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The present study deals with modal verb meanings and variation concerning these verbs in a corpus of texts in the field of tourism. For this, we will use a compilation of article introductions and conclusions written in English and published in specialized leading journals on tourism. Modal verbs are important to evince the authors’ stance concerning the propositional content (Palmer, 2001; Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad & Finegan, 1999). Our main areas of concern are a) the modal meanings that are more likely to occur in the texts compiled, and b) the differences there are between the use of modal verbs in introductions and in conclusions in this respect. Research will be performed using corpus tools for text analysis and retrieval. Variation ratios will be evaluated according to a log-likelihood test in order to determine significance of variation according to whether specific modal meanings happen in the introductions or in the conclusions. Conclusions will include information regarding frequencies of occurrence, variation as to the modal meanings preferred per article section, i.e. introduction and conclusion, and the pragmatic functions developed by the use of modal verbs in these sections of the academic papers.

In this chapter, we provide a brief characterization of what we consider the best and most common structure that empirical corpus-linguistic papers can and should have. In particular, we first introduce the four major parts of a corpus linguistics paper: “Introduction”, “Methods”, “Results”, and “Discussion”. Since the nature of corpus data and corpus techniques makes the two sections very field-specific, we then focus more particularly on the “Methods” and “Discussion” sections of a typical quantitative corpus linguistic paper. We provide recommendations that span the research cycle from data description to analyzing the dataset and reporting the results of statistical tests.

The top 1000 biomedical papers by number of citations are classified by method, type of method and non-methods by examination of citation contexts. Supervised machine learning is applied to the context data for a training sample of papers which is then used to classify the full list, revealing that words indicating utility are most important for the classification of methods. Further word analysis is carried out using corpus linguistics to uncover context words that characterize non-methods. Hedging words are found to play an important role for non-methods, and several are selected for further analysis with logistic regression. Other variables in the regression are a consensus variable based on the similarity of contexts for a paper and another variable based on whether citations come from “methods” sections of citing papers. Accuracy of predictions from logistic regression is comparable to machine learning. The results are interpreted in terms of the perceived certainty or uncertainty of the underlying knowledge, that is, methods and their outputs have higher certainty, and non-methods higher uncertainty. Evidence is found that hedging is inversely related to citation frequency. Implications of this work for the study of the development of science and the role of methods and tools in biomedical research are discussed.

This study is a corpus-based lexical study that aims to explore the use of words in Coxhead’s (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) in journal articles in the field of applied linguistics. A 1.5 million-word corpus called the Applied Linguistics Research Articles Corpus (ALC) was created for this study. The corpus consists of 200 research articles that have been published in five applied linguistics journals, namely, Applied Linguistics , Language Learning , The Modern Language Journal , Second Language Research , and TESOL Quarterly . Results show that AWL words account for 11.17% of the entire ALC. Using both frequency and range as the criteria for word forms selection, this study identifies 475 AWL and 128 non-AWL word forms that are used more than 50 times in the ALC and at least five times across the five journals. Most of the AWL word forms belong to the word families included in Coxhead’s first and second sublists. The non-AWL word forms are specialized terms in applied linguistics, terms related to language education and research methodology, and adjectives/nouns indicating countries/languages. Pedagogical implications are made for both teachers and learners of academic English as a foreign language.

In this paper, we have tried to describe the details about the strategies and methods we have adapted to design and develop a digital Odia corpus of newspaper texts. We have also attempted to identify the scopes of its utilization in different domains of Odia language technology and applied linguistics. The corpus is developed with sample news reports produced and published by some major Odia newspapers published from Bhubaneswar and neighboring places. We have followed several issues relating to text corpus design, development, and management, such as size of the corpus with regard to number of sentences and words, coverage of domains and sub-domains of news texts, text representation, question of nativity, determination of target users, selection of time span, selection of texts, amount of sample for each text types, method of data sampling, manner of data input, corpus sanitation, corpus file management, and problem of copyright. The digital corpus is basically in machine readable format, so that the text becomes easy to process very quickly. We presume that the corpus we have developed will come to a great help to look into the present texture of the language as well as to retrieve various linguistic data and information required for writing a modern grammar for Odia with close reference to its empirical identity, usage, and status. The electronic Odia corpus that we have generated can also be used in various fields of research and development activities for Odia.

The academic Abstract genre is one of the most important parts of a research paper because it is viewed at first by readers. When well written, it enables them to quickly and accurately identify the main ideas and contributions of the work presented. Hence writing an abstract is the most difficult part. Poorly written abstracts can affect negatively the significance and understanding of the paper. In order to investigate the rhetorical moves (or communicative stages) creating the meaning of abstracts, this study analyzes a corpus of 1,500 international conference papers (ICALT) using Corpus Linguistic tools and LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) algorithm. This study shows that abstracts are written focusing on research purpose and methods rather than describing the background and commenting results. LDA algorithm provides a list of topics within the corpus of abstracts based on research areas. Future works on LDA algorithm should strengthen its semantic approach based on the rhetorical moves.

A review of the book "Exploring Corpus Linguistics: Language in Action," part of the Routledge Introductions to Applied Linguistics series, by Winnie Cheng, is presented.

