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In this paper, we discuss the role of dialogue in two layers; first, in relation to two self-organised communities of science teachers in which we participated and, second, our process of coming together during our PhDs to analyse these communities, a dialogue about the dialogue. Regarding the first layer, there is much to learn from science teachers and science teacher educators when they are organised in sites of learning that can be spaces of hope, beginnings, and becoming, as is illustrated in the case of these two self-organised communities. Regarding the second layer, we discuss the value of dialogue and the possibilities it offers to develop ideas for science education in a way that might be democratising, emancipatory, and offering counter-narratives in a neoliberal Chile. By engaging in this dialogue revisiting the practices of our communities, we gained a sense of agency within the field of science education. However, we realised that we need to move towards a critical view within our communities, and more contextual and transformative science education by translating these sites of hope to our educational praxis today. For us, this relates both to developing a collective view of how to make science education provide pedagogical conditions and experiences for critical and engaged citizenship and thinking how we can act and engage with different settings in solidarity. One way of moving towards this is by developing a political knowledge of our disciplines through a collective scientific conscientisation. Our communities are the departure points to achieve this.En este artículo, discutimos el papel del diálogo en dos capas; primero, en relación a dos comunidades autoorganizadas de profesoras y profesores de ciencias en las que participamos y, segundo, nuestro proceso de reencontrarnos durante el doctorado para analizar estas comunidades, un diálogo sobre el diálogo. En relación con la primera capa, en nuestra experiencia hay muchas cosas que podemos aprender de profesoras y profesores de ciencia y de personas que trabajan en educación científica, cuando están organizadas en comunidades, como las dos que presentaremos aquí, como sitios de aprendizaje que pueden ser espacios de esperanza, inicio y creación. En cuanto a la segunda capa, discutimos el valor del diálogo y las posibilidades que ofrece para desarrollar ideas para la educación científica de una manera que pueda ser democratizadora, emancipadora y ofreciendo contra-narrativas en un Chile neoliberal. Al participar en este diálogo revisando las prácticas de nuestras comunidades, hemos ganado un sentido de agencia dentro del campo de la educación científica. Sin embargo, nos dimos cuenta de que necesitamos avanzar hacia una visión crítica dentro de nuestras comunidades, y una educación científica más contextual y transformadora al traducir estos sitios de esperanza a nuestra praxis educativa actual. Para nosotras, esto se relaciona tanto con el desarrollo de una visión colectiva de cómo hacer que la educación científica brinde condiciones y experiencias pedagógicas para una ciudadanía crítica y comprometida como con pensar cómo podemos actuar e involucrarnos en diferentes entornos de manera solidaria. Una forma de avanzar hacia esto es desarrollando un conocimiento político de nuestras disciplinas a través de una concientización científica colectiva. Nuestras comunidades son un punto de partida para lograrlo.

The literature on the interplay between geographic communities and organizations has largely ignored the role of individual residents. In adopting a meso-perspective, we examine a potentially vital relationship between corporate conduct and pro-social behavior demanding sacrifice from individuals. Drawing on Weber (Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1978 (Translation of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, 1922)), we theorize that organizations in a community legitimize personal social conduct in three ways-by serving as role models, imparting norms and values, and routinizing forms of interaction. We study the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) behavior by local firms and the social distancing (SD) of citizens in US counties during the Covid-19 pandemic, a core ethical outcome. We argue and find that the residents of communities in which firms exhibit higher levels of CSR engaged in more SD during the Covid-19 pandemic. This was true when firms were (a) long-established, (b) isomorphic in their CSR, and (c) major employers and vendors. Moreover, CSR relating to the treatment of employees as well as positive and negative extremes in CSR bore especially strong relationships with SD. Implications are drawn for the study of business ethics, as modeled by CSR, as a force for ethical personal behavior and public health in communities.

COVID-19 has been considered to be the most destructive pandemic ever happened in the history of mankind. The worldwide research community has put a tenacious effort to carry out research on the COVID-19 to analyse its impact on economic, medical and sociolgoical fields. They are trying to solve many crucial issues related to this disease and derive strategies to deal with this global pandemic. In this paper, we have analysed the trend, countries affected regionally and the variation of cases at the country level on COVID-19 dataset. We have used the Principal component analysis on the COVID-19 dataset variables to reduce the dimensionality and find the most significant variables. Further, we have unveiled the hidden community structure of countries by applying the unsupervised clustering approach, K-means. We have compared the results with the K-means method. The communities achieved after applying the PCA are more precise. The resulted communities can be beneficial to researchers, scientists, sociologists, different policy makers and managers of health sector.

Background A critical window in infancy has been proposed, during which the microbiota may affect subsequent health. The longitudinal development of the oropharyngeal microbiota is under-studied and may be associated with early-life wheeze. We aimed to investigate the temporal association of the development of the oropharyngeal microbiota with early-life wheeze. Methods A population-based birth cohort based in London, UK was followed for 24 months. We collected oropharyngeal swabs at six time-points. Microbiota was determined using sequencing of the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene. Medical records were reviewed for the outcome of doctor diagnosed wheeze. We used a time-varying model to investigate the temporal association between the development of microbiota and doctor-diagnosed wheeze. Findings 159 participants completed the study to 24 months and for 98 there was complete sequencing data at all timepoints and outcome data. Of these, 26 had doctor-diagnosed wheeze. We observed significant increase in the abundance of Neisseria between 9 and 24 months in children who developed wheeze (p = 0∙003), while in those without wheezing there was a significant increment in the abundance of Granulicatella (p = 0∙012) between 9 and 12 months, and of Prevotella (p = 0∙018) after 18 months. Interpretation A temporal association between the respiratory commensal Granulicatella and also Prevotella with wheeze (negative), and between Neisseria and wheeze (positive) was identified in infants prior to one year of age. This adds to evidence for the proposed role of the microbiota in the development of wheeze. Fund Research funding from the Winnicott Foundation, Meningitis Now and Micropathology Ltd.

Observasjoner av siktedyp, overflatevannets innhold av totalantall og termotolerante bakterier, innergrense for fastsittende alger og fauna på faste hardbunnsflater har ikke vist noen generell forandring sammenlignet med 1982 unntatt et noe høyere nivå på termotolerante, koliforme bakterier. Fjorden er fortsatt betydelig forurenset, og en klar bedring av forholdene kan først forventes etter ytterligere utslippsreduksjoner fra treforedlingsindustrien. Statens forurensningstilsyn

Reduserte utslipp fra treforedlingsindustrien har medført at Iddefjordens overflatevann har fått markert lavere innhold av ligninforbindelser i tiden 1977-80. Derved har vannets klarhet økt noe. I 1981 har det ikke skjedd noen ytterligere utslippsreduksjon og noen merkbar forandring av lignininnholdet har ikke blitt observert. Innholdet av tarmbakterier viste en markant nedgang i 1981 sammenlignet med 1980, men ligger fortsatt på et nivå som gjør fjorden tvilsom for bading etter helsemyndighetenes krav. Reduksjonen skyldes økt rensing av kloakkvann fra befolkningen. Oksygenforholdene som viste en positiv utvikling i perioden 1977- 80, var noe bedre i 1981 enn i 1980, men forandringen ligger innenfor forventede naturlige variasjoner. Vekstforholdene i strandsonen viste ingen ytterligere forbedring enn den som ble registrert i 1980. Det samme gjelder også for dyrelivet i strandsonen og på mellomdypene i ytre del av fjorden. Statens forurensningstilsyn

