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ObjectiveIn the present study, we used a structured approach based on publicly available information to identify the corporate political activity (CPA) strategies of three major actors in the dairy industry in France.DesignWe collected publicly available information from the industry, government and other sources over a 6-month period, from March to August 2015. Data collection and analysis were informed by an existing framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry.Setting/SubjectsOur study included three major actors in the dairy industry in France: Danone, Lactalis and the Centre National Interprofessionnel de l’Economie Laitière (CNIEL), a trade association.ResultsDuring the period of data collection, the dairy industry employed CPA practices on numerous occasions by using three strategies: the ‘information and messaging’, the ‘constituency building’ and the ‘policy substitution’ strategies. The most common practice was the shaping of evidence in ways that suited the industry. The industry also sought involvement in the community, establishing relationships with public health professionals, academics and the government.ConclusionsOur study shows that the dairy industry used several CPA practices, even during periods when there was no specific policy debate on the role of dairy products in dietary guidelines. The information provided here could inform public health advocates and policy makers and help them ensure that commercial interests of industry do not impede public health policies and programmes.

Background Gift giving from patients to physicians, which is prohibited in traditional clinical settings in China, has been found to occur in online health communities. However, there is debate on the validity of online gifts since physicians gain an economic benefit. Moreover, the potential impact of these gifts, particularly with respect to the financial value of the gift, on the online consultation service quality remains unexplored. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the impact of gift price on the quality of physicians’ online consultation service. Insight into this impact is expected to help resolve existing debate on the appropriateness of the gift-giving practice in online consultations. Methods A dataset of 141 physicians and 4249 physician-patient interactions was collected from the Good Physician Online website, which is the largest online consultation platform in China. Based on social exchange theory, we investigated how gift price affects the quality of physicians’ online consultation service and how this impact changes according to the physician’s service price and number of all gifts received. Manual annotation was used to identify the information support paragraphs and emotional support paragraphs in the answers of physicians. The quality of the information support paragraphs, rather than the complete answer, was used to test the robustness of our model. Results Gift price had a positive impact on the quality of physicians’ online consultation service (β=4.941, P Conclusions Gift price has a positive impact on physicians’ online behavior, although the impact varies among physicians.

A panel of physicians from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Graduate Medical Education (GME), Ethics, and Industry Relations Committees were asked by the SAEM Board of Directors to write a position paper on the relationship of emergency medicine (EM) GME with industry. Using multiple sources as references, the team derived a set of guidelines that all EM GME training programs can use when interacting with industry representatives. In addition, the team used a question-answer format to provide educators and residents with a practical approach to these interactions. The SAEM Board of Directors endorsed the guidelines in June 2009.

This paper provides a Pentecostal response to the calcified economic logic in society. Sociological descriptions of gift giving suggest that gifts are bound to an economic framework where all spheres of life are governed by scarcity. This paper explores the theological implications of such a claim. I argue that the current, metaphysical spirit of scarcity has governed modern logic to the extent that God's nature has itself been subordinated to this logic. This project calls into question scarcity's claim to this status and suggests instead a pneumatological alternative. If a spirit of scarcity is not authoritative, the effected theology must be re-evaluated as well as the subsequent praxis. The topic of Sabbath serves as a test case for the ethical ramifications resulting from the problematizing of the modern economic logic as a theological paradigm.

The majority of extant studies involving status argue that status enters into choice and evaluation because people personally believe that status serves as a signal of quality. However, this mechanism seems less plausible in cases when consensus on the meaning of quality is lacking. To understand how and why status often nonetheless enters into evaluation in those cases, this paper contributes to a growing body of work that proposes that individuals and organizations are particularly likely to base their choices and evaluations on status when they are concerned with the reactions of others. We provide an empirical test of this argument by analyzing how the sales gap between prizewinning books and their shortlisted-only peers (as well as a second similar-content control group) changes during the December holidays, when the purchase of books as gifts increases relative to purchases for one’s own personal use. Results show that the sales gap widens with the increased orientation toward gift giving, consistent with our theoretical arguments about how attending to audience reactions drives the use of status. Analyses of two online experiments allow for further clarification of the mechanism behind our findings. This paper was accepted by Ray Reagans, organizations.

This paper argues that using a legal approach to fight against corruption having a cultural root is unlikely to be effective. By analyzing the Eight-point Regulation, one of Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption measures, the present study shows that the efficacy of the Regulation is limited, notably when it comes to non-economic types of corruption. In fact, the Regulation does not halt the culture of gift giving, which is a common practice for the Chinese to establish guanxi (social connection) for potential or actual corruption. Based on the findings, this paper proposes complementary measures to curb corruption in addition to legal approaches.