Applied linguistics embodies a kaleidoscope of disciplines, theoretical approaches, research paradigms, and beliefs about practice. Its diversity is reflected in this festschrift honoring Henry Widdowson. The volume contains the contributions of 27 authors from five continents and, like the honoree's own body of work, represents a wide range of topics. In their introductory chapter, the editors outline the disciplines they have chosen to include: assessment, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, language teaching, literature, second language acquisition, and the relationship among theory, research, and practice. As this list reveals, other areas of applied linguistics are notably absent: first language literacy, language planning and policy, and translation, among others. Omissions are no doubt necessary in order to compile a volume of manageable size; in spite of these omissions, readers will find the contributions absorbing and take pleasure in tracing thematic threads throughout. A sampling of major themes is outlined here.

Topic modeling is a probabilistic model that identifies topics covered in text(s). In this paper, topics were loaded from two implementations of topic modeling, namely, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). This analysis was performed in a corpus of 1000 academic papers written in English, obtained from PLOS ONE website, in the areas of Biology, Medicine, Physics and Social Sciences. The objective is to verify if the four academic fields were represented in the four topics obtained by topic modeling. The four topics obtained from Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) did not represent the four academic fields.

Bulgarian-Polish Language Resources (Current State and Future Development)The paper briefly reviews the first Bulgarian-Polish digital bilingual resources: corpora and dictionaries, which are currently developed under bilateral collaboration between IMI-BAS and ISS-PAS: joint research project “Semantics and contrastive linguistics with a focus on a bilingual electronic dictionary”, coordinated by L. Dimitrova (IMI-BAS) and V. Koseska (ISS-PAS).

Similarity, which plays a key role in fields like cognitive science, psycholinguistics and natural language processing, is a broad and multifaceted concept. In this work we analyse how two approaches that belong to different perspectives, the corpus view and the psycholinguistic view, articulate similarity between verb senses in Spanish. Specifically, we compare the similarity between verb senses based on their argument structure, which is captured through semantic roles, with their similarity defined by word associations. We address the question of whether verb argument structure, which reflects the expression of the events, and word associations, which are related to the speakers' organization of the mental lexicon, shape similarity between verbs in a congruent manner, a topic which has not been explored previously. While we find significant correlations between verb sense similarities obtained from these two approaches, our findings also highlight some discrepancies between them and the importance of the degree of abstraction of the corpus annotation and psycholinguistic representations. La similitud, que desempeña un papel clave en campos como la ciencia cognitiva, la psicolingüística y el procesamiento del lenguaje natural, es un concepto amplio y multifacético. En este trabajo analizamos cómo dos enfoques que pertenecen a diferentes perspectivas, la visión del corpus y la visión psicolingüística, articulan la semejanza entre los sentidos verbales en español. Específicamente, comparamos la similitud entre los sentidos verbales basados en su estructura argumental, que se capta a través de roles semánticos, con su similitud definida por las asociaciones de palabras. Abordamos la cuestión de si la estructura del argumento verbal, que refleja la expresión de los acontecimientos, y las asociaciones de palabras, que están relacionadas con la organización de los hablantes del léxico mental, forman similitud entre los verbos de una manera congruente, un tema que no ha sido explorado previamente. Mientras que encontramos correlaciones significativas entre las similitudes de los sentidos verbales obtenidas de estos dos enfoques, nuestros hallazgos también resaltan algunas discrepancias entre ellos y la importancia del grado de abstracción de la anotación del corpus y las representaciones psicolingüísticas. La similitud, que exerceix un paper clau en camps com la ciència cognitiva, la psicolingüística i el processament del llenguatge natural, és un concepte ampli i multifacètic. En aquest treball analitzem com dos enfocaments que pertanyen a diferents perspectives, la visió del corpus i la visió psicolingüística, articulen la semblança entre els sentits verbals en espanyol. Específicament, comparem la similitud entre els sentits verbals basats en la seva estructura argumental, que es capta a través de rols semàntics, amb la seva similitud definida per les associacions de paraules. Abordem la qüestió de si l'estructura de l'argument verbal, que reflecteix l'expressió dels esdeveniments, i les associacions de paraules, que estan relacionades amb l'organització dels parlants del lèxic mental, formen similitud entre els verbs d'una manera congruent, un tema que no ha estat explorat prèviament. Mentre que trobem correlacions significatives entre les similituds dels sentits verbals obtingudes d'aquests dos enfocaments, les nostres troballes també ressalten algunes discrepàncies entre ells i la importància del grau d'abstracció de l'anotació del corpus i les representacions psicolingüístiques.