White paper: Accelerating the adoption of the circular economy in the tourism and leisure sector: the 3-M Framework as the foundation of circular entrepreneurship The white paper proposed several recommendations that could be considered by tourism entrepreneurs to accelerate their adoption of circular economy solutions.The white paper proposed several recommendations that could be considered by tourism entrepreneurs to accelerate their adoption of circular economy solutions. Firstly, the white paper suggested that the entrepreneurs need to establish their own take on the meanings and purpose of being circular. This is essential in motivating their willingness to adopt circular solutions. Entrepreneurs’ meaning was associated with the entrepreneurs’ knowledge and concern with global challenges and their understanding of the many benefits that circular economy solutions can generate, both for the business, destination and for the global community. Yet, while it is the role of public sector led planning stakeholders to develop and promote awareness programmes, tourism entrepreneurs can still adopt actions that improve their understanding of challenges and the role of the circular economy. These actions were associated with the entrepreneurs’ effort to master their skills for a circular economy, such as by improving their understanding of the environmental footprint of their business operations, what circular economy solutions can be implemented, their benefits, and how they can be successfully managed. Moreover, it was deemed relevant – to the successful implementation and management of circular economy solutions - for the entrepreneurs to identify and prioritise sustainable promotional channels. Moreover, where necessary, it was highlighted the need to appoint a circular economy manager or extend responsibilities of existing staff, find and access alternative financing options, and support awareness campaigns on the circular economy within the organisation and the destination community. The white paper concluded by suggesting the importance for entrepreneurs to be part of innovative networks and communities which would allow them to gain and share knowledge and implement and manage circular economy solutions at the destination level. Therefore, working together is crucial for a successful circular economy in destinations. This white paper is the last of a series of three white papers published by the 2Seas Interreg project FACET. A First white paper provided recommendations to local authorities on how to support tourism entrepreneurs, and especially SMEs, in the implementation of circular solutions, and a second white paper, mainly targeted towards tourism SMEs presented reward-based crowdfunding as one of the available financing options to fund the implementation of a circular economy in tourist destinations.

PurposeDrawing on the French case, this article examines the size and scope of poverty resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the diversity of poverty's manifestations and the role of public action (among other actors) in addressing the poverty. This reflection unfolds at the confluence between the international literature on the economic effects of COVID-19 around the world and the methodological and conceptual issues on poverty.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a research report to the French Government in 2021, a new academic collaboration is initiated to assess the conceptual issues underlying the report's nine quantitative, qualitative and participatory studies. A thematic analysis is used to elaborate on an original framework.FindingsCOVID-19 not only had detrimental economic effects on specific groups, such as precarious workers and students, but also serious effects on social isolation, mental health, access to welfare and public services. Together with assessing the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in France, this paper highlights the lack of recognition of community support in the face of hard times.Originality/valueThe COVID-19 outbreak has not only deteriorated socioeconomic situations in France, but has also unmasked structural, long-term components of poverty. The paper discusses three policy implications of these revelations, concerning (1) the monitoring of non-monetary dimensions of poverty, (2) the needs of various groups under a welfare state with a dual structure and (3) the role of communities in public policy schemes.

White paper: Accelerating the adoption of the Circular Economy in the tourism and leisure sector: the 3-M Framework as the Foundation of Circular Entrepreneurship The white paper proposed several recommendations that could be considered by tourism entrepreneurs to accelerate their adoption of circular economy solutions. Firstly, the white paper suggested that the entrepreneurs need to establish their own take on the meanings and purpose of being circular. This is essential in motivating their willingness to adopt circular solutions. Entrepreneurs’ meaning was associated with the entrepreneurs’ knowledge and concern with global challenges and their understanding of the many benefits that circular economy solutions can generate, both for the business, destination and for the global community. Yet, while it is the role of public sector led planning stakeholders to develop and promote awareness programmes, tourism entrepreneurs can still adopt actions that improve their understanding of challenges and the role of the circular economy. These actions were associated with the entrepreneurs’ effort to master their skills for a circular economy, such as by improving their understanding of the environmental footprint of their business operations, what circular economy solutions can be implemented, their benefits, and how they can be successfully managed. Moreover, it was deemed relevant – to the successful implementation and management of circular economy solutions - for the entrepreneurs to identify and prioritise sustainable promotional channels. Moreover, where necessary, it was highlighted the need to appoint a circular economy manager or extend responsibilities of existing staff, find and access alternative financing options, and support awareness campaigns on the circular economy within the organisation and the destination community. The white paper concluded by suggesting the importance for entrepreneurs to be part of innovative networks and communities which would allow them to gain and share knowledge and implement and manage circular economy solutions at the destination level. Therefore, working together is crucial for a successful circular economy in destinations. This white paper is the last of a series of three white papers published by the 2Seas Interreg project FACET. A First white paper provided recommendations to local authorities on how to support tourism entrepreneurs, and especially SMEs, in the implementation of circular solutions, and a second white paper, mainly targeted towards tourism SMEs presented reward-based crowdfunding as one of the available financing options to fund the implementation of a circular economy in tourist destinations.

The “Creating Age-friendly Communities: Housing and Technology” publication presents contemporary, innovative, and insightful narratives, debates, and frameworks based on an international collection of papers from scholars spanning the fields of gerontology, social sciences, architecture, computer science, and gerontechnology. This extensive collection of papers aims to move the narrative and debates forward in this interdisciplinary field of age-friendly cities and communities. (This book is a reprint of the Special Issue Creating Age-friendly Communities: Housing and Technology that was published in Healthcare)

International reviews of countries’ progress at tackling climate change show that Ireland is making small levels of progress on tackling issues associated with climate change. This paper will highlight the pivotal role the State performs, both at national and local level, in creating the conditions essential for the establishment of community-owned renewable energy district heating systems. In particular, the State can provide funding for these initiatives to acquire the management and technical expertise essential for their establishment and maintenance. This paper will also examine a theoretical framework, referred to as capacity analysis, to explain the capacities that need to be in place for the successful implementation of community-owned renewable energy district heating initiatives.The theoretical framework employed here is based on the ‘conceptual framework’ developed by Middlemiss and Parrish (2010) which consists of four categories of capacity.The research methodology involves a case study with cases from Austria, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. The research indicates that the State needs to provide a range of supports for communities to establish community-owned renewable energy district heating initiatives - including management supports and training principals in managing such initiatives. The research also points to the importance of engaging with a number of stakeholders. Managers need to value engagement with residents living in local communities and also perform a key role in ensuring community-owned renewable energy district heating initiatives become financially sustainable.

The “Creating Age-friendly Communities: Housing and Technology” publication presents contemporary, innovative, and insightful narratives, debates, and frameworks based on an international collection of papers from scholars spanning the fields of gerontology, social sciences, architecture, computer science, and gerontechnology. This extensive collection of papers aims to move the narrative and debates forward in this interdisciplinary field of age-friendly cities and communities. (This book is a reprint of the Special Issue Creating Age-friendly Communities: Housing and Technology that was published in Healthcare)

This paper introduces the use of co-nomination as a method to map research fields by directly accessing their knowledge networks organised around exchange relationships of intellectual influence. Co-nomination is a reputation-based approach combining snowball sampling and social network analysis. It compliments established bibliometric mapping methods by addressing some of their typical shortcomings in specific instances. Here we test co-nomination by mapping one such instance: the idiosyncratic field of CERN-based heavy flavour physics (HFP). HFP is a 'hyper-authorship' field where papers conventionally list thousands of authors alphabetically, masking individual intellectual contributions. We also undertook an illustrative author co-citation analysis (ACA) mapping of 2310 HFP articles published 2013-18 and identified using a simple keyword query. Both maps were presented to two HFP scientists for commentary upon structure and validity. Our results suggest co-nomination allows us to access individual-level intellectual influence and discern the experimental and theoretical HFP branches. Co-nomination is powerful in uncovering current and emerging research specialisms in HFP that might remain opaque to other methods. ACA, however, better captures HFP's historical and intellectual foundations. We conclude by discussing possible future uses of co-nomination in science policy and research evaluation arrangements.