Consumers give each other gifts for various reasons in every culture and they spend considerable amount of time and money on gift giving activity. Thus, gift giving behavior which is a need of consumers to be satisfied deserves a lot of academic studies and in this conceptual paper, gift giving behavior is examined in details after a comprehensive literature review. E-business is exponentially developing and digital marketing is trying to find out solutions for the problems of consumers more efficiently and effectively. In this exploratory research, after analyzing the problems consumers facing when they are trying to satisfy their need of gift giving, an innovative e-business model to coach consumers for their gift giving behaviors is suggested. This paper presents new study areas for academicians and new business opportunities for practitioners.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding the role of consumer experiences, instantiated through gift giving and game play, in communication of brand values. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on in-depth phenomenological interviews of marketing managers and various channel intermediaries involved in the execution of a mass brand promotion program in rural India. Findings – The study reveals the employment of innovative game designs and gift choices, their design rooted deep in the village populace’s context and life experiences. It shows how the consumer’s experience created through games and gifts shapes their perceptions about the brand leading to favorable consideration and purchase outcomes for it. Research limitations/implications – This work is derived primarily from practice. It is hoped that industry practitioners will benefit from this stream of research and will use games and gifts in innovative ways to engage customers and create brand experiences. Originality/value – This is one of the first works to highlight the importance of games and gifts in experiential marketing literature. It brings into focus one of the largely unexplored facets of customer engagement in rural India.

Arnould and Rose raise some interesting issues regarding my sharing paper (Belk 2010). We agree on some points, but I find that most of their contentions are misguided and are based on misunderstandings of the original paper, social science, the extended self, and the theory of the gift. Their alternative offering of mutuality is also perplexingly self-contradictory, romanticized, and illogical. In this reply I point out issues on which we agree as well as reasons for disagreement.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a contextualized view of participants’ accounts of self-gift consumer behaviour (SGCB) throughout the consumption cycle, from the motivations to the emotions that follow. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses an interpretive approach, focused on participants’ constructions of meanings, using 99 critical incident technique interviews, which followed 16 in-depth interviews. Findings – This paper identifies the following self-gift motivations: To Reward Myself (and Others); To celebrate; To remember or get closer; To forget or part; To feel loved or cheered up; and To enjoy life. It also uncovers a compensatory/therapeutic dimension in most self-gifts. The authors identify changes in emotional responses to SGCB over time, and suggest a relationship between these emotions and the contexts that drive self-gifts. Self-gifts are conceptualized as pleasure-oriented, symbolic and special consumption experiences, which are self-directed, or both self- and others-directed; perceived by the consumer to be justified by the contexts in which they occur; and driven and followed by context-dependent emotions. Originality/value – This manuscript offers novel insights into participants’ uses of both SGCB and the act of labelling purchases “self-gifts”. It uncovers how consumers are concerned with accounting for indulgent spending and how this problematizes the concept of “self-gift”. It challenges the idea of a single context for SGCB, showing how interacting motivations explain it. It also introduces a temporal dimension to self-gift theory by considering emotional responses at different times. Finally, it offers a new conceptualization of and theoretical framework for SGCB.

This paper is a commentary on Koplin's "From Blood Donation to Kidney Sales". While appreciative of his paper, it argues that an argument from social solidarity to a Titmussian donor system is problematic. It reviews weaknesses in Titmuss, discusses problems about Titmussian blood donation as a vehicle for solidarity, and explores problems about extending a Titmussian approach to organs.

Este artigo é fruto do trabalho num projeto de pesquisa mais amplo cujo tema são os processos de mercantilização pelos quais a ciência vem passando nas últimas décadas. A parte do projeto em que o artigo se insere diz respeito aos processos de empresariamento da ciência, que envolvem como componente principal a introdução de métodos quantitativos produtivistas de avaliação do trabalho científico. O objetivo do artigo é complementar a crítica a tais formas de avaliação com a sugestão de formas alternativas, inspiradas na concepção, devida a W. Hagstrom, da dádiva como o princípio organizador da ciência. A exposição divide-se em cinco seções: a primeira trata da dádiva em geral ou, em outras palavras, da dádiva como princípio organizador da sociedade; a segunda, da dádiva como princípio organizador da ciência; na terceira expõe-se um argumento a favor da concepção dadivosa, baseado em seu poder explicativo; na quarta, considerações sobre a proliferação de fraudes na ciência; e na quinta, um esquema conceitual como fundamento da transição do quantitativo para o qualitativo na avaliação acadêmica. A conclusão consiste em algumas considerações gerais, propostas como balizas para o movimento em prol de formas mais sensatas de organização das práticas científicas. This paper results from work in a broader research project concerning the processes of commodification which science is going through in the last decades. The part of the project where the paper fits in deals with the processes of corporatization of science, which involve, as their main component, the introduction of quantitative productivist methods of evaluation of scientific practices. The aim of the paper is to complement the critique of those forms of evaluation with the suggestion of alternative forms, inspired by the conception, due to W. Hagstrom, of gift giving as an organizing principle in science. The exposition is divided into five sections: the first one deals with gift giving in general or, in other words, gift giving as an organizing principle in society; the second, with gift giving as an organizing principle in science; in the third section an argument is presented in favour of the gift giving conception, based on its explanatory power; the fourth deals with the proliferation of frauds in science; and in the fifth a conceptual structure is suggested as the foundation for the transition from the quantitative to the qualitative in academic methods of evaluation. The conclusion consists in some general remarks, proposed as guidelines for the movement in favour of more sensible forms of organizing scientific practices.