Il presente contributo mira ad esplorare alcuni aspetti della rappresentazione del discorso ambientale in alcune forme del discorso giornalistico. In particolare, lo studio si concentra sull’analisi del profilo collocazionale del lemma “green” (“verde”), sia in un corpus specialistico di articoli apparsi sulla stampa quotidiana britannica e statunitense riguardanti tematiche ambientali, sia in un corpus specialistico di news blogs sull’ambiente. Nuovo genere mediale di giornalismo “partecipativo” (Herring et al. 2005, Bruns and Jacobs 2006), il news blogging sta infatti acquisendo sempre maggiore popolarità come articolata forma di giornalismo o, talora, di “anti-giornalismo” (Lasica 2001, Grossman 2004). Integrando gli strumenti e la metodologia dell’analisi del discorso assistita da corpora (si veda, Hardt-Mautner 1995, Miller 1999, 2006, Partington et al. 2004, Coffin and O’Halloran 2005, Baker 2006, Thompson and Hunston 2006, Morley and Bayley 2009, Bevitori 2010, 2011a, 2011b, Bednarek 2010), e dell’apparato teorico-descrittivo denominato APPRAISAL SYSTEMS (Martin and White 2005), l’analisi prende in considerazione aspetti quantitativi e qualitativi del lemma, tracciandone i contesti tipici di occorrenza e co-occorrenza, ed evidenziandone le risorse valutative e/o “attitudinali” comunemente associate al termine. Dai risultati dell’indagine emerge una profonda differenza su come il lemma “green” viene costruito “socialmente” nelle due forme di giornalismo; mentre nei news blogs l’analisi rivela che il lemma tende ad associarsi tipicamente a risorse valutative positive, che hanno principalmente lo scopo di promuovere una cittadinanza attiva e partecipata, rivolta alla tutela e salvaguardia dell’ambiente, nella stampa, al contrario, il lemma “green” tende ad aggregarsi a formulazioni negative che mirano alla critica di comportamenti non eco-sostenibili.

This paper reports on a manual monitoring of online representations of LGBT persons in the Republic of Cyprus for the period April 2015–February 2016. The article contextualizes the prevalence of “hate speech” in online Greek Cypriot comments against LGBT individuals, and, more generally, against non-heterosexuals. Adopting a Foucauldian positionvis-à-visthe social and discursive construction of sexuality, we outline, first, the socio-historical context (Fairclough 1989, 2003) with a focus on LGBT rights in the Republic of Cyprus and the nationalistic project construing sexualities. We then examine the different levels of discursive discrimination practices, providing a snapshot of the types of “hate speech” referring to this topic typically found in such an environment. The focus is on identification of theframesused to construct LGBT identities, and their perception.We use in our title the wordsubjectas defined by post-modernists and by Butler in particular (2009 : iii): subject refers to “a socially produced ‘agent’ and ‘deliberator’ whose agency and thought is made possible by a language that precedes that ‘I’. In this sense the ‘I’ is produced through power (….)”. This paper focuses on the socially produced definition of the LGBT community in the context under study.We thus address the way in which sexuality is constructed within a compulsory and hegemonic heterosexuality and heteronormativity. We analyze our data i.e. comments focused on the LGBT community, with corpus linguistic tools (Baker et al. 2008; Brindle 2016) as well as through a qualitative examination of the identified frames. Our analysis confirms an interface between nationalism and compulsory hegemonic heteronormativity in the Republic as well as the influence of the Orthodox Church and its beliefs (Kamenou 2011a, 2011b, 2016).

En este trabajo presentamos el proyecto de investigación Post Scriptum, que tiene por objeto la búsqueda, edición y estudio históricolingüístico de cartas privadas escritas en España y Portugal durante la Edad Moderna. Post Scriptum reúne una amplia colección epistolar y la ofrece en dos formatos preparados para la búsqueda: el de la edición crítica digital y el del corpus lingüísticamente anotado. En esta presentación se exponen los aspectos fundamentales sobre el diseño y elaboración de Post Scriptum, desde la búsqueda de los manuscritos en archivos históricos hasta la edición digital y anotación semiautomática de los textos y su publicación en línea; también se recogen resultados definitivos y se aportan algunos ejemplos de explotación del corpus en diferentes niveles de análisis., In this paper we present the project Post Scriptum, which aims to build up a campaign of collection, edition and historical-linguistic study of private letters written in Portugal and Spain along the Early Modern Ages. Not only does the Post Scriptum project present a wide collection of private letters, but it also makes it available as a scholarly digital edition and as an annotated corpus. Key aspects about the development of Post Scriptum are explained in this paper, from the finding of manuscripts in historical archives to the digital edition and semi-automatic annotation of texts and their publication online. Final results and some examples that illustrate how the exploitation of this corpus works at different linguistic levels are also included.

This paper uses a combination of corpus-based and qualitative approaches toinvestigate the ‘framing’ of criminals in fiction on serial killers, particularly inthe works of the top-selling novelists Thomas Harris and James Patterson.These works feature detectives/psychologists and villains who tend to bepsychopathic men involved in criminal actions that range from kidnapping tomurder. Framing can be used to understand and explore how an entity isconstructed, communicated and shaped. It can be defined as ‘schemata’ orrepertoires of organized patterns of thinking which can be triggered by theframing devices presented in the text (Kitzinger, 2007). In this paper, I explorehow serial killers are framed linguistically using the analytical tools of criticalstylistics proposed by Jeffries (2010a). Using WordSmith5, the frequency ofwords related to ‘killers’ and ‘murder’ and the concordance lines of the namesof each serial killer used as node words, are all extracted and examined.Concordance lines, which present ‘the analyst with instances of a word orcluster in its immediate co-text’ (Baker et al., 2008: 279), are examinedqualitatively to identify linguistic patterns using critical stylistic tools –including, for example, naming and describing, equating and contrasting,assuming and implying, prioritizing, representing actions/ events/ states,modality choices and metaphor. This paper, to a large extent, shows that thesuggested corpus-assisted critical stylistic approach provides a comprehensivemodel for the study of the serial killers in the selected novels, and possibly, andmore generally, for the study of characters in fiction. Indeed, the mainachievement of this approach which involves a synergy of quantitative andqualitative methods is the provision of a more comprehensive and systematicanalysis of large amounts of data.