Current works have focused on the role of urban heritage to sustainable development in postwar cities and have highlighted the significance of participatory and inclusive approaches that involve citizens and key stakeholders in the conservation and regeneration of heritage areas. However, this task is rather complex and challenging, especially in areas inhabited by multiple ethnic groups. Skills in negotiation and building trust are as important as skills in restoration and conservation of the physical fabric. However, the current literature lacks in-depth understandings of how negotiations in these contexts work and what we can learn from the past. The aim of this paper is to explore this issue by using a case study analysis, in particular, that of Kosovo. This paper looks at how the process developed during the implementation period of Annex V of the Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement (CSP) related to cultural heritage preservation. We analyze the sociocultural and political dynamics on the ground by focusing on Article 4 that deals with protective zones. With a critical examination of the approaches taken by stakeholders, including the public discourse and the example of the historic centre of Prizren, we suggest rethinking the implementation of Annex V as a sustainable option, rather than looking at other (beyond Annex V) alternatives that could potentially undermine the inter-community rebuilding efforts, and instead of creating the basis for sustainable cultural heritage preservation and reconciliation would eventually contribute to escalation and deepening of the conflict.

Many developing countries aim at balancing macro-level, growth-oriented economic policies with local community-based development strategies under the auspices of global governance organizations. South Africa adopts such a strategy to be competitive in the global market and, simultaneously, to alleviate domestic socio-spatial inequalities inherited from the apartheid period. Based on a qualitative case study in and around Pilanesberg National Park, this paper assesses whether this seemingly contradictory policy combination elicits the empowerment of traditionally marginalized actors. We use an institutional approach to evaluating sustainable development policy. Results of a policy perception analysis indicate that the substantive aspects of South Africa’s policies are widely acknowledged in the Pilanesberg area. The problem rests with the procedural aspects of how to deal with the shared responsibility of stakeholders with different interests and levels of authority. The paper concludes that power can be meaningfully shifted to community stakeholders only when the investments of global and national-level players are redirected towards establishing a system of procedures to solve local-level disparities in skills and power between the “jointly responsible” actors. These disparities currently result in deadlocks regarding local sustainable development in the Pilanesberg area, despite promising multi-level policies implemented in the post-apartheid era to avoid such situations.

This paper studies the social structure of Spanish and Latin American communication researchers through the representation and analysis of three coauthorship networks at the national, institutional, and individual level. Such networks are built from papers indexed in the ‘Communication’ category by Web of Science and published between 2000 and 2019 by authors attached to a Spanish or Latin American institution (n = 5,040). The goal is to characterize the structural features of each network, identify the most central actors, and illustrate the most relevant relationships among nodes. The results show that the most central country is Spain, followed by the USA and other European nations. Among the Latin American states, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are placed at the most relevant nodes. Latin American collaboration is preferentially addressed to the USA, especially since 2015. Regarding institutions, Spanish public universities in Madrid and Catalonia achieve the highest degrees of centrality. However, the most central Latin American institutions are private universities. The most relevant authors are Spanish researchers until 2015, when they are replaced at the top by Latin American scholars. Collaboration at both the individual and institutional levels shows a deep regional tendency, while the internationalization of researchers and universities is only more visible since 2015. This work identifies a tendency towards internal cohesion at different network levels as the number of connected nodes grows in each period. We conclude that a proper Spanish-Latin America community of communication researchers does not exist. Resumen Se aborda la estructura social de la comunidad española y latinoamericana de investigadores en Comunicación. Para ello se representan y analizan las redes de coautorías en tres niveles: naciones, instituciones y autores. Estas redes se construyen a partir de los artículos de revistas indexadas en la Web of Science categorizadas dentro del área “Communication” y publicados entre 2000 y 2019 por autores con afiliación a un centro español o latinoamericano (n = 5.040). Se busca así caracterizar estructuralmente cada red, identificar los actores más centrales y delimitar las relaciones más relevantes entre los nodos y medir la cohesión de la red, así como trazar la evolución de las coautorías en el período analizado. Los resultados muestran que el país más central es España, seguido por Estados Unidos y otras naciones europeas. Entre los estados latinoamericanos, Brasil, Chile y México ocupan los lugares más relevantes. La colaboración de Latinoamérica se dirige preferentemente hacia Estados Unidos, especialmente a partir de 2015. En cuanto a las instituciones, las universidades públicas madrileñas y catalanas destacan por su centralidad. Por el contrario, las universidades latinoamericanas más centrales son centros privados. Respecto a los autores, los más centrales son especialmente investigadores españoles, pero a partir de 2015 son reemplazados en los puestos más relevantes por autores latinoamericanos. No obstante, la colaboración, tanto institucional como individual, es marcadamente regional. La internacionalización de individuos e instituciones sólo se hace más visible a partir de 2015. Se identifica una tendencia a la cohesión interna de las redes en sus distintos niveles en tanto que aumenta el número de nodos conectados entre sí. Se concluye que no existe una comunidad propiamente hispano-latinoamericana de investigación en Comunicación.

Events are per definition limited in time and space. However, the social interaction taking place during events can continue virtually. This can result in hybrid communities, existing of an offline and an online dimension. This paper explores the construction of hybrid event communities based on the following research questions: (1) What type of online practices can be identified before, during and after the event? (2) How do online and offline event practices and rituals influence each other? (3) How do combinations of online and offline practices contribute to the creation and maintenance of hybrid event communities? The practices of three events were studied using qualitative methods. Fifty-six interviews were conducted, and participant observation took place during 11 editions of the events. This was complemented with an online study. The findings identify different types of online practices around events such as connecting practices, recruiting practices and creative practices. Moreover, the combinations of practices lead to different types of event communities. The paper develops a framework of online/offline interaction processes that result in different types of event communities, contributing to our knowledge about the role that events can play in the contemporary network society.

This essay was delivered as the third and last paper at Spurgeon’s Annual Theological Conference in the summer of 2015. The theme of the Conference was the nature of the trinitarian God, neatly divided a sequence of papers on the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In this essay on the person of the Holy Spirit, Stackhouse challenges some of the assumptions we make when we speak of the Spirit as the God who is near. By placing charismatic experience alongside the biblical revelation, he argues for an understanding of the person of the Spirit as no less transcendent as the Father and the Son, and actively engaged not simply in the phenomena of signs and wonders but in drawing the believer into the very life of the trinity. As the essay develops, Stackhouse seeks to draw out the implications of this approach to pneumatology for our notions of identity, holiness, prayer and Christian community. He argues for a much stronger connection in charismatic/Pentecostal experience between Christ and the Spirit; and in so doing, he warns against some of the more popular, and somewhat ironic, emphases on power, method and function. As with the first paper of the day by Dr Nigel Wright, Stackhouse draws upon the work of Jewish philosopher Martin Buber. Like Wright, he regards Buber’s I-Thou construct of religious experience as critical for the future of contemporary revivalism.

This paper studies the social structure of Spanish and Latin American communication researchers through the representation and analysis of three coauthorship networks at the national, institutional, and individual level. Such networks are built from papers indexed in the 'Communication' category by Web of Science and published between 2000 and 2019 by authors attached to a Spanish or Latin American institution (n = 5,040). The goal is to characterize the structural features of each network, identify the most central actors, and illustrate the most relevant relationships among nodes. The results show that the most central country is Spain, followed by the USA and other European nations. Among the Latin American states, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are placed at the most relevant nodes. Latin American collaboration is preferentially addressed to the USA, especially since 2015. Regarding institutions, Spanish public universities in Madrid and Catalonia achieve the highest degrees of centrality. However, the most central Latin American institutions are private universities. The most relevant authors are Spanish researchers until 2015, when they are replaced at the top by Latin American scholars. Collaboration at both the individual and institutional levels shows a deep regional tendency, while the internationalization of researchers and universities is only more visible since 2015. This work identifies a tendency towards internal cohesion at different network levels as the number of connected nodes grows in each period. We conclude that a proper Spanish-Latin America community of communication researchers does not exist. Se aborda la estructura social de la comunidad española y latinoamericana de investigadores en Comunicación. Para ello se representan y analizan las redes de coautorías en tres niveles: naciones, instituciones y autores. Estas redes se construyen a partir de los artículos de revistas indexadas en la Web of Science categorizadas dentro del área “Communication” y publicados entre 2000 y 2019 por autores con afiliación a un centro español o latinoamericano (n = 5.040). Se busca así caracterizar estructuralmente cada red, identificar los actores más centrales y delimitar las relaciones más relevantes entre los nodos y medir la cohesión de la red, así como trazar la evolución de las coautorías en el período analizado. Los resultados muestran que el país más central es España, seguido por Estados Unidos y otras naciones europeas. Entre los estados latinoamericanos, Brasil, Chile y México ocupan los lugares más relevantes. La colaboración de Latinoamérica se dirige preferentemente hacia Estados Unidos, especialmente a partir de 2015. En cuanto a las instituciones, las universidades públicas madrileñas y catalanas destacan por su centralidad. Por el contrario, las universidades latinoamericanas más centrales son centros privados. Respecto a los autores, los más centrales son especialmente investigadores españoles, pero a partir de 2015 son reemplazados en los puestos más relevantes por autores latinoamericanos. No obstante, la colaboración, tanto institucional como individual, es marcadamente regional. La internacionalización de individuos e instituciones sólo se hace más visible a partir de 2015. Se identifica una tendencia a la cohesión interna de las redes en sus distintos niveles en tanto que aumenta el número de nodos conectados entre sí. Se concluye que no existe una comunidad propiamente hispano-latinoamericana de investigación en Comunicación.