In the medical practice in China, giving and taking "red envelopes" (monetary gifts) is a common phenomenon although few openly admit it. This paper, based on our empirical study including data collected from interviews and questionnaires with medical professionals and patients, attempts to explore why "red envelopes" have become a serious problem in the physician-patient relationship and how the situation can be improved. Previous studies show that scholars tend to correlate the spread of "red envelopes" in health care sector to the commercialization trend, the general erosion of traditional values, and the lowering of the moral level in the medical field. However, in this paper, the authors argue that medical professionals' choice of taking "red envelopes" is actually more a way to compensate for their problematic self-image and marred dignity in real practice. Medical professionals in China as a whole are in an embarrassing situation where the work pressure and income, and the sense of pride that used to be part of their profession are not comparable to each other. Under this circumstance, we believe that the effective way to deal with the "red envelopes" issue does not lie solely in introducing more stringent regulations or granting medical professionals higher payments, but rather in protecting and enhancing the professional dignity of all those working in healthcare. And on top of that, there must also be effort to cultivate a more favorable moral environment.

This conceptual paper addresses sharing and gift-giving between dyads of children–parents, grandchildren–grandparents, and sibling–sibling among African consumers. The reflection seeks to illuminate on the processes, contexts and objects involved in sharing and gifting among African consumers. Using mini case studies coincidentally documented by the author in an unrelated study, the review identifies groceries, electronic gadgets and monetary gifts as the most common objects acquired frequently and mostly by adults for their (grand)parents. Furthermore and in an effort to provide more conceptual clarity on sharing and gifting, this reflection proposes that the distinction between these two concepts within African Consumer Markets can be defined by the types of products exchanged, and the frequency with which the exchanges take place. Also, consumer behaviour is potentially shaped by financial (in)security and whether sharing and gifting are taken for granted or not. In conclusion the paper offers a few implications for segmentation strategies, and maintains that the core features of a shared economy have always typified African Consumer Markets. However, it is how Marketers facilitate and empower such consumer behaviour, which will be crucial to their success in doing business in Africa.

“It is tempting if all you have is a hammer, to treat every problem as a nail,” the psychologist Abraham Maslow said. Orthopaedic surgeons have more than just hammers — they have saws, clamps, and chisels too. Nonetheless, they may be tempted to see all musculoskeletal complaints as problems amenable to surgical treatment; that is just a byproduct of their training and socialization. They earn their pay by treating musculoskeletal complaints with hammers. For some, fame and academic advancement comes with writing papers exalting the hammer. In short, orthopaedic surgeons are under the sway of “competing interests” long before they accept a free meal, a free pen, or a free vacation. The disclosure policies of many journals and organizations (emphasizing cash and swag from industry) tend to miss that point. Consider the biases that may affect an orthopaedic surgeon who invents a surgical procedure such as the percutaneous fixation of the lumbar facet joints to treat mechanical low back pain. The operation is touted on television and Twitter; the surgeon builds a large practice and the country house that comes with it. The surgeon lectures around the world and publishes scores of articles describing the procedure. For all of these spoils, however, a declaration of competing interests is not required unless the surgeon accepts money from a commercial firm. Clearly, this process of disclosure is inadequate. The process of disclosure may even be counterproductive. Research has shown that the very act of disclosing a conflict could liberate a reporter to skew his presentation. This phenomenon has been termed “moral licensing” [8]. In their 2012 study, Loewenstein and colleagues [8], divided research participants into two groups: Estimators (asked to guess the number of coins in a jar, after viewing the jar briefly and from a distance) and Advisors (subjects who were allowed unlimited time to view the coin jars up close, and in turn, asked to provide advice to the Estimators). In one scenario, the researchers rewarded both the Estimators and the Advisors when the Estimators correctly guessed the number of coins in the jar. For the second iteration, the researchers created a conflict. They rewarded Estimators for accurate guesses, whereas the Advisors were told privately that they would be paid more with each inaccurate guess. Not surprisingly, the Advisors offered bad advice. Interestingly, when the second form was repeated with public acknowledgement that the Advisors were conflicted, the quality of the advice worsened. “The bias was substantially greater when the conflict of interest was disclosed,” Loewenstein and colleagues wrote [8]. Current measures aimed at limiting bias need improvement. Although it may be tempting to treat every problem of bias with an even stronger disclosure process, there are, in fact, better options on the table. Stronger disclosures do not address the moral licensing problem. Exceptionally stringent disclosure policies could even dissuade researchers from publishing in peer-reviewed literature altogether. Biases cannot be eliminated, but they can be balanced. Hence, the proper approach to a potentially biased paper such as “The Bernstein Procedure: Percutaneous Lumbar Facet Fixation for Treatment of Mechanical Low Back Pain” by J. Bernstein MD, is not necessarily to reject it. It is likewise not helpful to inundate the reader with a list of conflicts, real or imagined. The best approach is to publish the paper, “The Safe and Inexpensive Treatment of Mechanical Low Back Pain with NSAIDS and Exercise.” Beyond the issue of personal conflicts of interest, the real bias in the literature is that journal reviewers favor positive results, studies that echo the prevailing paradigms, and findings that support greater clinical activity. In a better world, journals would publish all valid studies regardless of topic, potential interest to readers, or findings [2]. PLoS ONE, a peer-reviewed open access journal, uses this model — although it is far from the publishing standard. For now, editors can do more to combat bias by publishing papers that refute prior studies; papers that investigate “orphan” interventions not generally supported by industry (nonoperative care, generic drugs, off-patent devices); and papers that report negative results [6], even with low power (such that they may be available for meta-analysis). Overall, the best response to potentially biased work is not to festoon it with lengthy and stifling disclosure statements (though if disclosures are to be made, the dollar amounts received should be included as well, as there is a qualitative difference between, say, five hundred dollars and five million dollars). The best response to biased work is to rebut it. As Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis said in a case involving potentially dangerous teaching, “The remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence.”