Acquisition of academic vocabulary is paramount to students’ success in academic life, as well as for the process of writing publishable papers in English so that research can be shared more broadly (NAGY; TOWNSEND 2012; PAQUOT, 2014). While in countries such as The U.S. and England the practice of offering Writing Centers for academic writing thrives, the initiative is still quite shy in Brazil (CONS 2020), though some Writing Centers around the country have recently started to operate. The aim of this paper is to report how the training activities of the Writing Center at University of Caxias do Sul – UCS Writing Center - use the Corpus Linguistics approach (BERBER-SARDINHA 2004) to enhance acquisition of academic vocabulary, therefore providing better academic writing skills to professors and students of the institution and the community it targets. The article contextualizes the Writing Center within the University and presents a series of activities which were designed based on research of Corpus Linguistics’ application to the teaching and learning of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The activities provide specific instances of how Corpus Linguistics resources can be an invaluable asset for the improvement of vocabulary in academic writing in English, being especially useful for researchers who wish to upgrade the quality of the language used in their international publications. A aquisição de vocabulário acadêmico em Língua Inglesa é essencial para o sucesso da vida acadêmica de um estudante, além de ser importante para que o estudante possa publicar suas pesquisas em inglês e compartilhá-las com maior alcance (NAGY; TOWNSEND, 2012; PAQUOT, 2014). Universidades de países como os Estados Unidos e a Inglaterra oferecem centros de escrita acadêmica a seus alunos e professores, porém esta prática tem se mostrado ainda tímida no Brasil (CONS, 2020), embora alguns centros recentemente estejam operando. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar como as atividades de formação do Centro de escrita acadêmica da Universidade de Caxias do Sul – UCS Writing Center - utilizam a abordagem da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER-SARDINHA, 2004) para melhorar a aquisição de vocabulário acadêmico em Inglês, proporcionando assim melhores habilidades de escrita acadêmica a professores, alunos, e à comunidade servida pela Universidade. O texto contextualiza o Writing Center dentro da universidade e apresenta uma série de atividades que foram desenvolvidas tendo como base a pesquisa da aplicação da Linguística de Corpus ao ensino e aprendizagem de Inglês para Fins Acadêmicos. As atividades fornecem exemplos específicos de como recursos da Linguística de Corpus podem ser considerados como uma ferramenta útil para a melhoria do vocabulário acadêmico na escrita acadêmica em Língua Inglesa, especialmente para os pesquisadores que desejam aumentar a qualidade linguística de suas publicações internacionais.

Artiklis keskendutakse tooriista Good Dictionary Example ehk GDEX (Kilgarriff jt 2008) eesti mooduli versiooni 1.4 loomisele. GDEX on tooriist, mis aitab sonastiku naitelauseks sobivaid korpuslauseid automaatselt tuvastada. GDEX-i moodul on seni loodud inglise, sloveeni, hollandi, portugali, hispaania, jaapani ja eesti keele jaoks. Siinses artiklis seletatakse esmalt lahti tooriista uldised toopohimotted. Seejarel keskendutakse naitelauseid tuvastavate parameetrite statistilisele analuusile ja parameetrite vaartuste maaramisele. Parameetrite vaartuste hindamisele ning eri moodulite vordlusele toetudes pakutakse valja eesti mooduli uus versioon 1.4. "Automatic detection of good dictionary examples in Estonian learner’s dictionaries" This paper explains, firstly, how a tool called Good Dictionary Example (GDEX) (Kilgarriff et. al 2008) scores corpus sentences and helps the lexicographer automatically select the best examples for dictionaries. Secondly, the training datasets containing example sentences from the Estonian Collocations Dictionary (ECD) are introduced. Thirdly, the paper focuses on different parameters of good dictionary examples. Most of the paper is based on an analysis of the training datasets and an evaluation of the previous GDEX configurations. For evaluating the configurations, the graphical user interface GDEX Editor was used. Based on the results of statistical analysis and on the evaluation of different configurations, a new configuration 1.4 is introduced. There are 16 new parameters implemented in GDEX 1.4. The main parameters of GDEX 1.4 are as follows: the desired sentence is a full sentence; sentence length is 4–20 tokens; the sentence contains a verb; it does not contain low frequency words or words from the blacklist; the optimal length is 6–12 tokens; sentences containing more than 1 adverb, pronoun, proper name, numeral, conjunction, comma, more than 2 verbs and sentences containing certain pronouns are penalized. The output of GDEX 1.4 can be applied to the ECD project and to create a web interface SkELL for learners of Estonian.

An aspect of corpus compilation that poses a particular challenge is the question of how to transcribe orthographically units that are not part of any standardised vocabulary. Among the problematic categories we find voiced pauses, minimal response signals, interjections, certain discourse markers, phonologically reduced forms, colloquialisms and dialect forms. Such semi-lexical features are usually represented by regular phonemic-graphemic correspondences but are nevertheless often inconsistently handled. This paper reviews a number of existing transcription guidelines and assesses whether the recommendations they provide are sufficient and detailed enough to secure a consistent transcription of the categories mentioned. Further, the paper assesses to what extent transcription of semi-lexical features is consistent within and across two spoken corpora. On the basis of a cross-corpus comparison of the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT) and the London English Corpus (LEC), the paper provides specific recommendations for corpus transcription.