This paper highlights the distinction between tourism as a socio-economic industry and tourism as a socio-cultural activity. The defining feature of sustainable , culturally supportive and beneficial tourism is community engagement. This paper proposes that the traditional aspects of hospitality, service and experience can be fully manifest if there is an engagement with local communities, which is thus manifest in immersion by the visitor in the activities around which events are based. This can only occur when development adopts a Community Based Tourism model. If locations such as Malta wish to develop religious tourism to the benefit of all, this must maximise the adherence to socially responsible stakeholder engagement in a sustainable manner.

Darbeler son yüzyılın en önemli sosyal/siyasal fenomenlerinden birisidir. Bazı sosyal bilimciler az-gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde darbelerin “değişim ve ilerleme işaretleri olduğunu” ve “modernleştirici” rolleri bulunduğunu ileri sürseler de bunların aksine birçok sosyal bilimci haklı olarak askeri darbe liderlerinin ekonomik ve politik becerilerinin sınırlılığına, şiddet kullanımlarına, insan hakları ihlallerine, ülke refahını geliştirmedeki ve üretimi arttırmadaki yetersizliklerine vurgu yapar. Türkiye birçok darbe deneyimi olan bir ülkedir. Ancak öncekilerden farklı olarak Türkiye, 15 Temmuz 2016’da ilk kez bir “dini cemaat” tarafından ve onun adına girişilen bir darbe teşebbüsüne tanık olmuştur. Bu, birçok yönden kendine özgü ve derin etkileri olan bir deneyimdir. Bu deneyimin anlamını ve sosyal boyutlarını anlama çabası içinde bu makalede üç amaç güdülmektedir: a) 15 Temmuz gecesinin (ilk gece) nasıl bir öneme haiz olduğunu tartışmak, b) bu darbe girişimi deneyiminin toplumumuz üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek, c) toplumumuzu bu deneyime sürükleyen toplumsal dinamiklerin tartışmasını yapmak. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda yararlanılan veriler, öncelikle herkes gibi yazarın de bizzat şahidi olduğu veya medyadan takip ettiği olaylara ilişkin arşiv bilgileridir. İlaveten, konuyla ilgili mevcut literatür birikiminden elde edilen ikincil verilerden kritik bir gözle yararlanılmaya çalışılmıştır. Makalede ilk gecenin önemini ortaya koyan 5 hususu belirttikten sonra bu darbe girişiminin toplum üzerindeki en önemli etkisi olarak görülen bireylerarası güven kaybının karmaşık boyutlarını irdelemeye çalışmaktadır. Son olarak, bu darbe girişiminin arkasındaki FETÖ örgütünün doğası ve toplumsal dinamiklerine ilişkin mevcut argümanların güçlü ve zayıf yanları tartışılmakta ve sosyal sınıfsal analize ve beleşçilik kültürüne vurgu yapan argüman sunulmaktadır. Bu inceleme ve tartışmalar sonrasında 15 Temmuz darbe girişiminin arkasındaki terör örgütüyle etkili mücadele kadar toplumdaki beleşçilik kültürüyle de mücadelenin zorunlu olduğu sonucuna varılmakta ve bu mücadeleye ilişkin öneriler sunulmaktadır., Military coups are one of the most important social/political phenomenon of the last century. While some social scientists claim that military coups in underdeveloped and developing countries are “signs of change and progress” and they have “modernizing roles,” many others rightly object against such claims and, instead, highlight the limits of economic and political skills of coup leaders, their use of violence, their tendency to violate human rights, and their incompetence in increasing the welfare of their country and in increasing production of goods and services. Turkey is a country with many experiences of military coups. But for the first time in its republican history, Turkey witnessed, in July 15th 2016, a coup attempt organized by a religious community. From many aspects, this is a sui generis experience with deep influences. In an effort to understand the meaning and social aspects of this experience, I have three main aims in this paper: a) discussing the significance of the first night of this coup attempt, b) stressing some dimensions of this experience in terms of its impacts on the society, c) discussing social dynamics of the organization behind this coup attempt. The data I will use for the purpose of these three aims come, firstly, from archives of events that I witnessed, like everybody else, or from the media. Additionally, they come from secondary data gathered from the existing literature which I tried to use critically. Throughout the paper, after emphasizing five major points regarding the significance of the first night, I explore complex dimensions of interpersonal trust reduce which I see as the most important impact of the coup attempt on the society. Finally, I critically look at and evaluate strengths and weaknesses of some arguments about the nature and features of the organization (FETÖ) behind this coup attempt and then I propose my own arguments which are based on a class analysis and culture of free-riders. I conclude that fighting against the culture of free riders is not less important than fighting against all terror organizations like the one behind the July 15th Coup Attempt. I suggest three main measures in this regard.

The ageing population in Canada is dramatically increasing. According to recent demographic projections, roughly 20 percent of Canada’s population will consist of people over the age 65 by 2024. Indeed, the senior population is expected to surpass that of children under the age of 14 by 2017. This growth of the senior cohort signals opportunities for individuals over the age of 50 to challenge stereotypes and embrace active living. Organized sport leagues are a means for seniors to not only embrace active living, but to also re-live and continue living the competitive sports that they played earlier in life. The increasing number of organized sport leagues for this cohort, including the active living philosophy embraced by baby boomers, will probably lead to an increased demand for more organized sport opportunities for this population group. The purpose of this paper is to provide a current state of condition of organized sport leagues for those 50 years of age and over. Specifically, the objective of this paper is to present the evolution of organized sport leagues for those 50 and over while also making suggestions for the future provision of such services. It is concluded that: a) more research is needed to better understand the trend of 50 and over sport leagues, b) municipal sport and recreation administrators should consider establishing more 50 and over sport leagues in their recreation program delivery systems, c) 50 and over sport leagues should better address the needs of specific population groups (e.g., women and ethnic groups), and d) awareness should be enhanced for potential entrepreneurial opportunities for the establishment of 50 and over sport leagues.

This paper describes a four-year programme of “action research” (AR) undertaken with six communities in the UK, referred to as the Evaluating Low-Carbon Communities (EVALOC) project. The research combined a programme of research events with phased household-level monitoring of energy and carbon-reduction interventions. The carbon-reduction interventions were funded by the UK’s Department of Energy and Climate Change prior to the onset of the research. AR has recently been adopted within the context of environmental behaviour change programmes in the UK, with a number of methodological challenges. The EVALOC project’s challenges included developing a collaborative research design; building reciprocity between the researchers and research participants; dealing with biases and burdens in the research process; ensuring analytical rigour in the interpretation of the primarily qualitative evidence and dealing with the long-term and process-driven outcomes that arise from such interactions. This paper explores and discusses the challenges of AR in relation to selected research outcomes from EVALOC. We conclude by suggesting that the AR approach has helped to build capacity in the participating low-carbon communities (LCCs), through supporting the design, delivery and evaluation of their energy and carbon-reduction activities.