This paper investigates the nature of the boundaries between the extended self and possessions (including potentially extended possessions) in the context of gift giving for Hong Kong Chinese consumers. Our findings showed that informants narrated stories not only about the gifts that they themselves had received as being their important possessions and thus constituting part of their extended self, but they also described objects that they had given as gifts to close others as part of their own possessions. These extended possessions potentially constituted part of their own extended selves. In addition, by the virtue of their material presence, these extended possessions acted as continuous reminders of these extended selves. The extended possessions hence provided the informants with an anchoring point to increase the relatively stability of their relationships with others, thereby countering the labile nature of ever-changing identity narratives. This paper contributes to current debates conc...

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the issues of luxury gift giving and the giving of luxury wines as gifts from a conceptual perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe article considers the OA (aesthetic and ontology) model as proposed by Berthon et al. that permits the integration of various conceptualisations of different authors in the area of luxury branding. The model offers a typology of luxury brands that draws on Heidegger's theory of arts and Whitehead's process philosophy. This means that one can differentiate luxury brands along two dimensions: aesthetics and ontology.FindingsThe paper contends that the four modes as set out in the AO model of Berthon et al. can be used as a typology of luxury wines, from both gift giving, and gift receiving, perspectives.Practical implicationsLuxury wine marketers can make use of the proposed typology to target wine gift givers effectively, by understanding where on the proposed matrix both the giver and the receiver are positioned. The four modes that emerge can be seen as different target markets, with different motivations and different behaviors with regard to luxury wines as gifts.Originality/valueBy applying the OA model to luxury wines and specifically to the giving and receiving of luxury wines, this paper offers wine marketers the insight to formulate different marketing mix strategies based on the different target markets that emerge from the proposed model.

In this paper I introduce the theory of gift giving as a possible means to reconcile the contradictions inherent in accountability measures of ‘faculty productivity’ in the American university. In this paper I sketch the theory of gift economies to show how, given the historical ideals that characterize the faculty‐student relationship, a theory of gift giving could help us better judge the labor of the faculty. I suggest that it is the relational character of teaching that frustrates accountability measures and that perhaps if viewed as a gift economy—and in particular an economy with ‘reproductive’ ends—we could better grasp the effectiveness of these relationships.

There is a lack of research investigating Pacific peoples' gambling within a New Zealand context. In this paper, data about gambling activity (rather than problem gambling) are presented from the first data collection point for a cohort of mothers who are part of the longitudinal Pacific Islands Families study. The results indicate that gambling behaviour could be influenced by cultural differences. For example, Tongans are more likely to gamble than Samoans, and those who undertake traditional gift giving customs are likely to spend more money on gambling than those who do not. This paper identifies a need for research on Pacific peoples' gambling to acknowledge ethnic-specific cultural influences on gambling practices.

The paper discusses Iris Marion Young's idea of asymmetric reciprocity that rethinks typical understandings of gift giving. Iris Marion Young's proposals for asymmetric ethical relationships have important implications for democratic contexts that seek to take differences seriously. Imagining oneself in the place of the other or expecting from the other what one expects from oneself levels out differences between people and hinders possibilities of interaction. The conditions of asymmetry and reciprocity of Iris Marion Young's communicative ethics, as well as that of the unexpected as understood within situations of gift giving, bring about new readings of learning and teaching situations. The paper discusses issues of power and knowledge that have important ethical implications for how the relationships between the teacher and student could be imagined and how the teacher and student imagine themselves. Following Derridean underpinnings to Young's notion of asymmetric reciprocity the paper questions peda...

Industry and medicine share a complicated relationship that engenders a considerable degree of controversy. Although they share a relationship, industry and medicine have different perspectives toward their involvement with each other. Industry conceives of medicine as one aspect of the "drug pipeline", a larger set of relationships that is necessary for producing and marketing products. In contrast, select physicians refer to medicine's relationship with industry as "dancing with the porcupine", an inherently difficult and dangerous activity. This paper compares the "pipeline" and "porcupine" metaphors, and draws upon ethnographic data from fieldwork conducted among clinical neuroscientists at a Canadian medical school to further elucidate the perspectives of physicians toward industry and the nature of the physician-industry relationship. The paper argues that the physician-industry relationship is akin to a type of gift-exchange known as a total prestation, and that this form of total prestation is part of a strategy of capital reconversion.