This paper discusses the degree to which most of the most widely-used measures of dispersion in corpus linguistics are not particularly valid in the sense of actually measuring dispersion rather than some amalgam of a lot of frequency and a little dispersion. The paper demonstrates these issues on the basis of data from a variety of corpora. I then outline how to design a dispersion measure that only measures dispersion and show that (i) it indeed measures information that is different from frequency in an intuitive way and (ii) has a higher degree of predictive power of lexical decision times from the MALD database than nearly all other measures in nearly all corpora tested.

This paper discusses the degree to which some of the most widely-used measures of association in corpus linguistics are not particularly valid in the sense of actually measuring association rather than some amalgam of a lot of frequency and a little association. The paper demonstrates these issues on the basis of hypothetical and actual corpus data and outlines implications of the findings. I then outline how to design an association measure that only measures association and show that its behavior supports the use of the log odds ratio as a true association-only measure but separately from frequency; in addition, this paper sets the stage for an analogous review of dispersion measures in corpus linguistics.

This paper is a corpus linguistics research that examined the typology of questions asked by graduate students who did papers that solely followed qualitative research interviewing. Corpus linguistics is a methodological approach employed to analyze patterns of language use in naturally occurring texts. The paper investigated the breadth and structure of the interview questions and the unproductive questions found in the corpus. The corpus consisted of 7,516 interview questions examined following the structure-breadth-function typology of questions as a framework. The corpus was analyzed by identifying the patterns of the interview questions for these to be properly typologized. Results revealed that Wh- questions (5,365 of the 7,516 questions or 71.381%) were the most frequently asked interview questions, followed by the yes-no questions (1,455 or 19.359%). Tell-Explain-Describe or TED questions (6 or 0.106%) had the least frequency of occurrence. Additionally, closed-ended questions (3,977 or 52.914%) were more prevalent than open-ended questions (3,539 or 47.086%). While a total of 802 prefaced questions were identified with so-prefaced questions as the most pervasive (446 or 56.611%). Finally, the study results showed that leading and multiple questions constituted the unproductive interview questions, the latter being the most preponderant with 700 or 55.556% of the 1,260 unproductive questions. The subcategorizations yes-no and wh- leading questions; and multiple yes-no, multiple yes-no-wh-, and multiple wh- (serial and single) questions are nowhere to be found in the available literature on interview questions, thus adding to the value of the present study. The quality of qualitative research interviewing is facilitated by the typology of questions interviewers asked based on the structure and breadth of the questions. Generally, the wh- open-ended type is the more appropriate one in qualitative research interviewing.

Aim/Thesis: The aim of this research is to promote the use of the three concepts-- the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), the Gettier Problem, and Corpus Linguistics (Contextual Learning)--to increase the academic performance of early undergraduate engineering students. Concept/Methods: 30 Engineering students completed one untimed Mensa IQ Test of 10 questions and one Simon-Binet IQ Test of 50 random IQ questions with a 12 minute time limit. These 30 students were chosen from two different college sections: 15 students from each section. Before the second Simon-Binet Test, one group, G(a), was given ZPD scaffolding in three major topics — Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning and Spatial Reasoning —as they had answered questions based on these concepts incorrectly in their first Mensa IQ test. The second group, G(b), was not given the ZPD scaffolding. A statistical t-test that was later performed indicated that G(a), with scaffolding, outperformed G(b), without the scaffolding, in the second IQ test. Results and conclusion: Using the t-test, it is seen that the hypothesis of this research that ZPD, Gettier Problem and Corpus Linguistics can enhance the performance of the students in a short time period is correct. After the first Mensa IQ test, the level of both the groups G(a) and G(b) of engineering students was almost the same, indicated by a very similar mean results. However, after supporting G(a) utilizing ZPD, Gettier Problem and Corpus Linguistics for their three problem areas - Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning and Spatial Reasoning - identified after their first IQ test where the students needed scaffolding, the performance of this group improved more in comparison to G(b), as indicated by the results of the second online Simon-Binet Test. Research restrictions: It was not possible to provide all the random questions of the online Simon-Binet test given to all 30 students because the total number of questions would be 30*50=1500. Only the first ten questions of the Mensa IQ test are included in this research paper. Further, the third and fourth year engineering students are not included in this research as it is assumed that they have had already developed expertise and the effect of the investigated tools would not be clearly visible. Practical application: ZPD scaffolding was applied to the students when the students’ major problem areas were identified as requiring contextual learning and support. The Gettier Problem-- an epistemological concept-- was also used to keep their mind open at all the times during the learning process and Linguistics Corpus gave the contextual support as ZPD proposes the social-contextual mode of learning. Originality/Cognitive value: The paper presents empirical research on engineering students demonstrating the practical utility of ZPD, Gettier Problem and Corpus Linguistics in the process of learning, potentially irrespective of any discipline.