Part 2: Collaboration and Resilient Systems; International audience; Most democratic countries still use the traditional systems of paper ballots and voting boxes. As technology develops, new electronic voting systems have been proposed to modernize and facilitate the voting process. Most e-voting systems are based on centralizing models, i.e. client-server structures, which have been proved to be unreliable and prone to be affected by the same problems of any centralized computer system: Denial of Service attacks, server hacking, etc. The advent of cryptocurrencies in recent years has shed light on their underlying technology – blockchain – as a powerful decentralizing technological paradigm that keeps finding new areas of application outside this implementation, such as electronic voting. In this paper, we present a proposal for a voting framework based on blockchain technology and analyze its potential to improve current voting systems as well as the implementation drawbacks.

Analyzing social networks has received a lot of reviews in the recent literature. Many papers have been proposed to provide new techniques for mining social networks to help further study this huge amount of data. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of them considered the 'semantic meaning' of the nodes interests while clustering the network. In this work, we propose a new algorithm, namely GeoSim, for clustering users in any social network site into communities based on the 'semantic meaning' of the nodes interests as well as their relationships with each other. Moreover, this paper proposes a parallel version of the GeoSim algorithm that utilizes the MapReduce model to run on multiple machines simultaneously and get faster results. The two versions of the algorithm (centralized and parallel) are examined thoroughly to test their performance. The experiments show that both versions of the GeoSim algorithm achieve high community detection accuracy and scale linearly with the size of the cluster.

Advances in digital technology and innovation have fundamentally changed the way Higher Education (HE) communities, interact, consume and co-create value (Freberg and Merle 2016; Neier and Zayer 2015). However, differences have persisted between the potential of technology enabled learning and the less consistent realities of technology use within university learning and teaching (Henderson et al. 2015). Therefore, a key aim of this research is to examine how technology readiness of students influences their interaction, engagements, and value co-creation with staff. Through applying the lens of value co-creation, i.e. where value is co-created among actors through their active role of engagement, interactions and behavioural commitment to creating an experience (Ranjan and Read 2016), this study makes theoretical and managerial contributions to firstly, consumer’s technology readiness in HE and secondly, how this technology readiness influences their value co-creation behaviours. In addition, a conceptual model is developed, drawn from preliminary qualitative findings with students and lecturers, as well as the technology adoption literature (e.g. Davis 1989; Parasuraman 2000; Parasuraman and Colby 2015) in order to address how the consumption of technology influences value co-creation behaviour in HE. In keeping with the terminology in the marketing literature this research uses the terms consumers and employees. However, it is important to note we do not claim that students are consumers, as recommended by Woodall et al. (2014), rather they are actors that interact with other actors (Storbacka et al. 2016) e.g. employees and university staff that engage with and work in the same service environment in order to co-create value. In examining a dyadic perspective, between students and staff, our framework suggests that the level of an actors Technology Readiness (TR) is an antecedent to Digital Technology Satisfaction (DT-SAT) which influences Value Co-Creation behaviours (VCCb). The paper briefly discusses these three areas of literature, then presents the conceptual model and hypotheses. Finally, the methodology is highlighted followed by the findings from study 1 and the implications for theory and management.

Muslim communities in Lebanon have developed radically new institutions of religious leadership since the advent of the confessional state. These leaderships were created or refined over the course of Lebanon's first five decades (1920s–1970s), often building on pre-existing institutional norms but shaped by common patterns of integration into a state-centric system of confessional representation. Such institutions have played a key role in representing and reinforcing the sectarianisation of Islam in the country. On the other hand, their proximity to the state has made them prominent advocates of peaceful coexistence and political participation. This paper shows (1) how three Islamic religious leaderships have become institutional expressions of a distinctive Lebanese sectarianism, and (2) how they have in the process become defenders of the nation-state. Focusing on the Sunni office of mufti, this leadership is surveyed alongside its Shi'i and Druze counterparts to highlight their convergence on a single institutional model. These developments began in response to a French colonial demand for interlocutors with religious communities, and gained urgency as these interlocutors negotiated communal autonomy in religious aff airs. The project of communal self-governance – which included jurisdiction over personal status law – called for centralized religious institutions that could manage nationwide bureaucracies. Thus a Sunni mufti, Shi'i sheikh, and Druze sheikh al-'aql were each elevated to leadership of new religious hierarchies. While competition among these three leaderships played a part in their development, this paper uses the history of the 1975–90 civil war to show how their common enculturation into the life of the state has generated a strong centripetal tendency in their political behavior.

Research software is an integral part of scientific investigations. The paper identifies challenges, risks and new opportunities in research software publication and discovery. The diverse code discovery landscape is mapped and agents with their business models identified. Examples for discovery tools and strategies are given to support the classification. Reproducibility of research and reuse of code may improve if software discovery was easier. Researcher conducting a search for existing software in the context of a state-of-the-art report or a software management plan could use this paper as a guideline for their information retrieval strategy., published by IEEE Computer Society with DOI 10.1109/eScience.2018.00016, {"references":["M. Katerbow and G. Feulner, \"Recommendations on the development, use and provision of research software,\" 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1172988","V. R. Basili, D. Cruzes, J. C. Carver, L. M. Hochstein, J. K. 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Following the 2017 UK terrorist attacks by extremist religious individuals, it is notable that politicians and individual commentators remarked on the pressing need for local partnership working in England (BBC question time, 5 June 2017; Faith Matters 2017; Brendan Cox 19 June 2017). For it is by this means, people working together in a community, that local information and intelligence can be accessed, especially relating to emerging radicalisation. The early warning signs that could lead to active terrorism of the kind witnessed in the 2017 attacks (UNISON 2016) are being missed, and there are reasons why.This paper looks at why local information and multi-agency partnership are important to policing and community safety in the context of concerns about radicalisation and extremism, reviewing the policy changes, and their effects in partnership arrangements that have occurred in the UK since 2010. The paper goes on to present findings about the crucial significance of local partnership working in detecting radicalisation and some of the challenges faced by professionals now. The third part of the paper considers the question of how relevant agencies can monitor ongoing extremism and terrorism in communities through local intelligence gleaned through partnership working and other means. KEYWORDS: extremism, terrorism, partnerships, multi-agency, communities, collaboration, governance

The increasing interest for local development came amid global economical, social and political changes. The globalization and the international economic crisis, the increasing phenomenon of relocation of businesses, internal structures of large industrial groups, and institutionalizing local autonomy as a European principle made the discussions about local development to be the subject of interest to the academic world, but especially for policy makers. For Romanian public policy, the sustainable local development became a strategically tool to sustain the heritage sector (public and private) and constitutes the goals of national strategies on social and economical development. Our paper aim is to reveal the level of Romanian sustainable local development in the context of European principles applied and to analyze the impact at the local communities as an important means of valuing regional and local heritage. This vision of the community about its future development should be shared with all relevant actors at local and translated into a set of specific objectives and a clear action plan to provide good governance. The paper includes some explorative conceptual aspect focused on theoretical and practical analysis of sustainable local development, using the empirical data provided by the strategic documents and by Euro stat in order to respond to the following aspects: to highlight the scientific literature concerning the sustainable local development; to analyze the legal requirements (European and Romanian rules) of local development and heritage in Romania; to analyze from economical point of view the impact of local development and the implications on the local and regional heritage.