Boundaries in the doctor-patient relationship is an important concept to help health professionals navigate the complex and sometimes difficult experience between patient and doctor where intimacy and power must be balanced in the direction of benefiting patients. This paper reviews the concept of boundary violations and boundary crossings in the doctor-patient relationship, cautions about certain kinds of boundary dilemmas involving dual relationships, gift giving practices, physical contact with patients, and self-disclosure. The paper closes with some recommendations for preventing boundary violations.

The Million Dollar List (MDL, online at http://www.milliondollarlist.org) is a compilation of publicly announced charitable donations of $1 million or more from across the United States since 2000; as of December 2016, the database contains close to 80,000 gifts made by U.S. individuals, corporations, foundations, and other grant-making nonprofit organizations. This paper discusses the unique value of the Million Dollar List and provides unique insights to key questions such as: How does distance affect giving? How do networks impact million-dollar-plus gifts? Understanding the geospatial and temporal dimensions of philanthropy can assist researchers and policymakers to better understand the role of private funding in innovation and discovery. Moreover, the results from the paper emphasize the importance of philanthropy for fueling research and development in science, the arts, environment, and health. The paper also includes the limitations of the presented analyses and promising future work.

The purpose of the paper is to discuss, from a multigenerational perspective, the (im)mobilities of older Pakistani women migrants in the UK and the material culture of gift-giving, which moves with (and without) them to and from the ancestral homeland of Pakistan. A multigenerational perspective allows us to comprehend the collective importance of the mobilities of older Pakistani female migrants in upholding the culturally significant ritualistic custom of gift-giving. The research is situated within the theoretical context of the ‘New Mobilities Paradigm’ to understand the mobility patterns of older migrants and the mobilisation of material culture. We find that the process of coordinating and exchanging gifts leads to a great deal of physical mobility, within localities and national spaces, but also internationally across different diasporic locations. In doing so, older Pakistani women migrants perform an important role as ‘gift agents’ in the host and home countries, assuring their own social status as well as that of their families. Importantly, the resulting mobility of older Pakistani women empowers their less mobile peers to also participate in gift-giving. This paper concludes by extending the concept of ‘mobility practices’ to include the mobility of gifts as a practice, which can compensate for physical immobility in older age due to ill-health, fragility, or other factors.

Social risk is an area that has been extensively explored with regards to gift giving in general, but only in a limited fashion with regards to gift cards (e.g., Tuten and Kiecker 2009). In this paper, we examine the situations in which a gift card is the giver’s first choice of a gift, and when it is a last resort. Specifically, we aim to answer questions how gift givers perceive themselves, and how they want others to perceive them (i.e., self- and meta-perception), are innately tied to when and why consumers choose to give gift cards. In this paper, we explore the risk-reduction strategies that consumers use when choosing gift cards in lieu of specific gift items - strategies related to consumers’ self-perceptions, meta-perceptions, social ties, and gender. We use a field study to explore both intrinsic and extrinsic reasons why people choose to give gift cards in lieu of actual gifts. The focus is about people’s experiences of giving gift cards, such as why they choose to give them, whom they purchase them for, and how they feel about the exchanges. We received 217 valid survey questionnaires with a response rate of 80.6%.

Intercollegiate athletic administrators rely heavily on fundraising efforts to defray the increasing costs of their operations. In fact, donor giving accounts for 16% of athletic departments’ budgets (Fulks, 1998). Thus, it is imperative that athletic administrators are aware of charitable giving options available to potential donors. The purpose of this paper is to fully describe one of these options, the charitable remainder trust (CRT). CRTs as a part of a planned giving program could provide athletic departments with hundreds of thousands of dollars while simultaneously providing the donor with significant advantages not found in other gift giving options. This paper describes different types of CRTs, including the charitable remainder annuity trust (CRAT) and the charitable remainder unitrust (CRUT). A hypothetical example is furnished to demonstrate the advantages provided to the donor by establishing a CRT. These advantages include: a) an immediate income tax deduction, b) the ability to diversify ...

Inniskillin Winery is at the forefront of an expanding wine tourism region in the Niagara Peninsula. This paper focuses on Inniskillin's efforts to adopt consumer‐led strategies to market Icewine to increasing numbers of Japanese tourists. Produced after the grapes have frozen on the vine, Icewine is an exclusive premium product. In a society where the price of the gift has become a barometer of the sender's sincerity, Icewine is well suited for the traditional Japanese custom of gift giving. This paper examines how Inniskillin's customer‐led marketing strategy matches with the psychological background of the Japanese target segment enabling the winery to sell 80–90% of all Icewine produced to its Japanese tourists.