This paper investigates changes in swearing usage in informal speech using large-scale corpus data, comparing the occurrence and social distribution of swear words in two corpora of informal spoken British English: the demographically-sampled part of the Spoken British National Corpus 1994 (BNC1994) and the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 (BNC2014); the compilation of the latter has facilitated large-scale, diachronic analyses of authentic spoken data on a scale which has, until now, not been possible. A form and frequency analysis of a set of 16 ‘pure’ swear word lemma forms is presented. The findings reveal that swearing occurrence is significantly lower in the Spoken BNC2014 but still within a comparable range to previous studies. Furthermore, FUCK is found to overtake BLOODY as the most popular swear word lemma. Finally, the social distribution of swearing across gender and age groups generally supports the findings of previous research: males still swear more than females, and swearing still peaks in the twenties and declines thereafter. However, the distribution of swearing according to socio-economic status is found to be more complex than expected in the 2010s and requires further investigation. This paper also reflects on some of the methodological challenges associated with making comparisons between the two corpora.

This paper investigates practices of urban discursive place-making in selected neighborhoods of Brooklyn, New York. I investigate the forms and functions of hitherto neglected multimodal data – semiotic landscapes written on the body, (hidden) Wi-Fi Service Set Identifiers, that is, SSIDs or Wi-Fi names, and #Brooklyn Tweets – and how I have compiled these into a corpus. The corpus currently consists of multivariate data including – among others – ca. 1.3 million words of semi-structured interviews with Brooklynites, ca. 8,000 photographs of the semiotic landscapes in Brooklyn, New York, and ca. 47,000 Wi-Fi SSIDs. The aim of this paper is to show which semiotic forms and constructions of both Wi-Fi SSIDs and #Brooklyn Tweets take on foregrounded practices of so-called discursive urban-place-making and how these interact in the various neighborhoods of Brooklyn and in the virtual spheres related to them. I will show how these practices carry the potential for (re-)indexing specific social values of an urban neighborhood or even the borough itself and how Brooklynites and others comment on the respective neighborhoods. They position themselves in the social, cultural, political, and economic spheres of urbanity. The mixed-methods approach draws on corpus linguistic, sociolinguistic, and stylistic methodology.

Keyness is a commonly used method in corpus linguistics and is assumed to identify key items that are characteristic of 1 corpus when compared to another. This paper puts this assumption to the test by comparing case study corpora in the fields of genetic, immunological and psychiatric biomedical association studies, using what we refer to as a ‘K-FLUX’ analysis to produce a set of key items. Experts from within these fields are asked to evaluate the extent to which identified key items are characteristic of their discipline. The paper concludes that less than 50% of the items identified by the method are rated as highly characteristic by experts and that this ranges between types of association study. Further, there is difficulty in reaching a consensus over what is deemed to be ‘characteristic’, thus posing a challenge to the ultimate aim of the keyness method. The paper demonstrates the value of supporting corpus linguistic studies with expert assessments to evaluate whether (and which) items can be said to be indicative of a particular field.

This paper presents a case study conducted on 17th and 18th century German corpora, confirming that both attraction and differentiation are important mechanisms of change, which interact with socio-symbolic properties of constructions. The paper looks at the frequencies and semantics ofwo‘where’ clauses at the beginning of the New High German period, which are compared to the frequencies and semantics of the connectorda‘there, since’ in the same period. The study reveals that the subordinating connectorswoanddaoverlapped in their functions and were highly polysemous (or semantically vague), establishing spatial, temporal, causal, conditional, and contrast links between clauses. This suggests that the connectors had become functionally similar by means of mutual attraction; however, they differed in that they belonged to different registers. Over the course of the 18th century, the polysemy ofwoanddaclauses reduced. Being gradually confined to one single meaning, the connectors became less similar. This differentiation occurs because the connectors aligned to distinct high-level schemas in the associative network. The study confirms that analogy is crucial to both attraction and differentiation of functionally overlapping constructions. While attraction involves analogy of specific instances of constructions, differentiation occurs in analogy to high-level abstract constructions in the associative network.

Supplementary materials (i.e., data sets, R Notebook with codes, and figures) for the paper titled "Corpus linguistic and experimental studies on the meaning-preserving hypothesis in Indonesian voice alternations" by I Made Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya Rajeg, & I Wayan Arka. The paper has been accepted (6 May 2021) for publication in Linguistics Vanguard.

This is an RStudio Project repository for the paper titled "The lexicalisation of HAPPINESS in the Malayic varieties of Indonesia". The repository contains the data and R Markdown Notebook for the writing and statistical analyses in the paper. We also share other related files to run the codes in the R Markdown Notebook and knit the Notebook into an MS Word output. The paper is presented at the International Seminar on Austronesian Languages and Literature IX (10 September 2021), organised by the Linguistics Graduate Programs, Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University, Indonesia.

This project is supplementary materials for a submitted paper in the Journal of Corpus Linguistic and Linguistic Theory. There are nine databases, R scripts used to construct figures, as well as codes for our statistical calculations given in the paper. As I am using R programming language, this supplementary material is designed to be compatible to run in R. Should you need another format of our database or codes, please contact me at karlinadenistia(at)gmail.dom. Please cite our paper if you use one of these materials for further research.