One way to engage people with green infrastructure (GI) is as environmental volunteers. Previous studies explored the nature of such groups/projects in terms of the benefits they deliver such as their impact on levels of social capital within a pre-defined community. However, existing literature contributes little to our understanding of the composition, characteristics and mechanisms used to form and maintain these groups. As such, it is difficult to establish the influencing factors determining the capacity of a group to sustain its provision over time. This paper serves to offer a more nuanced understanding of local-scale environmental stewardship by outlining the diversity of volunteer-led GI activities observed at the community-scale. Evidence presented from a desk-based examination of observable activity within The Mersey area Forest in North-West England represents a re-conceptualisation of existing definitions of Community-Scale GI (CSGI). Using thematic criteria, the paper clusters characteristics into key classification affecting group dynamics, composition and objectives. Initial findings identified the following categories as being significant descriptors for community-scale green infrastructure: status, location, timeframe, membership, activity focus, governance, resources and recognition, and communications. Thus, we classify four distinct types of group engaged in voluntary activity contributing to local level GI creation and long-term management: ‘Formal Group (Active), Formal Group (Inactive), Formal Project and Informal Group. Creating a nuanced typology of CSGI provides further opportunities to analysis the creation and long-term management of GI at a site, neighbourhood and city-scale. In turn, this contributes to our understanding of how multiple actors remain engaged in the decision-making processes of GI management and maintenance.

Este artículo debate la producción artística indígena em Mato Grosso do Sul, ubicándola em el campo de la antropología del arte. Investigaciones que traten de la cultura material y de forma específica del arte indígena son todavía embrionarias em Mato Grosso do Sul. La razón en parte se dá porque la escuela antropológica abordada en los cursos universitários brasileños trata esencialmente de los aspectos de la organización social, dando poca atención a la cultura material. Pensamos que el contenido aquí presentado puede contribuir a la realización de futuras investigaciones, que sean más sistemáticas y capaces de profundizar la discusión acerca de las formas artísticas de los pueblos indígenas de Mato Grosso do Sul. Este texto discute a produção artística de etnias indígenas de Mato Grosso do Sul, situando-as no campo da antropologia da arte. Pesquisas sobre cultura material e, em específico, sobre arte indígena, ainda são embrionárias no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, em parte porque a escola antropológica adotada nos cursos universitários aborda essencialmente aspectos de organização social e pouca atenção dá à cultura material. Acreditamos que o conteúdo aqui apresentado possa contribuir para estudos futuros, mais sistemáticos e capazes de aprofundar a discussão sobre as formas artísticas dos povos indígenas sulmatogrossenses. This paper discusses the artistic production of indigenous ethnic groups of Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil) using theanthropology of art as reference. Researches on material culture and indigenous art are still embryonic in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. This occurs in part because the main anthropological school adopted in Brazilian universities courses is focused on social organization, given limited attention to material culture. I believe that the content of this paper can contribute to future studies. Those studies must be more systematic and capable to make a deeper discussion about the artistic forms of theIndian in Mato Grosso do Sul.

The paper considers new scientific approaches to solving an urgent problem - the systemic revival of regional communities within the boundaries of collectively elected electoral districts. It is noted that this requires modern additional knowledge that corrects traditional ideas about life. New approaches to the vision of the idea of ​​decentralization are formulated, its value for the functioning of Ukraine is substantiated in the extremely difficult problems of reviving its depressed regions in the entire spectrum of natural, human, military, economic, environmental and other problems. A simplified model of adaptive self-government and self-development in the regions under the conditions of children with non-invasive scientific State support is proposed. A mechanism for introducing an adaptive control system is proposed and its influence on the efficiency of the control apparatus, knowledge intensity, and the adoption of globally optimal multi-keriterial decisions using computer technologies is substantiated. Examples of developments in the field of biotechnologies are given that provide ultra-economical year-round cultivation of eco-friendly food products and biologically active Healthy Food Products in fundamentally new HelioGreenhouses. A mechanism for ensuring systemic Energy Saving using Electro-Greenhouses, solar collectors, Aero-Mechanical small-scale energy is proposed., В работе рассмотрены новые научные подходы к решению актуальной задачи - системного возрождения региональных общин в границах коллективно избранных Избирательных Округов. Отмечено, что для этого необходимы современные дополнительные знания, скорректирующие традиционные представления о жизни. Сформулированы новые подходы к видению идеи децентрализации, обоснована ее ценность для функционирования Украины в сверхтрудных проблемах возрождения ее депрессивных регионов во всем спектре природных, человеческих, военных, экономических, экологических и других проблем. Предложена упрощенная модель адаптивного самоуправления и саморазвития в регионах в условиях децентрализации с неинвазивным научным Государственным сопровождением. Предложен механизм внедрения адаптивной системы управления и обосновано ее влияние на эффективность работы аппарата управления, наукоемкость, принятие глобально оптимальных мультикеритериальных решений с использованием компьютерных технологий. Приведены примеры разработок в области биотехнологий, обеспечивающих сверхэкономное круглогодичное выращивание экочистых продуктов питания и биологически активных Продуктов здорового питания в принципиально новых ГелиоТеплицах. Предложен механизм обеспечения системного ЭнергоСохранения с использованием ЭлектрогТеплиц, солнечных коллекторов, АэроМеханической малой энергетики., У роботі розглянуто нові наукові підходи щодо вирішення актуальної задачі - системного відродження регіональних громад в кордонах колективно обраних Виборчих Округів. Зазначено, що для цього необхідні сучасні додаткові знання, що скорегують традиційні уявлення про життя. Сформульовано нові підходи щодо бачення ідеї децентралізації, обґрунтовано її цінність для функціонування України в надважких проблемах відродження її депресивних регіонів у всьому спектрі природних, людських, військових, економічних, екологічних та інших проблем. Запропоновано спрощену модель адаптивного СамоУправління і СамоРозвитку в регіонах в умовах ДеЦентралізації з неінвазивним науковим Державним супроводом. Запропоновано механізм впровадження адаптивної системи управління та обґрунтовано її вплив на ефективність роботи апарату управління, наукоємність,прийняття глобально оптимальних мультикритеріальних рішень з використанням комп’ютерних технологій. Наведено приклади розробок в галузі біотехнологій, що забезпечують надекономне цілорічне вирощування екочистих продуктів харчування і Біологічно Активних Продуктів оздоровчого харчування в принципово нових ГеліоТеплицях. Запропоновано механізм забезпечення системного ЕнергоЗбереженняз використанням ЕлектроТеплиць, сонячних колекторів, АероМеханічної малої енергетики.

This paper explores the underlying structures that support participation and reputation in online crowd and community-based peer productions. Building on writings on open source, peer production, participatory culture, and social networks, the paper describes crowd and community structures as two ends of a continuum of collective action - from lightweight to heavyweight - differentiated by the extent of connectivity and engagement between contributions and among contributors. This is followed by an examination of the recognition, reputation and reward systems that support these collectives, and how these affect who controls and who contributes information. The aim of this exploration is to gain insight for understanding motivations and structures for e-participation in these different, potentially democratic, forums.

Recent studies have widely discussed cultural heritage and property rights, rights to knowledge for indigenous and local communities, human rights in relation to cultural heritage, as well as impact of tourism on local communities and sustainable development through cultural heritage and past materials. This paper raises the ethical issues of economic income from cultural heritage by addressing the issue of why local and indigenous communities should have the right to design their economic development and directly benefit through and from their local heritage. In this paper, I argue that, as part of their human rights, local and indigenous communities should have the right to decide how to develop and use their local heritage as an ‘economic resource’ and, furthermore, that the profit from heritage tourism (i.e., sites, museums) should return to local and indigenous communities. I will look at three archaeological/heritage sites and their associated local communities in Turkey in order to demonstrate the pitfalls of neglecting the communities’ rights to decide on local heritage and to directly benefit economically from the heritage sites. By using an economic rights-centered approach, I will address the potential benefits of acknowledging these aspects and offer sustainable solutions. Estudios recientes han discutido abiertamente sobre el patrimonio cultural y los derechos de propiedad, el derecho al conocimiento de los indígenas y comunidades locales, los derechos humanos en relación al patrimonio cultural, así como el impacto del turismo en las comunidades locales y el desarrollo sostenible a través del patrimonio cultural y la materialidad del pasado. Este artículo ensalza los asuntos éticos de los ingresos del patrimonio cultural centrándose en la cuestión de por qué los locales y las comunidades indígenas deberían tener el derecho a diseñar su propio desarrollo económico y a beneficiarse directamente a través de su patrimonio local. En este artículo, defiendo que, como parte de sus derechos humanos, las comunidades locales e indígenas deberían tener el derecho a decidir cómo desarrollar y usar su patrimonio local como ‘recurso económico’, y más allá, que el beneficio del turismo patrimonial (por ejemplo, sitios, museos…) debería retornar hacia las comunidades indígenas. Voy a centrarme en tres sitios arqueológicos/patrimoniales y las comunidades locales asociadas a ellos en Turquía con el objetivo de mostrar las trampas a la hora de ignorar el derecho de las comunidades a decidir sobre el patrimonio local y a beneficiarse directamente de los sitios patrimoniales. Usando una aproximación centrada en los derechos económicos, me referiré a los beneficios potenciales de reconocer estos aspectos y ofreceré soluciones sostenibles.