A senior resident wrote an innovative paper comparing several different endovascular techniques. Working closely with his faculty mentor, he designed the study, got permission from the Institutional Review Board, collected the data, and wrote the paper. A faculty mentor supervised the study, allowing his patients to be included, and made design suggestions. A departmental statistician analyzed the data. Now that the paper is ready for submission, the mentor suggests that he, the statistician, another widely published senior faculty member, and especially the chair, be included as co-authors. The reasoning is that the resident will benefit from the good will of the senior faculty member and chair and likely will be incorporated on the included faculty's bylines as well. He was told: "It is a widely accepted practice and will certainly thicken your CV." The resident should: A.Cite as authors only himself and the faculty member who served as his mentor. B.Include as authors his mentor, the surgeon who operated on the study patients, and the statistician. C.Include his mentor, the surgeon who operated on the study patients, the widely published senior faculty member, and the chair. D.List only himself as the paper's author. E.Include as authors his mentor, the statistician, and the senior Faculty member.

As the world becomes more complex, the work of anthropology, both theoretical and practical, becomes more demanding. People at the local level are increasingly being drawn into larger circuits through economic linkages, demographic processes, social interactions, and flows of information that transcend local and national boundaries. Such global linkages and the new embeddedness they produce require more sophisticated approaches to ethnography. This paper proposes social network analysis as a valuable approach to that end. The concept of embeddedness, which is central to the social networks perspective, is introduced. Hierarchical embeddedness of the local level in the larger society, economy, and polity is distinguished from domain embeddedness, the interpenetration of different fields of activity. Network studies of two ethnographic cases, gift giving among !Kung and ritual celebrations in a Javanese village, illustrate the potential of social network analysis for investigating embeddedness. The paper co...

Changes in the environment in which university research is conducted, in conjunction with the development of new research technologies such as biotechnology, are contributing to the proliferation and diversification of university‐industry relationships. This paper describes and documents university‐industry relationships in five categories: research contracts, technology transfer activities, consultancies, employment, and gifts. Special emphasis is given to biotechnology research relations. Conflicts that may arise from these relations are discussed and studies evaluating the potential impacts of university‐industry relationships are summarized. While wide‐spread abuse has not been reported, subtle changes in university research may be occurring. Using the University of Tennessee as a case study, the paper ends with a discussion of the difficulties of establishing guidelines and procedures to prevent and settle conflicts of interest that might result from university‐industry relationships.

Focusing upon donations to monasteries in the medieval Western world, this paper expands upon extant discussions of religious gift-giving in the ‘great traditions’ , and of its relation to more archaic forms of gift-exchange, hitherto largely based on non-Western and mostly Asian anthropological material. While displaying many of the social functions familiarly associated with the gift in archaic or primitive societies, donations to monasteries are shown to have also entailed a process of immobilisation of wealth not extant in the gift circuit of ‘simpler’ societies. While donations to monasteries clearly attested to the impact of otber-wordly religious orientations, they also entailed a range of symbolic dynamics very different from, and even incompatible with, those analysed by Jonathan Parry with regard to the other-wordly ‘pure’ gift. The paper then brings into relief the precise constellation of ideological ‘gift-theory’, socio-economic ‘gift-circuit’, and macrosocietal context, which enabled this specific variant of the gift-mechanism to operate as a ‘total’ social phenomenon in the two senses of that term suggested, though not clearly distinguished and equally not developed, in Mauss’ pathbreaking essay on the gift.

Traditional gift-giving (TGG) is an important element of familial obligations among Pacific families. Migration from Pacific homelands to New Zealand and other countries has had an impact on participation in TGG., Many anecdotal accounts have suggested that TGG diminishes when Pacific persons marry outside their ethnic groups. While TGG is an indicator of social cohesion TGG can have direct influence on disposable income. The practice of TGG impacts on health as Income and social cohesion are key determinants of health. Thus TGG Health and social cohesion are closely interrelated and interdependent. The data for this paper is taken from a longitudinal cohort study of 1,398 Pacific children and their families in South Auckland, New Zealand. The study sought participants' responses to questions pertaining to the amounts gifted, the frequency of giving, recipients of the gifting and their reasons for participating and not participating in TGG. The assumption explored in this paper is that as Pacific peoples move outside their social sphere and become more acculturated with other ethnic groups, TGG was more likely to diminish rather than increase. This paper addresses the TGG participation rates among Pacific peoples in inter-ethnic relationships and intra-ethnic relationships. It argues that couples in an intra-ethnic intimate relationship are more likely to participate in traditional gift-giving than those who are in inter-ethnic intimate relationships. While this is true for most PI inter ethnic relationships the level of participation increases further with inter-ethnic intimate relationships among Tongans and Samoans who are also the largest participators of all ethnic groups in traditional gift-giving.

Cultural variables are implicated in gambling literature as playing an important role in the initiation and maintenance of gambling activity, however there remains a paucity of research that defines and investigates the association between cultural factors, gambling and problem gambling amongst different cultural groups. The first data collection point for a cohort of mothers within the longitudinal Pacific Islands Families study identified that the Pacific cultural practice of traditional gift-giving was associated with gambling activity and expenditure. In this paper, data about traditional gift-giving and gambling are presented from the third collection point within this study. The results support an association between gambling (rather than problem gambling) and traditional gift-giving. This paper contends the need to contextualise Pacific peoples gambling within Pacific cultures. Also a need is identified to examine and address the psycho-social and cultural impacts of gambling for Pacific peoples.