This is an RStudio-project repository containing the dataset and R codes used in our paper published open access in "Linguistik Indonesia", the official journal for "Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia" (MLI) (the Linguistic Society of Indonesia). The paper reports on a project on the spatiotemporal metaphor in Indonesian based on evidence from Indonesian language corpus and spontaneous co-speech gestural data. This OSF repository is synchronised from the original GitHub repo(sitory) (https://github.com/gederajeg/spatiotemporal-metaphor-indonesian). For more details, see the README section on that GitHub repository.

Data and scripts underlying a paper on expressiveness and grammatical integration, by Mark Dingemanse and Kimi Akita (Journal of Linguistics, 2016). Download and view analysis.html for readable R code and figures, or check analysis.Rmd for the source. The data is in ExpInt.txt (CSV) and ExpInt.Rdata (R). If you find this to be of use, please cite the paper: Dingemanse, Mark and Kimi Akita. (2016) An inverse relation between expressiveness and grammatical integration: on the morphosyntactic typology of ideophones, with special reference to Japanese. Journal of Linguistics.

This paper aims to explore the trends and hot topics of American applied linguistics by the content analysis of AAAL annual conferences’ handbooks. Making a diachronic research on topical strands of AAAL Conference from 1999 to 2019, the paper studies the dynamics and the trends of American applied linguistics by analyzing the changes of the strands in the conferences under study in 20 years. Based on self-built corpora of titles and abstracts of the presented papers in 2019 AAAL Annual Conference, high-frequency vocabulary and their collocations are detected by TagCrowd and AntConc in order to find the current hot topics of applied linguistics research. The conclusion is that the development of applied linguistics has speeded up in the past four years. Educational linguistics, corpus linguistics, research methodology, teacher education, lexical research, phonetics/phonology and oral communication are the new trends in this field. The hot words of applied linguistics in 2019 include academic writing, teacher education, Chinese and translanguaging. Finally, the study found that retrospective review study of international conferences could be a new research method in the field of review study, providing scholars with a comprehensive understanding of the discipline dynamics over a period of time

Rain is always linked in the human mind with prosperity and growth. Although, this is not the case with all occurrences of the word rain and its inflections in the Qur’an. This paper focuses on studying the Arabic lemma مطر /mαṯαr/ (rain) and its inflections in the Glorious Qur’an. The presented research elucidates the non-habitual collocations of this word in all its occurrences, and deduces the semantic prosody indicated by these collocations. Moreover, the paper touches on the link between language and culture and points out the strong relation between them, and the mutual effect of each of them on the other. This work takes a linguacultural approach based on corpus linguistics to analyse the Qur’anic verses in which the lemma understudy and its inflections occur. The study focuses on their collocations and the indicated semantic prosodies. SketchEngine is used to help in analysing the verses by automatically obtaining the concordances and collocations. After that, the indication of the semantic prosody of the lemmas and their collocations are deeply investigated. Furthermore, the paper gives an informative background on the relation between language and culture, and the effect of these two fields on each other. A brief on corpus linguistics and the importance of automatic tools, such as Sketch Engine, is also given. One of the main revelations of the qualitative and quantitative analyses presented in this paper is that all instances of مطر /mαṯαr/ (rain) in Qur’an have ‘negative’ semantic prosody, while its other synonyms all have ‘positive’ semantic prosodies.

Despite the progress made in the field of corpus linguistics, the use of corpora is relatively scarce in language pedagogy (Krieger, 2003). However, the effectiveness of using corpus-based activities in teaching English has been supported by researchers (Vannestal and Lindquist, 2007). This paper discusses the potential of using a corpus-aided discovery learning (CADL) approach in TEFL settings, particularly in teaching collocations (i.e. habitual cooccurrences of lexical items). There is consensus that the study of collocations is vital for developing language skills and fostering fluency and accuracy (e.g. Biber et al.,1999; McEnery & Wilson, 2001; McAlpine & Myles, 2003) since competence in a language undoubtedly involves collocational knowledge (Herbst, 1996: 389). Evidently, learners’ knowledge of collocations is quite important (Kita and Ogata, 1997: 230) and is needed for effective sentence generation (Smadja and McKeown, 1990) and avoidance of errors (McAlpine and Myles, 2003: 75). In this paper, we argue that using a CADL approach and involving learners in corpus-based activities in the study of collocations would extend their lexicon. To support this argument, the researchers initiated an experiment applying a CADL approach to the teaching of vocabulary, particularly collocations, in the Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Egypt. 20 third-year students were introduced to the BNC[1] web and were given a hands-on session on how to use the BNC. Then, learners were asked to look at the concordances of the most frequent 10 nouns in the BNC, namely: ‘time’, ‘people’, ‘way’, ‘years’, ‘year’, ‘work’, ‘government’, ‘day’, ‘man’, and ‘world’; to decide which adjectives most frequently occur with these nouns; to extract collocates for each noun; and to discuss their findings with their colleagues. This is followed by a number of exercises in which students use the collocates they have found. The aim of the study, or as Chambers (2007) and Mukherjee (2004) call it ‘task’, is to ‘popularise’ the work with corpus data in TEFL settings. Hence, language learners would not rely solely on the teacher but would deal with corpora on their own under the teacher's guidance and find out about language patterning and the behaviour of words and phrases in an ‘autonomous’ way (Bernardini, 2002: 165).