PurposeOn the basis of the Collective Intelligence Genome framework, which was developed to describe private, for profit ventures, this study aims to review the recent public sector initiatives launched by the American federal government and the European Union. The study's goal is to examine if, and how, the Genome construct would apply to not for profit.Design/methodology/approachThis paper builds on an existing classification methodology for collective intelligence initiatives and extends it to pubic sector initiatives.FindingsThe findings suggest that, although the framework offers a generally good fit, it does not fully address all the factors at play and the paper proposes expanding the gene pool. In addition, it confirms that Collective Intelligence initiatives do indeed co‐create value and conform to the emerging services dominant logic concept.Originality/valueWith the growing success of profit motivated internet‐based collaborative ventures, including Innocentive, VenCorps, Threadless and many others, governments have taken notice and engaged. Recent public sector initiatives, including Open.gov, Peer 2 Patent, innovation.ED.gov among others, have begun to leverage collaborative internet media through similar means. These initiatives not only engage a broader community in the co‐creation of value, but also foster what has been termed as Collective Intelligence. This paper details one of the first forays into what might be termed sense making within the public sector usage of Collective Intelligence using the Genome framework and, as such, provides researchers and practitioners with a means of assessing value, potential impact and making comparisons.

PurposeThis paper seeks to challenge how librarians conceive a number of relationships – between themselves, social media tools, and end‐users, and to argue that this determines the boundaries of service innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper develops themes and ideas derived from research projects on deployment of social media by library and information professionals completed within the Centre for Social Informatics at Edinburgh Napier University.FindingsLibrarians currently demonstrate more sophisticated use of social media for personal professional purposes than for services delivery; a number of challenges currently limit the extent to which librarians are able to exploit social media to full advantage; fuller exploitation of social media is possible when librarians transfer the good practice exhibited in personal professional use to applications for services delivery; service innovations are considered before tools; and end users are treated as collaborating clients rather than consuming customers.Originality/valueThe paper is of interest to those keen to take advantage of the opportunities offered by social media that extend beyond replicating existing service delivery.

Technological development is often described as an evolutionary process of variation, selection and retention. Different technologies are seen as variations, while the market and other institutions operate as a selection environment. It is less understood, however, how variation and selection relate in the case of emerging technologies. In this paper we introduce the concept of arenas of expectations to examine the relationship between variation and selection processes. Expectations are of particular interest in a pre-market phase of innovation, when performance, cost and other market criteria are less articulated and not stable. In arenas of expectations 'enactors' of particular technological variations voice and maintain expectations, while 'selectors' will compare and assess the competing claims. We analyse the expectations work of both parties in a case study on metal hydrides for the on-board storage of hydrogen for automotive applications. The paper concludes with a framework of 'arenas of expectations' as the linchpin between the processes of variation and selection of emerging technologies.

This paper proposes an effective mechanism dealing with reputation assessment of communities of web services (CWSs) known as societies composed of a number of functionally identical web services. The objective is to provide a general incentive for CWSs to act truthfully. The considered entities are designed as software autonomous agents equipped with advanced communication and reasoning capabilities. User agents request CWSs for services and accordingly rate their satisfactions about the received quality and community responsiveness. The strategies taken by different parties are private to individual agents, and the logging file that collects feedback is investigated by a controller agent. Furthermore, the accurate reputation assessment is achieved by maintaining a sound logging mechanism. To this end, the incentives for CWSs to act truthfully are investigated and analyzed, while the proposed framework defines the evaluation metrics involved in the reputation assessment of a community. In this paper, the proposed framework is described, a theoretical analysis of its assessment and its implementation along with discussion of empirical results are provided. Finally, the authors show how their model is efficient, particularly in very dynamic environments.

Based on a longitudinal case study in a multinational corporation operating in the medical industry, this paper shows how a group of employees from different sites and from various organisational levels learnt and innovated new training practices as they enacted and made use of organisational routines to develop a global training system that supported the company's overall standardisation process. The paper identifies how, in particular, three interrelated routines appear to trigger moments of recursive learning and employee-driven innovation (EDI) among employees. These routines are: 1) an organisational form of global communities of practice; 2) a 'cookbook' representing a set of guidelines to ensure a common approach to the sharing of best practices; 3) a set of governance procedures to support continual improvements. They do so by allowing employees to: a) collectively engage in and work towards a common purpose; b) identify, document and share knowledge about the problems and solutions they encounter in regard to their work; c) continually improve work practices. The findings contribute to an understanding of how organisational structuring of EDI can be developed and managed, and highlight the importance of deliberately organising routines, spaces and moments to foster such dynamics.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore collaboration in open innovation (OI) communities. The paper focuses on the following two research problems: how can users be motivated to collaborate in OI communities and what kind of tools and methods can support collaboration in OI communities?Design/methodology/approachThe exploratory case study includes three innovation intermediaries originated in three different countries: France, The Netherlands and Finland. The primary data source consists of the open‐ended questions posted to the maintainers and users by e‐mail. The data include five responses from the maintainers and 12 responses from the users. The secondary source is the internet document review. The classification of the factors in the preliminary framework is derived from reading and rereading the answers of the respondents until the themes started emerging from the data. Thereafter, the data are coded according to the chosen themes.FindingsResults suggest that monetary rewards are not always the best way to motivate contributing users. Instead, contributors appreciate many intangible factors, such as community cooperation, learning new ideas and having entertainment. Contributors also appreciate good support and the right cooperation tools from their service provider.Research limitations/implicationsThe data are based on three cases and a limited amount of participants. Therefore, it may be that in gathering empirical data from a larger group of cases, some new factors will be found.Practical implicationsCompanies should provide community members with tools that are easy to use, allowing people to express themselves and share their personal details. It seems to be important that maintainers are involved as visible members of a community, which includes telling about themselves in a more detailed way.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first papers focusing on the collaboration perspective of OI communities.

PurposeA large variety of online communities have emerged during the last years as a result of the challenges faced by both the business and scientific worlds. This trend has also been promoted by the development of internet and new Web 2.0 technologies. In this context, this paper is focused on the determinants of success of online communities. But, as a difference from other studies, these determinants are analyzed from the social network analysis perspective. Several constructs related to the community organization as a social network are proposed and their interrelations are hypothesized in a general research framework. The obtained results test the proposed model providing the most relevant antecedents of the project success.Design/methodology/approachA case study based on Linux ports to non‐conventional processor and environments is used to test the proposed model. Structural equation modeling analysis is used to validate the structural proposed model.FindingsThe main antecedents of online communities' success, quantifying the strength of the relation through the standardized path coefficients.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to a particular set of online communities engaged with the development of the non‐conventional Linux ports. However, they constitute a representative set of communities in the field of the open source projects (OSS) development, which are typically developed using a community of support.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils the main antecedents causing the successful development of Internet virtual communities. Instead of using sources of data coming from users' surveys, this study employs community interactions as a source of data. Results have important implications over the development of online communities, like software business models based on virtual communities and open source software.