The benevolence hypothesis (both donor and recipient gain) suggests that blood donors, compared to non-blood donors have a general altruistic motivational preference based on warm glow (i.e., "I donate because it makes me feel good"). With objective behavioral economics tests of altruism and warm-glow giving, this paper offers the first direct experimental test of this hypothesis. The prediction that blood donors will be motivated in general by warm glow was compared to predictions from other theoretical models: strong reciprocity and empathy.Four experiments and one prospective study examined blood donors' and nondonors' motivations for general charitable giving and blood donation. Variants of the dictator game (DG; a charity DG [CDG] and a warm-glow version of a CDG) were used to provide objective measures of altruism.Blood donors gave less than nondonors on the CDG, but gave more on the warm-glow version. Blood donors' actual donations (in the CDGs and blood donation) were associated with feelings of warm glow. There was no evidence that blood donors were motivated by strong reciprocity or empathic concerns.This paper offers objective behavioral evidence that blood donors' charitable giving and blood donation, compared to non-blood donors, is more strongly motivated by warm glow. This provides additional support for the benevolence hypothesis of blood donation.

ContextCash transfers conditional on certain behaviors, intended to provide access to social services, have been introduced in several developing countries. The effectiveness of these strategies in different contexts has not previously been the subject of a systematic review.ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of conditional monetary transfers in improving access to and use of health services, as well as improving health outcomes, in low- and middle-income countries.Data SourcesRelevant publications were identified via electronic medical and social science databases from inception to April 2006 (PubMED, EMBASE, POPLINE, CAB Direct, Healthcare Management Information Consortium, WHOLIS (World Health Organization Library Database), African Healthline, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), Eldis, British Library for Development Studies (BLDS), ID21, Journal Storage (Jstor), Inter-Science, ScienceDirect, Internet Documents in Economics Access Service (Research Papers in Economics) (IDEAS[Repec]), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), MEDCARIB, Virtual Library in Health (ADOLEC), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), FRANCIS, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, and the Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group (EPOC) Register. Reference lists of relevant papers and “gray” literature resources were also searched.Study SelectionTo be included, a paper had to meet study design criteria (randomized controlled trial, interrupted time series analysis, and controlled before and after study) and include a measure of at least 1 of the following outcomes: health care utilization, health expenditure, or health outcomes. Twenty-eight papers were retrieved for assessment and 10 were included in this review.Data ExtractionMethodological details and outcomes were extracted by 2 reviewers who independently assessed the quality of the papers.ResultsOverall, the evidence suggests that conditional cash transfer programs are effective in increasing the use of preventive services and sometimes improving health status.ConclusionsFurther research is needed to clarify the cost effectiveness of conditional cash transfer programs and better understand which components play a critical role. The potential success and desirability of such programs in low-income settings, with more limited health system capacity, also deserves more investigation.

The paper develops a concept of conviviality as a form of friendly togetherness that includes people, technical infrastructures and nature. Therefore, Marcel Mauss’s concept of the gift, different strands of thinking about conviviality (e.g. Ivan Illich), John Dewey’ experimentalism and the political theory and movement of convivialism are firstly depicted and discussed. The goal, secondly, is to integrate these various theoretical perspectives in order a) to better grasp already existent forms of conviviality and to b) develop an analytical and normative standpoint that on the one hand helps to evaluate unsustainable, non-convivial and on the other convivial forms of living together.Thus, such an analytical and normative model of modes of conviviality points out that associative self-organisation is decisive for the theory and practice of conviviality. Exchange without remuneration (between people and between people and nature) as well as self-organised gathering can be seen as the basis of a convivial social order which is differentiated from a solely instrumental, unsustainable and monetarily defined version of prosperity and the good life.

There is strong opposition in bioethics to paying research subjects. This paper, building on earlier work, gives arguments on behalf of the permissibility of payment. It develops an analogy between payment to research subjects and payment and regulation in the labour market. Few seriously oppose payment in the labour market, and the reasons to allow payment carry over to payment to research subjects. The paper then considers and rejects an alleged disanalogy, that research is special in that it involves subjects' bodies. At greater length, it assesses the argument from the gift relationship: that the value of giving is good reason not to extend market norms into research. This argument has some force in pointing out the unattractiveness of some market motivations, but those who offer it usually overlook the coordination advantages of the market. Still, the gift relationship argument against payment has something going for it, which is more than can be said for virtually all the other major anti-payment arguments.

Purpose This paper aims to understand the role that money plays in polygamous marriages among the Hui ethnic group in Northwest China. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations based on snowball sampling of individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate from June to December 2010, and during the summer of 2011, in Qinghai in Northwest China. Follow-up interviews and observations were conducted in 2015. Findings This study examines how love and money intersect and work together to sustain the participants’ polygamous marriages. The study concludes that material desires unite love with money to make love consumable. With the help of money, love between the sexes is transformed into desirable consumption through economic activities associated with leisure, gift giving and religious beliefs to articulate individualism Originality/value This study is the first to explore money’s role in the experience of polygamy among the Hui ethnic group in China.