This paper explores the development and establishment of intensificatory tautology (specifically, size-adjective clusters, e.g., “ great big plans,” “ little tiny room”) in the history of English. The analysis suggests that size-adjective clusters appear in the Late Middle English period as a result of the functional-structural reorganization of the English noun phrase. It is only towards the end of the Early Modern English period that they start to become (relatively) productive in the language, and in Present-Day English that they acquire a wide(r) intensifying functional range (i.e., adjective modifier, emphasizer, degree intensifier) and become associated with informal, spoken-based registers. More broadly, the paper suggests that more research is needed as regards the role of collocation in processes of intensifier creation in the noun phrase and, more generally, as regards how collocation interacts with word-formation processes in this context.

Cognitive and generative approaches to linguistics have taken a different perspective on grammatical polysemy and grammaticalization. While the former see polysemy as a core characteristic of language and a necessary result of grammaticalization within idiolects, the latter see it as a less interesting phenomenon peripheral to linguistics proper. Grammaticalization is seen as a phenomenon of language acquisition which does not disturb the homogeneity of idiolects. These differing perspectives have generated much debate between the two approaches and are even in large part responsible for the different programmatic focuses of each. While the disagreement over grammatical polysemy between these two approaches to language is rooted in entrenched commitments on each side that are perhaps irreconcilable, at least some common ground does seem to be possible. Specifically, when it comes to inter-generational corpora, it seems that both cognitive and generative approaches to linguistics can agree that the universal phenomenon of grammaticalization would result in polysemy at least at the language community level. This can serve as a common ground on which both generative and cognitive linguists can join efforts in describing and explaining usage profiles of grammatically polysemous forms at the corpus level according to prototypicality, even if disagreement persists on the nature of the idiolect.2Keywords: polysemy, polyfunctionality, grammaticalization, cognitive linguistics, generative linguistics, corpus linguistics, ancient languages

This paper aims to explore the intrinsic relationship between language and culture. It attempts to shed light on the underlying cultural associations embedded in collocational meaning across languages. The notion of culture adopted in this study is related to how individuals perceive the world and interpret reality around them. This paper brings together the principles of Corpus Linguistics and Intercultural Studies to investigate a corpus of travelers’ reviews (English/Portuguese) and interpret results within the framework of the model of cultural orientations in Walker et al. (2003). In a study of collocations with the word staff and their equivalents in Portuguese, we demonstrate how a language pattern can also represent a cultural pattern, thus showing that cultural orientations play a role in the identification of collocational meaning across languages.

Fashion pervades different instances of culture, ranging from clothes to language and behavior. In this paper, we analyze the occurrence of three fictive speech categories (PASCUAL, 2014) as storytelling strategies in sections of North American Vogue magazine. This paper aims at investigating through a mixed-method approach cognitive-functional categories of fictive speech acts based on a corpus analysis of a corpus with fashion texts. We collected 200 texts from Vogue magazine (printed edition) from 2015 to 2018. In a sample of 60 texts, sentential (SENT), intra-sentential (INTRA) and inter-sentential (INTER) fictive acts were manually identified and categorized in each text through tags. The quantitative analysis mapped the counts of each category per year and per text and the qualitative in-depth analysis investigates instances from each category and their interpretation in the light of Fashion and cognitive and corpus linguistics theories. The findings show that the occurrence of the categories of fictive speech acts varies per year with opposing trends, though they tend to co-occur in the same texts. Therefore, fictive speech acts function as recurrent discursive strategies to foster a conversational environment in texts from Vogue magazine.

This paper highlights some facets of motion typology, applied here to mainly English and French. These two languages are not perfect examples of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages, in Leonard Talmy’s well-known typology, but they can nonetheless be shown to differ in a number of related respects: compared to English (and other Germanic languages), French (like other Romance languages) is quite constrained in its use of Manner-of-motion verbs. French also lacks true particles – Path satellites without a Ground that can be syntactically detached from the verb. Drawing on some of my previous research, I briefly discuss two simple but apparently sufficiently efficient corpus -based translation studies that reveal that these differences show up when we compare English texts originally written in English with English texts translated from French vs. English texts translated from German (or other Germanic languages). A third, more recent, study contrasts a single English novel with its French and Dutch translations, focusing on expressions of visual motion. Here, too, some of the basic encoding preferences (satellite-framed vs. verb-framed) that these languages exhibit for actual motion appear to apply, by and large, for visual motion. This paper also lists some precursors of Talmy, one of whom is famously linked with the linguistic relative hypothesis. It is suggested that French, because of its typological nature, may not urge its speakers to convey much detail (neither of Manner nor of Path) in the encoding of motion. It remains an open question, one that goes beyond the purview of corpus linguistics, whether this stylistic difference is matched with a deeper cognitive one.

The paper describes the new Corpus of Spoken Faroese. While the corpus is still under development with respect to content (number of informants, dialects and words), it is included in the larger Nordic Dialect Corpus, which means that all technical solutions are already in place. As a result, the Faroese corpus is fully operable, albeit with a rather limited number of words at present. The recordings have all been made, but transcription and tagging remain undone for most of them, however these are expected to be finished by the end of 2009. At the moment, there are nine conversations in the corpus. In the paper I describe some of the search and result-handling options the corpus offers, exemplifying with Faroese, and I also try to shed light on some linguistic questions using the corpus.