This paper explores how certain Tobelo and Galela communities in the eastern Indonesian province of North Maluku have dealt with the dead in the aftermath of the ethnic and religious violence that swept the region in 1999-2001. It focuses on the issue of martyrdom and the construction of memorials to those who died during the conflict. I argue that these memorials have a dual purpose. First and foremost they are about mourning and martyrdom. They serve local needs to respect and remember those who were lost in the conflict and to recognize the sacrifices made in the name of religion. This notion of martyrdom directly relates to another aspect of these monuments, attempts by local communities in North Maluku, particularly the Christian communities I focus on in this paper, to solidify their version of events in the public narrative. As the local government encourages people to put the conflict behind them and to forget about the violence, the construction of these memorials maintains the focus on the religious framing of past events. In building these monuments and martyr cemeteries, people are publicly staking a claim on their interpretation of history and literally putting their version in stone. They seek to do so before official accounts (or denials) of what happened become hegemonic and pave over the nature of the violence and suffering that occurred. I also explore how the construction and placement of Christian memorials in churchyards contradicts previous church burial practices.

Learning on and through social media is becoming a cornerstone of lifelong learning, creating places not only for accessing information, but also for finding other self-motivated learners. Such is the case for Reddit, the online news sharing site that is also a forum for asking and answering questions. We studied learning practices found in ‘Ask’ subreddits AskScience, Ask_Politics, AskAcademia, and AskHistorians to develop a coding schema for informal learning. This paper describes the process of evaluating and defining a workable coding schema, one that started with attention to learning processes associated with discourse, exploratory talk, and conversational dialogue, and ended with including norms and practices on Reddit and the support of communities of inquiry. Our ‘learning in the wild’ coding schema contributes a content analysis schema for learning through social media, and an understanding of how knowledge, ideas, and resources are shared in open, online learning forums. Keywords: informal learning, social media, coding, content analysis, Reddit

This paper focuses on the vulnerability and protection of critical urban infrastructure from flooding. It presents a pragmatic and rapid screening procedure, referred to as a ‘Quick Scan methodology’. The purpose of the Quick Scan is to provide guidance for network operators and decision makers on identifying and rating those critical infrastructure networks and hot spot buildings that may be at risk from flooding, and assessing where intervention will be most feasible and cost beneficial – the so-called quick wins. This approach will support the development of effective interventions to alleviate direct and indirect flood impacts. Workshops and interviews with stakeholders and experts have been organized in pilot cities – Bangkok, Paris and Dordrecht – to test and further develop the Quick Scan and to obtain feedback and lessons learned for the protection of critical urban infrastructure. This paper presents the findings of the stakeholder workshops carried out in the city of Bangkok.

This paper focuses on the vulnerability and protection of critical urban infrastructure from flooding. It presents a pragmatic and rapid screening procedure, referred to as a ‘Quick Scan methodology’. The purpose of the Quick Scan is to provide guidance for network operators and decision makers on identifying and rating those critical infrastructure networks and hot spot buildings that may be at risk from flooding, and assessing where intervention will be most feasible and cost beneficial – the so-called quick wins. This approach will support the development of effective interventions to alleviate direct and indirect flood impacts. Workshops and interviews with stakeholders and experts have been organized in pilot cities – Bangkok, Paris and Dordrecht – to test and further develop the Quick Scan and to obtain feedback and lessons learned for the protection of critical urban infrastructure. This paper presents the findings of the stakeholder workshops carried out in the city of Bangkok.

Dieses Papier entwickelt auf der Grundlage von aggregierten Marktdaten, Dokumentenanalysen sowie Literaturauswertungen einen systematisierenden Überblick über Open Source Software Communities und ihre sozioökonomischen Kontexte. Nach einer Rekonstruktion der Herausbildung quelloffener Entwicklungsvorhaben werden die Beziehungen zwischen Open Source Projekten und etablierten Technologiekonzernen diskutiert. Daran anknüpfend werden entlang ihrer Koordinationsweisen und dem Grad ihrer Unternehmensnähe vier typische Varianten derzeitiger Open Source Gemeinschaften voneinander abgegrenzt. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die quelloffene Softwareentwicklung inzwischen zu einer allgemeinen Branchenmethode avanciert ist, dabei aber ihre Formatierung als Gegenentwurf zur kommerziellen und proprietären Herstellung weitgehend verloren hat. Während freie Software zunächst subversiv konnotiert war, ist das Involvement in Open Source Projekte heute zu einem festen Bestandteil der Innovationsstrategien aller großen Softwareanbieter geworden. Based on a review and evaluation of business reports, market data, literature, documents and press releases, this paper aims to provide a systematic overview of open source communities, their predominant coordination modes and their socio-economic contexts. The investigations highlight the extend to which successful free and open source software development projects today are dependent on the involvement of commercial companies. Open Source projects are by now deeply entrenched in the technology sector; they have been stripped of their subversive connotations and have become part of the innovation strategies of all established software providers.

At the end of 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that around 2.7 million people in the U.S. were of Central American origin While this community represents a potential market for Central American exports, no study had previously been carried out to describe the ethnic markets for Central American products in the U_S_ This paper describes the findings from research conducted in 2003, which suggests that people of Central American origin prefer to buy beans from their country of origin and are willing to pay a premium price for these beans. Also described in the paper is information to be used in future research for assessing the demand for food products from Latin America in U.S. ethnic communities.

À partir des données d’une enquête menée sur les visites muséales enfantines, cet article avance l’hypothèse que le regard porté sur l’enfance constitue l’un des rouages non seulement de la mise en patrimoine mais aussi, et plus largement, d’une définition même de la patrimonialité comme outil politique d’une cosmologie occidentale. La mise en perspective de la visite de La Fabuloserie, musée d’art brut, et de celle du château de Versailles par des enfants de moins de 7 ans permet, à travers deux cas contrastés, d’envisager les conditions d’accès à la culture savante et la façon dont les adultes en intériorisent la valeur. Grâce aux tout-petits, destinataires de l’intention patrimoniale de parents, enseignants ou professionnels de la culture, apparaissent des formes de médiations spécifiques qui révèlent plus largement la place de l’enfance dans la mécanique de production de la valeur culturelle. Drawing on data from an enquiry on children visiting museums, this article suggests that childhood representations contribute to the identification of cultural heritage. More broadly, it considers heritage as a political tool of western cosmology. Comparing children under 7 years of age visiting museums – La Fabuloserie, a private museum in the French countryside devoted to Art Brut, and the royal Versailles palace – this paper observes conditions of children’s access to high culture and the way it is internalised by adults. Parents who expect their children to gain cultural knowledge, teachers who organize school visits, and culture professionals guiding them through a museum, thus allow us to discern specific forms of public outreach that reveal how childhood deals with mechanisms of producing cultural value.

Cet article présente une expérimentation associant la communauté de Lac-Mégantic (Québec, Canada), des acteurs académiques de différents champs (architecture, urbanisme, géographie, arts) ainsi que des étudiants. Issu d’un contexte post-catastrophe, le dispositif, autant expérientiel qu’expérimental, évolue dans le temps dans une suite d’opportunités et sans projet commun défini en amont. À partir d’une approche combinant dimensions transdisciplinaire, cognitive et spatiale de l’expérimentation de transition (transition experiment), nous montrons en quoi des valeurs transitionnelles et transformationnelles, associées au milieu de vie et ses ressources, sont centrales dans la réflexion de la communauté méganticoise et des étudiants futurs praticiens. This paper presents an experiment involving the community of Lac-Megantic (Québec, Canada), academic actors from different fields (architecture, urban planning, geography, arts), as well as students. This exercise takes place within the post-disaster context of the 2013 rail disaster, without a common project defined upstream. The chosen approach combines transdisciplinary, cognitive and spatial dimensions of the transition experiment. It evolves over time in a series of opportunities, and is both experimental and experiential. We show how transitional and transformational values, associated with the living environment and its resources, are central in the reflection of the Megantic community and student future professional practices.