This paper presents qualitative approaches to life course research and elucidates the benefits with data. While marketing research in general has gradually embraced the interpretive paradig...

Boundaries in the doctor-patient relationship is an important concept to help health professionals navigate the complex and sometimes difficult experience between patient and doctor where intimacy and power must be balanced in the direction of benefiting patients. This paper reviews the concept of boundary violations and boundary crossings in the doctor-patient relationship, cautions about certain kinds of boundary dilemmas involving dual relationships, gift giving practices, physical contact with patients, and self-disclosure. The paper closes with some recommendations for preventing boundary violations.

Networks and business interactions are based on relationships. This conceptual paper analyses the general role of non-market-based value creation and relationships as being fundamental to networks and business interactions. A framework is provided that combines the monetary nature of value in market-based exchange and the more social and emotional nature of long-term relationships: a dual sphere model of exchange. Particular attention is given to gift giving from social anthropology and its relevance to network-based relationships. Our conceptual paper advocates a dual sphere model of business interactions to analyse network interactions in the 21st century.

This paper questions the potential value firms may draw from their linkages with politicians. Using insights from resource dependence theory and exchange theory, it argues that different types of linkages (board directorship of a politician, gift giving to a politician, and sponsorship provision to a politician) inherit varying levels of uncertainty on the continuity of the exchange with the politician and create different levels of ex-post dependency on the politician, which eventually relate to positive or negative consequences in terms of firms’ financial performance. Using a unique longitudinal dataset covering linkages between politicians and all publicly listed companies in the UK, for the period from 2002 to 2011, findings show that while board directorship of a politician and sponsorship provision to a politician are associated with negative financial returns, gift giving to a politician is associated with positive financial returns. The paper contributes to resource dependence theory by taking in...

The paper defends the permissibility of paying inducements to research subjects against objections not covered in an earlier paper in Bioethics. The objections are that inducements would cause inequity, crowd out research, and undesirably commercialize the researcher-subject relationship. The paper shows how these objections presuppose implausible factual and/or normative claims. The final position reached is a qualified defence of freedom of contract which not only supports the permissibility of inducements but also offers guidance to ethics committees in dealing with practical problems that might arise if inducements are offered.

Purpose Social network services (SNS) gifting is a new business model, but many SNS providers continue to face challenges as they explore ways to increase their revenues from gifting. The purpose of this paper is to examine the key factors involved in gift giving via SNS platforms. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a mixed methods approach through qualitative and quantitative research. In the first stage (qualitative study), the authors extract factors from interviews with users of SNS gifting services. In the second stage (quantitative study), the authors interpret decisional factors explored in the first stage on the basis of customer value theory, develop a research model and empirically test it. Findings The results show that five factors – convenience of SNS gifting, symbolic representation of SNS gifting, relationship support of SNS gifting, pleasure of SNS gifting, and an SNS gifting norm – directly or indirectly affect SNS gifting decisions. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to electronic commerce research by extending the customer value theory and adding to the literature on SNS gifting and gift giving in general. Practical implications The study informs SNS providers regarding the promotion of SNS gifting services for revenue generation. Originality/value This study is among the first to comprehensively examine decision-making in SNS gifting through the lens of customer value theory.

Moving beyond personal responsibility-taking behaviors, this paper examines communicative (interpersonal talk and online message sharing) and civic (public policy support and intention to donate) b...

PurposeIn social networking services gift giving, the decision to send a gift is often initiated by spontaneous news about others, who may have recently experienced fortune or misfortune. The purpose of this paper is to show that the valence of the other’s event can affect the empathy experienced by the giver and that the level of empathy affects gift selection behavior.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 investigated the relationship between empathy and valence of other’s event and the underlying mechanism of changes in self-esteem. Study 2 explored how different levels of empathies lead to different gift selection behavior. Study 3 replicated the results of Study 2 using a different measurement approach.FindingsAcross the three studies, findings consistently suggest that the empathy arising from unexpected news of the others’ fortune was lower compared to that of the others’ misfortune because of threats to self-esteem. In addition, greater empathy prompted gift givers to spend more time and effort in gift selection.Practical implicationsUnderstanding how valence of event experienced by others might motivate givers to engage in selecting a gift online can help retailers increase predictive insights for recommendations.Originality/valueWhile past research focused on ritual gift giving, this research examined spontaneous gift giving. The study is also unique in that the empathy gap between the giver and the receiver is a result of the changes in the psychological state of the giver.

This paper makes use of two field experiments to explore individual effort responses to gifts. We extend the literature by looking at nonfinancial gifts and gifts that combine financial and nonfinancial elements with or without adding a “personal touch.” We find that non-pecuniary gifts that signal worker appreciation induce reciprocity. Most importantly, we find that there are interaction effects between money and appreciation. While money and appreciation are individually effective, they only work well together when they are combined with a personal touch. This points to the importance of interpersonal elements in gift giving and has important implications for how to effectively elicit worker effort.

The author declares no competing financial interests. He is employed by BMJ Publishing Group as a freelance associate editor. He is a director of the Council of Science Editors. The views expressed in this paper are his own. The author received no specific funding for this paper. Provenance: Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.