected cross-cultural empirical studies on coping strategies.

Contemporary rhetoric in German science politics makes clear that women should and do have the same chances than men to reach high positions in universities and research organisations. (Mainly male) Elites in science politics seem to have understood that they have to act for promoting e/quality and excellence in the German science system. In 2006 the leading organisations in the German system of science and higher education signed a paper called “Offensive for Equal Opportunities of Female and Male Scientists” aiming to increase the participation of women in high positions in science and universities and to improve gender equality during the following five years clearly recognizable. They call their initiative ‘Gender-Alliance’ and put some activities to gender equality into action.

In this paper we will focus on the question of how conditions for gender ascriptions and the subsequent social relevance of gender in science are changing in light of research assessments as part of a general process of restructuring science. Specifically, we will aim our attention at what has been stated as the decreasing significance of the profession and, in this connection, the rising influence of the organizational logic of action – a development that has been tagged the “organizational turn” (e.g. Glaser/Lange 2007; Klatezki/Tacke 2005; Oevermann 2005; Schimank 2005, Musselin 2006).